1
|
Miranda Mugica M, McGuinness KL, Lawrence NS. Electropolymerised pH Insensitive Salicylic Acid Reference Systems: Utilization in a Novel pH Sensor for Food and Environmental Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:555. [PMID: 35062515 PMCID: PMC8777722 DOI: 10.3390/s22020555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work summarizes the electrochemical response of a salicylic acid-based carbon electrode for use as a novel solid-state reference electrode in a redox-based pH sensor. This novel reference produces a pH insensitive response over a range of pH 3-10 in solutions with low buffer concentrations, different compositions, conductivities, and ionic strengths is produced. The pH of the local environment is shown to be determined by the chemistry and the electrochemical response of the redox active species on the surface of the electrode; the local pH can be controlled by the electropolymerized salicylic acid moieties due to the acid concentration on the surface, avoiding any perturbation in environmental pH and leading to a stable novel reference system. Sensitivities of -7.1 mV/pH unit, -2.4 mV/pH unit, -0.2 mV/pH unit, and 2.5 mV/pH units were obtained for different food medias, hydroponic solution, seawater, and cell-culture media, respectively, confirming its ability to control the local pH of the electrode. This reference system is paired with a new pH sensing element based on electropolymerized flavanone to provide a calibration free, pH sensitive sensor to effectively and accurately measure the pH of various media with high viscosity, low conductivity, low/high buffer concentration or cell-culture environment, presenting a maximum error of +/-0.03 pH units.
Collapse
|
2
|
Sadig HR, Cheng L, Xiang TF. Synthesis of tetra-metal oxide system based pH sensor via branched cathodic electrodeposition on different substrates. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
3
|
Wongkaew N, Simsek M, Griesche C, Baeumner AJ. Functional Nanomaterials and Nanostructures Enhancing Electrochemical Biosensors and Lab-on-a-Chip Performances: Recent Progress, Applications, and Future Perspective. Chem Rev 2018; 119:120-194. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nongnoot Wongkaew
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Simsek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Griesche
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antje J. Baeumner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Modena MM, Chawla K, Misun PM, Hierlemann A. Smart Cell Culture Systems: Integration of Sensors and Actuators into Microphysiological Systems. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1767-1784. [PMID: 29381325 PMCID: PMC5959007 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances in microfabrication techniques in combination with organotypic cell and tissue models have enabled the realization of microphysiological systems capable of recapitulating aspects of human physiology in vitro with great fidelity. Concurrently, a number of analysis techniques has been developed to probe and characterize these model systems. However, many assays are still performed off-line, which severely compromises the possibility of obtaining real-time information from the samples under examination, and which also limits the use of these platforms in high-throughput analysis. In this review, we focus on sensing and actuation schemes that have already been established or offer great potential to provide in situ detection or manipulation of relevant cell or tissue samples in microphysiological platforms. We will first describe methods that can be integrated in a straightforward way and that offer potential multiplexing and/or parallelization of sensing and actuation functions. These methods include electrical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical biosensors, and the use of surface acoustic waves for manipulation and analysis of cells, tissue, and multicellular organisms. In the second part, we will describe two sensor approaches based on surface-plasmon resonance and mechanical resonators that have recently provided new characterization features for biological samples, although technological limitations for use in high-throughput applications still exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario M. Modena
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ketki Chawla
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick M. Misun
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
RuO₂ pH Sensor with Super-Glue-Inspired Reference Electrode. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17092036. [PMID: 28878182 PMCID: PMC5621388 DOI: 10.3390/s17092036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A pH-sensitive RuO2 electrode coated in a commercial cyanoacrylate adhesive typically exhibits very low pH sensitivity, and could be paired with a RuO2 working electrode as a differential type pH sensor. However, such sensors display poor performance in real sample matrices. A pH sensor employing a RuO2 pH-sensitive working electrode and a SiO2-PVB junction-modified RuO2 reference electrode is developed as an alternative high-performance solution. This sensor exhibits a performance similar to that of a commercial glass pH sensor in some common sample matrices, particularly, an excellent pH sensitivity of 55.7 mV/pH, a hysteresis as low as 2.7 mV, and a drift below 2.2 mV/h. The developed sensor structure opens the way towards the development of a simple, cost effective, and robust pH sensor for pH analysis in various sample matrices.