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Ruiz C, Martín R, Benito A, Gutierrez E, Monge MÁ, Facchetti A, Termine R, Golemme A, Gómez-Lor B. Columnar Mesomorphism in a Methylthio-Decorated Triindole for Enhanced Charge Transport. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2024; 6:4709-4717. [PMID: 38947954 PMCID: PMC11210202 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.4c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
We report a semiconducting triindole-based discotic liquid crystal (TRISMe) functionalized with six p-methylthiophenyl groups at its periphery. While initially a crystalline solid at room temperature, TRISMe transitions to a columnar hexagonal mesophase upon heating and retains this supramolecular organization upon subsequent cooling, despite having only three flexible alkyl chains attached to the core's nitrogens. The incorporation of methylthio groups effectively hinders tight molecular packing, stabilizing the columnar arrangement of this disk-shaped molecule. Single crystal analysis confirmed the high tendency of this compound to organize into a columnar architecture and the role played by the methylthio groups in reinforcing such structure. The mesomorphic behavior of TRISMe provides an opportunity for processing from its molten state. Notably, our research reveals significant differences in charge transport depending on the processing method, whether solution drop-casting or melt-based. TRISMe shows hole mobility values averaging 3 × 10-1 cm2 V-1 s-1 when incorporated in diode-type devices from the isotropic melt and annealed at the mesophase temperature, estimated by SCLC (space-charge-limited current) measurements. However, when integrated into solution-processed organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), crystalline TRISMe exhibits a hole mobility of 3 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1. The observed differences can be attributed to a beneficial supramolecular assembly achieved in the mesophase in spite of its lower order. These results emphasize the material's potential for applications in easy-to-process electronic devices and highlight the potential of methylthio moieties in promoting columnar mesophases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Ruiz
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Raúl Martín
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty
of Chemical and Technologies Sciences, University
of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Angela Benito
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Gutierrez
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Ángeles Monge
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Roberto Termine
- CNR
Nanotec UOS Rende, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Attilio Golemme
- CNR
Nanotec UOS Rende, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Berta Gómez-Lor
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Zhang KL, Yu WH, Zhao KQ, Hu P, Wang BQ, Donnio B. Mesomorphism Modulation of Perfluorinated Janus Triphenylenes by Inhomogeneous Chain Substitution Patterns. Chem Asian J 2024:e202301080. [PMID: 38214422 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Two isomeric series of compounds with "inverted" chains' substitution patterns, 7,10-dialkoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrafluoro-6,11-dimethoxytriphenylene and 6,11-dialkoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrafluoro-7,10-dimethoxytriphenylene, labelled respectively p-TPFn and m-TPFn, and two non-fluorinated homologous isomers, 3,6-dibutoxy-2,7-dimethoxytriphenylene and 2,7-dibutoxy-3,6-dimethoxytriphenylene, p-TP4 and m-TP4, respectively, were synthesized in three steps and obtained in good yields by the efficient transition-metal-free, fluoroarene nucleophilic substitution via the reaction of appropriate 2,2'-dilithium biphenylenes with either perfluorobenzene, C6 F6 , to yield p-TPFn and m-TPFn, or o-difluorobenzene, C6 H4 F2 , for p-TP4 and m-TP4, respectively. The single-crystal structures of p-TPF4, m-TPF4 and p-TP4, unequivocally confirmed that the cyclization reactions occurred at the expected positions, and that the fluorinated molecules stack up into columns with short separation, a propitious situation for the emergence of columnar mesophases. The mesomorphous properties were found to be greatly affected by both chains' length and positional isomerism: a Colhex phase is found for p-TPF4 and m-TPF4, but mesomorphism vanishes in p-TPF6, and changes for the isomeric homologs m-TPFn, with the induction for n≥6 of a lamello-columnar phase, LamColrec . As expected, both non-fluorinated compounds are deprived of mesomorphism. These compounds emit blue-violet colour in solution, independently of the chains' substitution pattern, and the absolute fluorescence quantum yields can reach up to 46 %. In thin films, fluorescence is slightly redshifted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Wen-Hao Yu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Ke-Qing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Ping Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Bi-Qin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Bertrand Donnio
