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Parente M, Sitharaman B. Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Microbeads. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:34034-34043. [PMID: 37744801 PMCID: PMC10515371 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
We report a microfluidic-based droplet generation platform for synthesizing micron-sized porous carbon microspheres. The setup employs carbon materials such as graphite, carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerenes, and carbon black as starting materials. Custom composition, structure, and function are achieved through combinations of carbon materials, cross-linkers, and additives along with variations in process parameters. Carbon materials can be assembled into spheres with a mean diameter of units to hundreds of μm with relatively tight size distribution (<25% RSD). Pore structure and size (tens to hundreds of angstrom) can be modulated by incorporating porogen/coporogen dilutants during synthesis. The microbeads have excellent mechanical stability with an elastic modulus of hundreds of MPa. They can sustain high dynamic fluid flow pressures of up to 9000 psi. This work lays the foundation for synthesizing novel tailorable and customizable carbon microbeads. It opens avenues for applying these novel materials for composite and additive manufacturing, energy, life science, and biomedical applications.
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Aksu C, Ingram W, Bradford PD, Jur JS. Laser-etch patterning of metal oxide coated carbon nanotube 3D architectures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:335302. [PMID: 29794331 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aac79d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a way to fabricate novel hybrid low density nanostructures containing both carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and ceramic nanotubes. Using atomic layer deposition, a thin film of aluminum oxide was conformally deposited on aligned multiwall CNT foams in which the CNTs make porous, three-dimensional interconnected networks. A CO2 laser was used to etch pure alumina nanotube structures by burning out the underlying CNT substrate in discrete locations via the printed laser pattern. Structural and morphological transitions during the calcination process of aluminum oxide coated CNTs were investigated through in situ transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Laser parameters were optimized to etch the CNT away (i.e. etching speed, power and focal length) while minimizing damage to the alumina nanotubes due to overheating. This study opens a new route for fabricating very low density three dimensionally patterned materials with areas of dissimilar materials and properties. To demonstrate the attributes of these structures, the etched areas were used toward anisotropic microfluidic liquid flow. The demonstration used the full thickness of the material to make complex pathways for the liquid flow in the structure. Through tuning of processing conditions, the alumina nanotube (etched) regions became hydrophilic while the bulk material remained hydrophobic and electrically conductive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemile Aksu
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, United States of America
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Marr KM, Chen B, Mootz EJ, Geder J, Pruessner M, Melde BJ, Vanfleet RR, Medintz IL, Iverson BD, Claussen JC. High Aspect Ratio Carbon Nanotube Membranes Decorated with Pt Nanoparticle Urchins for Micro Underwater Vehicle Propulsion via H2O2 Decomposition. ACS NANO 2015; 9:7791-7803. [PMID: 26106943 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The utility of unmanned micro underwater vehicles (MUVs) is paramount for exploring confined spaces, but their spatial agility is often impaired when maneuvers require burst-propulsion. Herein we develop high-aspect ratio (150:1), multiwalled carbon nanotube microarray membranes (CNT-MMs) for propulsive, MUV thrust generation by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The CNT-MMs are grown via chemical vapor deposition with diamond shaped pores (nominal diagonal dimensions of 4.5 × 9.0 μm) and subsequently decorated with urchin-like, platinum (Pt) nanoparticles via a facile, electroless, chemical deposition process. The Pt-CNT-MMs display robust, high catalytic ability with an effective activation energy of 26.96 kJ mol(-1) capable of producing a thrust of 0.209 ± 0.049 N from 50% [w/w] H2O2 decomposition within a compact reaction chamber of eight Pt-CNT-MMs in series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Marr
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University , 435 Crabtree, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Bolin Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University , 2104 Black Engineering, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Eric J Mootz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University , 2104 Black Engineering, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jason Geder
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Marius Pruessner
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Brian J Melde
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Richard R Vanfleet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University , N283 Eyring Science Center, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Igor L Medintz
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Brian D Iverson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University , 435 Crabtree, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Jonathan C Claussen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University , 2104 Black Engineering, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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He S, Wei J, Wang H, Sun D, Yao Z, Fu C, Xu R, Jia Y, Zhu H, Wang K, Wu D. Stable superhydrophobic surface of hierarchical carbon nanotubes on Si micropillar arrays. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2013; 8:412. [PMID: 24098965 PMCID: PMC3874759 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-8-412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It is of great importance to construct a stable superhydrophobic surface with low sliding angle (SA) for various applications. We used hydrophobic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to construct the superhydrophobic hierarchical architecture of CNTs on silicon micropillar array (CNTs/Si-μp), which have a large contact angle of 153° to 155° and an ultralow SA of 3° to 5°. Small water droplets with a volume larger than 0.3 μL can slide on the CNTs/Si-μp with a tilted angle of approximately 5°. The CNTs growing on planar Si wafer lose their superhydrophobic properties after exposing to tiny water droplets. However, the CNTs/Si-μp still show superhydrophobic properties even after wetting using tiny water droplets. The CNTs/Si-μp still have a hierarchical structure after wetting, resulting in a stable superhydrophobic surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing He
- Key Lab for Advanced Materials Processing Technology of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinquan Wei
- Key Lab for Advanced Materials Processing Technology of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifan Wang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Deshun Sun
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Yao
- School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengsong Fu
- School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiqiao Xu
- Key Lab for Advanced Materials Processing Technology of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jia
- Key Lab for Advanced Materials Processing Technology of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- Key Lab for Advanced Materials Processing Technology of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunlin Wang
- Key Lab for Advanced Materials Processing Technology of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehai Wu