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin WC, Brondum K, Monroe CW, Burns MA. Multifunctional Water Sensors for pH, ORP, and Conductivity Using Only Microfabricated Platinum Electrodes. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17071655. [PMID: 28753913 PMCID: PMC5539692 DOI: 10.3390/s17071655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of the pH, oxidation-reduction-potential (ORP), and conductivity of aqueous samples is typically performed using multiple sensors. To minimize the size and cost of these sensors for practical applications, we have investigated the use of a single sensor constructed with only bare platinum electrodes deposited on a glass substrate. The sensor can measure pH from 4 to 10 while simultaneously measuring ORP from 150 to 800 mV. The device can also measure conductivity up to 8000 μS/cm in the range of 10 °C to 50 °C, and all these measurements can be made even if the water samples contain common ions found in residential water. The sensor is inexpensive (i.e., ~$0.10/unit) and has a sensing area below 1 mm2, suggesting that the unit is cost-efficient, robust, and widely applicable, including in microfluidic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | | | - Charles W Monroe
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK.
| | - Mark A Burns
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fabrication of a Miniature Multi-Parameter Sensor Chip for Water Quality Assessment. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17010157. [PMID: 28098824 PMCID: PMC5298730 DOI: 10.3390/s17010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Water contamination is a main inducement of human diseases. It is an important step to monitor the water quality in the water distribution system. Due to the features of large size, high cost, and complicated structure of traditional water determination sensors and devices, it is difficult to realize real-time water monitoring on a large scale. In this paper, we present a multi-parameter sensor chip, which is miniature, low-cost, and robust, to detect the pH, conductivity, and temperature of water simultaneously. The sensor chip was fabricated using micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) techniques. Iridium oxide film was electrodeposited as the pH-sensing material. The atomic ratio of Ir(III) to Ir(IV) is about 1.38 according to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The pH sensing electrode showed super-Nernstian response (−67.60 mV/pH) and good linearity (R2 = 0.9997), in the range of pH 2.22 to pH 11.81. KCl-agar and epoxy were used as the electrolyte layer and liquid junction for the solid-state reference electrode, respectively, and its potential stability in deionized water was 56 h. The conductivity cell exhibited a linear determination range from 21.43 μS/cm to 1.99 mS/cm, and the electrode constant was 1.566 cm−1. Sensitivity of the temperature sensor was 5.46 Ω/°C. The results indicate that the developed sensor chip has potential application in water quality measurements.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gong CSA, Syu WJ, Lei KF, Hwang YS. Development of a Flexible Non-Metal Electrode for Cell Stimulation and Recording. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16101613. [PMID: 27690049 PMCID: PMC5087401 DOI: 10.3390/s16101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a method of producing flexible electrodes for potentially simultaneously stimulating and measuring cellular signals in retinal cells. Currently, most multi-electrode applications rely primarily on etching, but the metals involved have a certain degree of brittleness, leaving them prone to cracking under prolonged pressure. This study proposes using silver chloride ink as a conductive metal, and polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) as the substrate to provide electrodes with an increased degree of flexibility to allow them to bend. This structure is divided into the electrode layer made of PDMS and silver chloride ink, and a PDMS film coating layer. PDMS can be mixed in different proportions to modify the degree of rigidity. The proposed method involved three steps. The first segment entailed the manufacturing of the electrode, using silver chloride ink as the conductive material, and using computer software to define the electrode size and micro-engraving mechanisms to produce the electrode pattern. The resulting uniform PDMS pattern was then baked onto the model, and the flow channel was filled with the conductive material before air drying to produce the required electrode. In the second stage, we tested the electrode, using an impedance analyzer to measure electrode cyclic voltammetry and impedance. In the third phase, mechanical and biocompatibility tests were conducted to determine electrode properties. This study aims to produce a flexible, non-metallic sensing electrode which fits snugly for use in a range of measurement applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cihun-Siyong Alex Gong
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Portable Energy System Group, Green Technology Research Center, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33304, Taiwan.