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UMR 7504), F-67034, cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
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Vogelsang L, Birk T, Paschke F, Bauer A, Enenkel V, Holz LM, Fonin M, Winter RF. Ferrocenyl-Substituted Triazatruxenes: Synthesis, Electronic Properties, and the Impact of Ferrocenyl Residues on Directional On-Surface Switching on Ag(111). Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16236-16249. [PMID: 37733818 PMCID: PMC10548419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on seven new ferrocenyl-(1, 3)- and ferrocenylethynyl-modified N,N',N″-triethyltriazatruxenes (EtTATs) 4-7 as well as the dodecyl counterpart 2 of compound 1 and their use as molecular switching units when deposited on a Ag(111) surface. Such functional units may constitute a new approach to molecule-based high-density information storage and processing. Besides the five compounds 1-3, 6, and 7, where the 3-fold rotational symmetry of the triazatruxene (TAT) template is preserved, we also included 2-ethynylferrocenyl-TAT 4 and 2,2'-di(ethynylferrocenyl)-TAT 5, whose mono- and disubstitution patterns break the 3-fold symmetry of the TAT core. Voltammetric studies indicate that the ferrocenyl residues of compounds 1-7 oxidize prior to the oxidation of the TAT core. We have noted strong electrostatic effects on TAT oxidation in the 2,2',2″-triferrocenyl-TAT derivatives 1 and 2 and the 3,3',3″-isomer 3. The oxidized complexes feature multiple electronic excitations in the near-infrared and the visible spectra, which are assigned to dδ/δ* transitions of the ferrocenium (Fc+) moieties, as well as TAT → Fc+ charge-transfer transitions. The latter are augmented by intervalence charge-transfer contributions Fc → Fc+ in mixed-valent states, where only a part of the available ferrocenyl residues is oxidized. EtTAT was previously identified as a directional three-level switching unit when deposited on Ag(111) and constitutes a trinary-digit unit for on-surface information storage. The symmetrically trisubstituted compound 6 retains this property, albeit at somewhat reduced switching rates due to the additional interaction between the ferrocenyl residues and the Ag surface. In particular, the high directionality at low bias and the inversion of the preferred sense of the on-surface rocking motion with either a clockwise or counterclockwise switching sense, depending on the identity of the surface enantiomer, are preserved. Unsymmetrical substitution in mono- and diferrocenylated 4 and 5 alters the underlying ratchet potential in a manner such that a two-state switching between the two degenerate surface conformations of 4 or a pronounced suppression of switching (5) is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Vogelsang
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Universität Konstanz, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tobias Birk
- Fachbereich
Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Fabian Paschke
- Fachbereich
Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anja Bauer
- Fachbereich
Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Vivien Enenkel
- Fachbereich
Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Lukas M. Holz
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Universität Konstanz, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Mikhail Fonin
- Fachbereich
Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Rainer F. Winter
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Universität Konstanz, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
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4
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Synthesis of a Triazaisotruxene-Based Porous Organic Polymer and Its Application in Iodine Capture. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248722. [PMID: 36557857 PMCID: PMC9784556 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new triazaisotruxene-based porous organic polymer (POP) was designed and successfully synthesized by a FeCl3-promoted crosslinking reaction. As a result of its porosity and good thermal stability, the designed POP can be utilized as a promising adsorbent for iodine, not only in the gaseous phase, but also in organic and aqueous solutions. Compared to its triazatruxene (TN) analogue, the ITN-based POP shows equal iodine uptake in the gaseous phase and in hexane solution, and better uptake in aqueous solution.