- Key Lab for Advanced Materials Processing Technology of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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Zhang Q, Huang JQ, Qian WZ, Zhang YY, Wei F. The road for nanomaterials industry: a review of carbon nanotube production, post-treatment, and bulk applications for composites and energy storage. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:1237-65. [PMID: 23580370 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201203252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The innovation on the low dimensional nanomaterials brings the rapid growth of nano community. Developing the controllable production and commercial applications of nanomaterials for sustainable society is highly concerned. Herein, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with sp(2) carbon bonding, excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal, as well as transport properties are selected as model nanomaterials to demonstrate the road of nanomaterials towards industry. The engineering principles of the mass production and recent progress in the area of CNT purification and dispersion are described, as well as its bulk application for nanocomposites and energy storage. The environmental, health, and safety considerations of CNTs, and recent progress in CNT commercialization are also included. With the effort from the CNT industry during the past 10 years, the price of multi-walled CNTs have decreased from 45 000 to 100 $ kg(-1) and the productivity increased to several hundred tons per year for commercial applications in Li ion battery and nanocomposites. When the prices of CNTs decrease to 10 $ kg(-1) , their applications as composites and conductive fillers at a million ton scale can be anticipated, replacing conventional carbon black fillers. Compared with traditional bulk chemicals, the controllable synthesis and applications of CNTs on a million ton scale are still far from being achieved due to the challenges in production, purification, dispersion, and commercial application. The basic knowledge of growth mechanisms, efficient and controllable routes for CNT production, the environmental and safety issues, and the commercialization models are still inadequate. The gap between the basic scientific research and industrial development should be bridged by multidisciplinary research for the rapid growth of CNT nano-industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction, Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Lalwani G, Kwaczala AT, Kanakia S, Patel SC, Judex S, Sitharaman B. Fabrication and Characterization of Three-Dimensional Macroscopic All-Carbon Scaffolds. CARBON 2013; 53:90-100. [PMID: 23436939 PMCID: PMC3578711 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2012.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple method to fabricate macroscopic, 3-D, free standing, all-carbon scaffolds (porous structures) using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as the starting materials. The scaffolds prepared by radical initiated thermal crosslinking, and annealing of MWCNTs possess macroscale interconnected pores, robust structural integrity, stability, and conductivity. The porosity of the three-dimensional structure can be controlled by varying the amount of radical initiator, thereby allowing the design of porous scaffolds tailored towards specific potential applications. This method also allows the fabrication of 3-D scaffolds using other carbon nanomaterials such as single-walled carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and graphene indicating that it could be used as a versatile method for 3-D assembly of carbon nanostructures with pi bond networks.
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Gong J, Sun L, Zhong Y, Ma C, Li L, Xie S, Svrcek V. Fabrication of multi-level carbon nanotube arrays with adjustable patterns. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:278-283. [PMID: 22080290 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr11191d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Multi-level carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays with adjustable patterns were prepared by a combination of the breath figure (BF) process and chemical vapor deposition. Polystyrene-b-poly(acrylic acid)/ferrocene was dissolved in carbon disulfide and cast onto a Si substrate covered with a transmission electron microscope grid in saturated relative humidity. A two-level microporous hybrid film with a block copolymer skeleton formed on the substrate after evaporation of the organic solvent and water. One level of ordered surface features originates from the contour of the hard templates; while the other level originates from the condensation of water droplets (BF arrays). Ultraviolet irradiation effectively cross-linked the polymer matrix and endowed the hybrid film with improved thermal stability. In the subsequent pyrolysis, the incorporated ferrocene in the hybrid film was oxidized and turned the polymer skeleton into the ferrous inorganic micropatterns. Either the cross-linked hybrid film or the ferrous inorganic micropatterns could act as a template to grow the multi-level CNT patterns, e.g. isolated and honeycomb-structured CNT bundle arrays perpendicular to the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianliang Gong
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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Huang J, Zhang Q, Zhao M, Wei F. A review of the large-scale production of carbon nanotubes: The practice of nanoscale process engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-011-4879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Zhang B, Ni X, Zhang W, Shao L, Zhang Q, Girgsdies F, Liang C, Schlögl R, Su DS. Structural rearrangements of Ru nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes under microwave irradiation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:10716-8. [PMID: 21879143 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13858h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure evolution of twinned Ru nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes rearranging into Ru single nanocrystals under the microwave irradiation and the exposed surface of Ru single crystals were observed, which provided new insights into synthesis and application of metal nanoparticle catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingsen Zhang
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Chang J, Najeeb CK, Lee JH, Kim JH. Single-walled carbon nanotubes/polymer composite electrodes patterned directly from solution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:7330-7336. [PMID: 21557548 DOI: 10.1021/la2009573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a simple technique for direct patterning of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) composite electrodes in a large area on a substrate based on the solution transfer process by microcontact printing using poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps. Various shapes of SWNT/PEDOT-PSS composite patterns, such as line, circle, and square, can be easily fabricated with high pattern fidelity and structural integrity. The single parallel line pattern device exhibits high electrical conductivity (0.75 × 10(5) S/m) and electronic stability because of alignment of nanotubes and big-size SWNT bundles (∼5 nm). The electromechanical study reveals that the composite patterns show ∼1% resistance change along SWNT alignment direction and ∼5% resistance change along vertical alignment direction after 200 bend cycles. Our approach provides a facile, low-cost method to pattern transparent conductive SWNT/polymer composite electrodes and demonstrates a novel platform for future integration of conducting SWNT/polymer composite patterns for optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Chang
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
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Zhu W, Zhang L, Cui X, Zhang Q. Efficient synthesis of orthorhombic lithium borate hydroxide micro-rods and their thermal conversion to lithium borate. POWDER TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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