| | - Wun-Jia Syu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Mechatronics, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Kin Fong Lei
- Graduate Institute of Medical Mechatronics, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33304, Taiwan.
| | - Yih-Shiou Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33304, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Taurino I, Sanzò G, Antiochia R, Tortolini C, Mazzei F, Favero G, De Micheli G, Carrara S. Recent advances in Third Generation Biosensors based on Au and Pt Nanostructured Electrodes. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
10
|
Taurino I, Massa S, Sanzó G, Aleman J, Flavia B, Shin SR, Zhang YS, Dokmeci MR, De Micheli G, Carrara S, Khademhosseini A. Platinum nanopetal-based potassium sensors for acute cell death monitoring. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01664b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel potassium-selective electrode based on Pt nanopetals has been used for monitoring potassium efflux from cells as due to two death mechanisms: osmotic shock in DI water and necro-apoptosis by drug overdose.
Collapse
|
11
|
Li CA, Han KN, Pham XH, Seong GH. A single-walled carbon nanotube thin film-based pH-sensing microfluidic chip. Analyst 2015; 139:2011-5. [PMID: 24611156 DOI: 10.1039/c3an02195e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel microfluidic pH-sensing chip was developed based on pH-sensitive single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). In this study, the SWCNT thin film acted both as an electrode and a pH-sensitive membrane. The potentiometric pH response was observed by electronic structure changes in the semiconducting SWCNTs in response to the pH level. In a microfluidic chip consisting of a SWCNT pH-sensing working electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode, the calibration plot exhibited promising pH-sensing performance with an ideal Nernstian response of 59.71 mV pH(-1) between pH 3 and 11 (standard deviation of the sensitivity is 1.5 mV pH(-1), R(2) = 0.985). Moreover, the SWCNT electrode in the microfluidic device showed no significant variation at any pH value in the range of the flow rate between 0.1 and 15 μl min(-1). The selectivity coefficients of the SWCNT electrode revealed good selectivity against common interfering ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ai Li
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 425-791, South Korea.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Duarte-Guevara C, Swaminathan VV, Burgess M, Reddy B, Salm E, Liu YS, Rodriguez-Lopez J, Bashir R. On-chip metal/polypyrrole quasi-reference electrodes for robust ISFET operation. Analyst 2015; 140:3630-41. [PMID: 25869990 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00085h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To operate an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFETs) it is necessary to set the electrolyte potential using a reference electrode. Conventional reference electrodes are bulky, fragile, and too big for applications where the electrolyte volume is small. Several researchers have proposed tackling this issue using a solid-state planar micro-reference electrode or a reference field-effect transistor. However, these approaches are limited by poor robustness, high cost, or complex integration with other microfabrication processes. Here we report a simple method to create robust on-chip quasi-reference electrodes by electrodepositing polypyrrole on micro-patterned metal leads. The electrodes were fabricated through the polymerization of pyrrole on patterned metals with a cyclic voltammetry process. Open circuit potential measurements were performed to characterize the polypyrrole electrode performance, demonstrating good stability (±1 mV), low drift (∼1 mV h(-1)), and reduced pH response (5 mV per pH). In addition, the polypyrrole deposition was repeated in microelectrodes made of different metals to test compatibility with standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) processes. Our results suggest that nickel, a metal commonly used in semiconductor foundries for silicide formation, is a good candidate to form the polypyrrole quasi-reference electrodes. Finally, the polypyrrole microelectrodes were used to operate foundry fabricated ISFETs. These experiments demonstrated that transistors biased with polypyrrole electrodes have pH sensitivity and resolution comparable to ones that are biased with standard reference electrodes. Therefore, the simple fabrication, high compatibility, and robust electrical performance make polypyrrole an ideal choice for the fabrication of outstanding microreference electrodes that enable robust and sensitive operation of multiple ISFET sensors on a chip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Duarte-Guevara
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 306 N. Wright St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