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Gámez-Valenzuela S, Benito-Hernández A, Echeverri M, Gutierrez-Puebla E, Ponce Ortiz R, Ruiz Delgado MC, Gómez-Lor B. Functionalized Crystalline N-Trimethyltriindoles: Counterintuitive Influence of Peripheral Substituents on Their Semiconducting Properties. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031121. [PMID: 35164386 PMCID: PMC8839582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three crystalline N-trimethyltriindoles endowed with different functionalities at 3, 8 and 13 positions (either unsubstituted or with three methoxy or three acetyl groups attached) are investigated, and clear correlations between the electronic nature of the substituents and their solid-state organization, electronic properties and semiconductor behavior are established. The three compounds give rise to similar columnar hexagonal crystalline structures; however, the insertion of electron-donor methoxy groups results in slightly shorter stacking distances when compared with the unsubstituted derivative, whereas the insertion of electron-withdrawing acetyl groups lowers the crystallinity of the system. Functionalization significantly affects hole mobilities with the triacetyl derivative showing the lowest mobility within the series in agreement with the lower degree of order. However, attaching three methoxy groups also results in lower hole mobility values in the OFETs (0.022 vs. 0.0014 cm2 V-1 s-1) in spite of the shorter stacking distances. This counterintuitive behavior has been explained with the help of DFT calculations performed to rationalize the interplay between the intramolecular and intermolecular properties, which point to lower transfer integrals in the trimethoxy derivative due to the HOMO wave function extension over the peripheral methoxy groups. The results of this study provide useful insights into how peripheral substituents influence the fundamental charge transport parameters of chemically modified triindole platforms of fundamental importance to design new derivatives with improved semiconducting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gámez-Valenzuela
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.G.-V.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Angela Benito-Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.-H.); (M.E.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Marcelo Echeverri
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.-H.); (M.E.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Enrique Gutierrez-Puebla
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.-H.); (M.E.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.G.-V.); (R.P.O.)
| | - Maria Carmen Ruiz Delgado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (S.G.-V.); (R.P.O.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.R.D.); (B.G.-L.)
| | - Berta Gómez-Lor
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.-H.); (M.E.); (E.G.-P.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.R.D.); (B.G.-L.)
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6
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Bühlmeyer A, Ehni P, Ullmann D, Frey W, Baro A, Laschat S. Synthesis and Liquid Crystalline Self‐Assembly of Concave Diindoles with a Hydropentalene Core. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bühlmeyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Philipp Ehni
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Dustin Ullmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Angelika Baro
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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7
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Khan MU, Iqbal J, Khalid M, Hussain R, Braga AAC, Hussain M, Muhammad S. Designing triazatruxene-based donor materials with promising photovoltaic parameters for organic solar cells. RSC Adv 2019; 9:26402-26418. [PMID: 35530985 PMCID: PMC9070535 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03856f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Five new molecules (M1–M5) were designed by structural modification of acceptor moiety (rhodanine-3-acetic acid) of well-known synthesized dye JY05, and their optoelectronic properties are evaluated to be used as donor molecules in organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Khan
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Government College University
- Faisalabad-38000
- Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Agriculture
- Faisalabad-38000
- Pakistan
- Punjab Bio-Energy Institute
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- Department of Chemistry
- Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology
- Rahim Yar Khan-64200
- Pakistan
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Okara
- Okara-56300
- Pakistan
| | | | - Munawar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry
- Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology
- Rahim Yar Khan-64200
- Pakistan
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Physics
- College of Science
- King Khalid University
- Abha 61413
- Saudi Arabia
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8
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Volpi R, Camilo ACS, Filho DADS, Navarrete JTL, Gómez-Lor B, Delgado MCR, Linares M. Modelling charge transport of discotic liquid-crystalline triindoles: the role of peripheral substitution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:24202-24208. [PMID: 28841216 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04632d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have performed a multiscale approach to study the influence of peripheral substitution in the semiconducting properties of discotic liquid-crystalline triindoles. Charge carrier mobility as high as 1.4 cm2 V-1 s-1 was experimentally reported for triindoles substituted with alkynyl chains on the periphery (Gómez-Lor et al. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2011, 50, 7399-7402). In this work, our goal is to get a deeper understanding of both the molecular electronic structure and microscopic factors affecting the charge transport properties in triindoles as a function of the spacer group connecting the central cores with the external alkyl chains (i.e., alkyne or phenyl spacers groups). To this end, we first perform Quantum Mechanical (QM) calculations to assess how the peripheral substitution affects the electronic structure and the internal reorganization energy. Secondly, boxes of stacked molecules were built and relaxed through molecular dynamics to obtain realistic structures. Conformational analysis and calculations of transfer integrals for closed neighbours were performed. Our results show that the insertion of ethynyl spacers between the central aromatic core and the flexible peripheral chains results in lower reorganization energies and enhanced intermolecular order within the stacks with a preferred cofacial 60° staggered conformation, which would result in high charge-carrier mobilities in good agreement with the experimental data. This work allows a deeper understanding of charge carrier mobility in columnar phases, linking the structural order at the molecular level to the property of interest, i.e. the charge carrier mobility. We hope that this understanding will improve the design of systems at the supramolecular level aiming at obtaining a more defined conducting channel, higher mobility and smaller fluctuations within the column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Volpi
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
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9
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Hu G, Kitney SP, Kelly SM, Harrison W, Lambert B, O'Neill M. Polymer network hole transport layers based on photochemically cross-linkable N′N′-diallyl amide tri-N-substituted triazatruxene monomers. RSC Adv 2018; 8:8580-8585. [PMID: 35539859 PMCID: PMC9078611 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00830b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel phtotpolymerisable hole-transport layers based on novel triazatruxenes incorporating six non-conjugated dienes as photo cross-linkable end-groups attached to flexible, aliphatic spacers have been synthesised using simple one-step substitution reactions. Hole-only test devices, fabricated using a combination of solution-deposition, spin-coating and initiator-free photochemical cross-linking of these photopolymerisable triazatruxenes, exhibit almost identical current density vs. voltage profiles before and after cross-linking, and as such, represent a promising new class of hole-transport layer for plastic electronic devices. Novel triazatruxenes, incorporating non-conjugated dienes as photopolymerisable endgroups attached by flexible sidechains to the aromatic core, have been synthesised as a new class of hole-transport layer for plastic electronic devices.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Hu
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
| | | | - Stephen M. Kelly
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
| | | | | | - Mary O'Neill
- School of Science and Technology
- Nottingham Trent University
- Nottingham
- UK
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10
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El Sayed MT. Synthetic Routes to Electroactive Organic Discotic Aromatic Triazatruxenes. J Heterocycl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mardia Telep El Sayed
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, Chemical Industries Division; National Research Centre; Dokki 12311 Egypt
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11
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Abd El-Fatah NA, Darweesh AF, Mohamed AA, Abdelhamid IA, Elwahy AH. Experimental and theoretical study on the regioselective bis- and polyalkylation of 2-mercaptonicotinonitrile and 2-mercaptopyrimidine-5-carbonitrile derivatives. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Ruiz C, Pandey UK, Termine R, García-Frutos EM, López-Espejo G, Ortiz RP, Huang W, Marks TJ, Facchetti A, Ruiz Delgado MC, Golemme A, Gómez-Lor B. Mobility versus Alignment of a Semiconducting π-Extended Discotic Liquid-Crystalline Triindole. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:26964-26971. [PMID: 27643623 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The p-type semiconducting properties of a triphenylene-fused triindole mesogen, have been studied by applying two complementary methods which have different alignment requirements. The attachment of only three flexible alkyl chains to the nitrogen atoms of this π-extended core is sufficient to induce columnar mesomorphism. High hole mobility values (0.65 cm2 V-1 s-1) have been estimated by space-charge limited current (SCLC) measurements in a diode-like structure which are easily prepared from the melt, rendering this material a good candidate for OPVs and OLEDs devices. The mobility predicted theoretically via a hole-hopping mechanism is in very good agreement with the experimental values determined at the SCLC regime. On the other hand the hole mobility determined on solution processed thin film transistors (OFETs) is significantly lower, which can be rationalized by the high tendency of these large molecules to align on surfaces with their extended π-conjugated core parallel to the substrate as demonstrated by SERS. Despite the differences obtained with the two methods, the acceptable performance found on OFETs fabricated by simple drop-casting processing of such an enlarged aromatic core is remarkable and suggests facile hopping between neighboring molecular columns owing to the large conducting/isolating ratio found in this discotic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Ruiz
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC , Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Upendra K Pandey
- LASCAMM CR-INSTM, CNR-NANOTEC Lab LiCryL, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria , 87036 Rende, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Roberto Termine