A solid-state thin-film Ag/AgCl reference electrode coated with graphene oxide and its use in a pH sensor. SENSORS 2015; 15:6469-82. [PMID: 25789490 PMCID: PMC4435119 DOI: 10.3390/s150306469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe a novel solid-state thin-film Ag/AgCl reference electrode (SSRE) that was coated with a protective layer of graphene oxide (GO). This layer was prepared by drop casting a solution of GO on the Ag/AgCl thin film. The potential differences exhibited by the SSRE were less than 2 mV for 26 days. The cyclic voltammograms of the SSRE were almost similar to those of a commercial reference electrode, while the diffusion coefficient of Fe(CN)63− as calculated from the cathodic peaks of the SSRE was 6.48 × 10−6 cm2/s. The SSRE was used in conjunction with a laboratory-made working electrode to determine its suitability for practical use. The average pH sensitivity of this combined sensor was 58.5 mV/pH in the acid-to-base direction; the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.99. In addition, an integrated pH sensor that included the SSRE was packaged in a secure digital (SD) card and tested. The average sensitivity of the chip was 56.8 mV/pH, with the correlation coefficient being greater than 0.99. In addition, a pH sensing test was also performed by using a laboratory-made potentiometer, which showed a sensitivity of 55.4 mV/pH, with the correlation coefficient being greater than 0.99.
Collapse
|
14
|
Shitanda I, Komoda M, Hoshi Y, Itagaki M. An instantly usable paper-based screen-printed solid-state KCl/Ag/AgCl reference electrode with long-term stability. Analyst 2015; 140:6481-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00617a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An instantly usable screen-printed paper-based Ag/AgCl electrode was fabricated for use as a cost-effective disposable reference electrode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isao Shitanda
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | - Masato Komoda
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | - Yoshinao Hoshi
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | - Masayuki Itagaki
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao L, Peng X, Yang S, Zhang Y, Wu J, Wei X, Li F, Pu Q. Facile real-time evaluation of the stability of surface charge under regular shear stress by pulsed streaming potential measurement. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12501d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The applicability of the pulsed streaming potential measurement for real-time evaluation of stability of assembled layers based on the relative zeta potential change rate SR was demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Xianglu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Shenghong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Xuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Fengyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Qiaosheng Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
da Silva ETSG, Miserere S, Kubota LT, Merkoçi A. Simple On-Plastic/Paper Inkjet-Printed Solid-State Ag/AgCl Pseudoreference Electrode. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10531-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503029q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Everson Thiago Santos Gerôncio da Silva
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry−UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-974, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandrine Miserere
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lauro Tatsuo Kubota
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry−UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-974, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Márton G, Bakos I, Fekete Z, Ulbert I, Pongrácz A. Durability of high surface area platinum deposits on microelectrode arrays for acute neural recordings. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:931-940. [PMID: 24318022 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-5114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The durability of high surface area platinum electrodes during acute intracerebral measurements was investigated. Electrode sites with extremely rough surfaces were realized using electrochemical deposition of platinum onto silicon-based microelectrode arrays from a lead-free platinizing solution. The close to 1000-fold increase in effective surface area lowered impedance, its absolute value at 1 kHz became about 7 and 18 % of the original Pt electrodes in vitro and in vivo, respectively. 24-channel probes were subjected to 12 recording sessions, during which they were implanted into the cerebrum of rats. Our results showed that although on the average the effective surface area of the platinized sites decreased, it remained more than two orders of magnitude higher than the average effective surface area of the original, sputtered thin-film platinum electrodes. Sites with electrochemical deposits proved to be superior, e.g. they provided less thermal and 50 Hz noise, even after 12 penetrations into the intact rat brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Márton
- Department of Comparative Psychophysiology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, RCNS, HAS, Victor Hugo u. 18-22, Budapest, 1132, Hungary,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guinovart T, Crespo GA, Rius FX, Andrade FJ. A reference electrode based on polyvinyl butyral (PVB) polymer for decentralized chemical measurements. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 821:72-80. [PMID: 24703216 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new solid-state reference electrode using a polymeric membrane of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), Ag/AgCl and NaCl to be used in decentralized chemical measurements is presented. The electrode is made by drop-casting the membrane cocktail onto a glassy carbon (GC) substrate. A stable potential (less than 1 mV dec(-1)) over a wide range of concentrations for the several chemical species tested is obtained. No significant influence to changes in redox potential, light and pH are observed. The response of this novel electrode shows good correlation when compared with a conventional double-junction reference electrode. Also good long-term stability (90±33 μV/h) and a lifetime of approximately 4 months are obtained. Aspects related to the working mechanisms are discussed. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) studies reveal the presence of nanopores and channels on the surface, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of optimized electrodes show low bulk resistances, usually in the kΩ range, suggesting that a nanoporous polymeric structure is formed in the interface with the solution. Future applications of this electrode as a disposable device for decentralized measurements are discussed. Examples of the utilization on wearable substrates (tattoos, fabrics, etc) are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomàs Guinovart