- LASCAMM CR-INSTM, CNR-NANOTEC Lab LiCryL, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria , 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Eva M García-Frutos
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC , Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guzmán López-Espejo
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga , 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga , 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Attilio Golemme
- LASCAMM CR-INSTM, CNR-NANOTEC Lab LiCryL, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria , 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Berta Gómez-Lor
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC , Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Salem ME, Darweesh AF, Farag AM, Elwahy AHM. Synthesis and Structures of Novel Multi-armed Molecules Involving Benzene as a Core and 4-Phenylthiazole, 4-Pyrazolylthiazole, or Thiadiazole Units as Arms. J Heterocycl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa E. Salem
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - Ahmed F. Darweesh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - Ahmad M. Farag
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - Ahmed H. M. Elwahy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza 12613 Egypt
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14
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Mohamed MF, Darweesh AF, Elwahy AHM, Abdelhamid IA. Synthesis, characterization and antitumor activity of novel tetrapodal 1,4-dihydropyridines: p53 induction, cell cycle arrest and low damage effect on normal cells induced by genotoxic factor H2O2. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04974e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of novel tetrakis(2,6-dimethyl-4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridinyl)methanes5a–dby acid-catalyzed condensation of the tetrakis-aldehydes6a–dwith eight equivalents of 3-aminobut-2-enenitrile2is reported. Antitumor activities of compounds5a–dwere also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda F. Mohamed
- Chemistry Department (Biochemistry Branch)
- Faculty of Science
- Cairo University
- Giza
- Egypt
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15
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Xu Y, Wu X, Chen Y, Hang H, Tong H, Wang L. Star-shaped triazatruxene derivatives for rapid fluorescence fiber-optic detection of nitroaromatic explosive vapors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04553g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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16
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Wöhrle T, Wurzbach I, Kirres J, Kostidou A, Kapernaum N, Litterscheidt J, Haenle JC, Staffeld P, Baro A, Giesselmann F, Laschat S. Discotic Liquid Crystals. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1139-241. [PMID: 26483267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wöhrle
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Iris Wurzbach
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Kirres
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Antonia Kostidou
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadia Kapernaum
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Juri Litterscheidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Christian Haenle
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Staffeld
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Angelika Baro
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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17
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Manini P, Criscuolo V, Ricciotti L, Pezzella A, Barra M, Cassinese A, Crescenzi O, Maglione MG, Tassini P, Minarini C, Barone V, d'Ischia M. Melanin-Inspired Organic Electronics: Electroluminescence in Asymmetric Triazatruxenes. Chempluschem 2015; 80:919-927. [PMID: 31973255 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative polymerization of 5,6-dihydroxyindoles and related hydroxyindoles at pH<3 is diverted from the usual eumelanin-forming pathway to produce mixtures of symmetric and asymmetric triazatruxenes (TATs), which could be separated and characterized for their opto-electronic properties with the aid of TD-DFT calculations. Data showed that the asymmetric isomers exhibit higher fluorescence quantum efficiencies, lower HOMO-LUMO gaps, better film homogeneity, and a more definite aggregation behavior than the symmetric counterparts, suggesting promising applications in organic electronics. The enhanced luminance exhibited by the OLED devices fabricated with blends of the synthesized TATs in poly-9-vinylcarbazole confirmed the potential of the asymmetric skeleton as new versatile platform for light-emitting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Manini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples (Italy), Fax: (+39) 081674393
| | - Valeria Criscuolo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples (Italy), Fax: (+39) 081674393.,Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Devices, ENEA C.R. Portici, Piazzale E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Naples (Italy)
| | - Laura Ricciotti
- Department of Technology, University Parthenope of Naples, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Naples (Italy)
| | - Alessandro Pezzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples (Italy), Fax: (+39) 081674393
| | - Mario Barra
- CNR-SPIN and Dept. of Physics, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples (Italy)
| | - Antonio Cassinese
- CNR-SPIN and Dept. of Physics, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples (Italy)
| | - Orlando Crescenzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples (Italy), Fax: (+39) 081674393
| | - Maria Grazia Maglione
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Devices, ENEA C.R. Portici, Piazzale E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Naples (Italy)
| | - Paolo Tassini
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Devices, ENEA C.R. Portici, Piazzale E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Naples (Italy)