- Departament de Química Orgànica i Química Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel·lí Domingo s/n 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Gastón A Crespo
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Xavier Rius
- Departament de Química Orgànica i Química Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel·lí Domingo s/n 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Andrade
- Departament de Química Orgànica i Química Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel·lí Domingo s/n 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xu Y, Zhang B. Recent advances in porous Pt-based nanostructures: synthesis and electrochemical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:2439-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60351b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
20
|
Poghossian A, Weil M, Cherstvy AG, Schöning MJ. Electrical monitoring of polyelectrolyte multilayer formation by means of capacitive field-effect devices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6425-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
21
|
Wongkaew N, Kirschbaum SEK, Surareungchai W, Durst RA, Baeumner AJ. A Novel Three-Electrode System Fabricated on Polymethyl Methacrylate for On-Chip Electrochemical Detection. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle W. Kimmel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822
| | - Gabriel LeBlanc
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822
| | - Mika E. Meschievitz
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822
| | - David E. Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang J, Li CM. Nanoporous metals: fabrication strategies and advanced electrochemical applications in catalysis, sensing and energy systems. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:7016-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35210a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
24
|
Park S, Kim HC, Chung TD. Electrochemical analysis based on nanoporous structures. Analyst 2012; 137:3891-903. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35294j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
25
|
Chen S, Zhang SL. Contacting versus Insulated Gate Electrode for Si Nanoribbon Field-Effect Sensors Operating in Electrolyte. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9546-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2023316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Division of Solid-State Electronics, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shi-Li Zhang
- Division of Solid-State Electronics, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kloke A, von Stetten F, Zengerle R, Kerzenmacher S. Strategies for the fabrication of porous platinum electrodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:4976-5008. [PMID: 22180890 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201102182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Porous platinum is of high technological importance due to its various applications in fuel cells, sensors, stimulation electrodes, mechanical actuators and catalysis in general. Based on a discussion of the general principles behind the reduction of platinum salts and corresponding deposition processes this article discusses techniques available for platinum electrode fabrication. The numerous, different strategies available to fabricate platinum electrodes are reviewed and discussed in the context of their tuning parameters, strengths and weaknesses. These strategies comprise bottom-up approaches as well as top-down approaches. In bottom-up approaches nanoparticles are synthesized in a fi rst step by chemical, photochemical or sonochemical means followed by an electrode formation step by e.g. thin fi lm technology or network formation to create a contiguous and conducting solid electrode structure. In top-down approaches fabrication starts with an already conductive electrode substrate. Corresponding strategies enable the fabrication of substrate-based electrodes by e.g. electrodeposition or the fabrication of self-supporting electrodes by dealloying. As a further top-down strategy, this review describes methods to decorate porous metals other than platinum with a surface layer of platinum. This way, fabrication methods not performable with platinum can be applied to the fabrication of platinum electrodes with the special benefit of low platinum consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Kloke
- Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 106, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hardege J, Rotchell J, Terschak J, Greenway G. Analytical challenges and the development of biomarkers to measure and to monitor the effects of ocean acidification. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|