| | - Carla Minarini
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Devices, ENEA C.R. Portici, Piazzale E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Naples (Italy)
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa (Italy)
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples (Italy), Fax: (+39) 081674393
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18
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Chen X, Kong CP, Bai FQ, Zhang HX. Theoretical study on the electronic structures and properties of diindolocarbazole isomers. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130023 China
| | - Chui-Peng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130023 China
| | - Fu-Quan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130023 China
| | - Hong-Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130023 China
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19
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Wang F, Li XC, Lai WY, Chen Y, Huang W, Wudl F. Synthesis and Characterization of Symmetric Cyclooctatetraindoles: Exploring the Potential as Electron-Rich Skeletons with Extended π-Systems. Org Lett 2014; 16:2942-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol501083d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiang-Chun Li
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lai
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
- California
NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-6105, United States
| | - Yao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fred Wudl
- California
NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-6105, United States
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20
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Manickam M, Iqbal P, Belloni M, Kumar S, Preece JA. A Brief Review of Carbazole-Based Photorefractive Liquid Crystalline Materials. Isr J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201200058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Yuan MS, Li TB, Wang WJ, Du ZT, Wang JR, Fang Q. Thiophene-functionalized octupolar triindoles: synthesis and photophysical properties. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 96:1020-1024. [PMID: 22947648 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two thiophene-functionalized octupolar triindole molecules were synthesized through Suzuki and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions. Their photophysical and electrochemical properties were explored. The spectroscopic data demonstrate that triindole is an excellent rich electronic central donor for building octupolar optoelectronic molecules and possesses excellent luminescent properties. Thiophenylethynyl substituted triindole compound 3,8,13-tri(2-thiophenylethynyl)-5,10,15-tributyltriindole forms an intermolecular aggregation induced by π-π stacking from the rigid coplanar molecular scaffold. The redox curves and results of theoretical calculation imply that the two compounds have low ionization potential and low E(1/2 oxd), which may be originated from the high electronic density of both triindole and thiophene groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Sen Yuan
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.
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22
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Lin Y, Sun J. Vinyl-terminated liquid-crystalline dendrimers based on dendritic polyols and their siloxane-based elastomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Shelton SW, Chen TL, Barclay DE, Ma B. Solution-processable triindoles as hole selective materials in organic solar cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:2534-2540. [PMID: 22497547 DOI: 10.1021/am300228w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of two solution-processable triindoles, triazatruxene (TAT), and N-trimethyltriindole (TMTI), as hole selective materials in organic solar cells. The unique optical and electronic properties of these molecules make them suitable as a hole extracting/electron blocking layer, i.e. transparency in the visible region due to a wide bandgap, high LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energy level, modest HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) level, and high hole carrier mobility. TAT is shown to have a LUMO at -1.68 eV, a HOMO at -5.03 eV, and a bandgap of 3.35 eV, whereas TMTI has a LUMO at -2.05 eV, a HOMO at -5.1 eV, and a bandgap of 3.05 eV, obtained from cyclic voltammetry measurements and absorption spectroscopy. Planar heterojunction photovoltaic devices, consisting of a solution processed transparent TAT (or TMTI) layer and a vapor-deposited C60 layer, exhibited efficiencies of up to 0.71 % (or 0.87 %). In these bilayer devices, the excitons are primarily generated in the C60 layer and undergo dissociation in the interfaces via hole transfer from the C60 layer to the TAT (or TMTI) layer. Additionally, spin-casting methanol solution of TAT on the top of P3HT:PCBM bulk heterojunction in an inverted device produced a hole selective interfacial layer between the photoactive layer and anode, leading to a 26% efficiency increase as compared to a control device without the TAT layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve W Shelton
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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24
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Ye Q, Chang J, Shao J, Chi C. Large core-expanded triazatruxene-based discotic liquid crystals: synthesis, characterization and physical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31684f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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25
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Gao B, Xia D, Zhang L, Bai Q, Bai L, Yang T, Ba X. Helical columnar liquid crystals based on dendritic peptides substituted perylene bisimides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm13144c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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