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Venturini A, González J. Prebiotic Synthesis of Glycolaldehyde and Glyceraldehyde from Formaldehyde: A Computational Study on the Initial Steps of the Formose Reaction. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300388. [PMID: 37932034 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the initial steps of the mechanism of the Formose reaction (FR) is computationally studied using DFT methods. The FR has been considered to be a relevant process in the prebiotic evolution leading to several types of sugars or carbohydrates. These molecules are some of the basic building blocks of the life. The dimerization of formaldehyde was found to take place via an intramolecular deprotonation reaction, leading to the formation of an intermediate which, after an isomerization, forms a Ca-complex of the cis-enediol tautomer of glycolaldehyde. The aldol reaction of this complex with additional formaldehyde gave glyceraldehyde, the simplest aldotriose. The catalyst Ca(OH)2 plays a dual role in the reaction, acting as a base (in the intramolecular deprotonation) and as Lewis acid (activating the carbonyl group) in the aldol addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Venturini
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, -Bologna, Italy
| | - Javier González
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Julián Clavería 8, 33006-, Oviedo, Spain
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Zellner NEB, McCaffrey VP, Butler JHE. Cometary Glycolaldehyde as a Source of pre-RNA Molecules. ASTROBIOLOGY 2020; 20:1377-1388. [PMID: 32985898 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over 200 molecules have been detected in multiple extraterrestrial environments, including glycolaldehyde (C2(H2O)2, GLA), a two-carbon sugar precursor that has been detected in regions of the interstellar medium. Its recent in situ detection on the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and through remote observations in the comae of others provides tantalizing evidence that it is common on most (if not all) comets. Impact experiments conducted at the Experimental Impact Laboratory at NASA's Johnson Space Center have shown that samples of GLA and GLA mixed with montmorillonite clays can survive impact delivery in the pressure range of 4.5 to 25 GPa. Extrapolated to amounts of GLA observed on individual comets and assuming a monotonic impact rate in the first billion years of Solar System history, these experimental results show that up to 1023 kg of cometary GLA could have survived impact delivery, with substantial amounts of threose, erythrose, glycolic acid, and ethylene glycol also produced or delivered. Importantly, independent of the profile of the impact flux in the early Solar System, comet delivery of GLA would have provided (and may continue to provide) a reservoir of starting material for the formose reaction (to form ribose) and the Strecker reaction (to form amino acids). Thus, comets may have been important delivery vehicles for starting molecules necessary for life as we know it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jayden H E Butler
- Department of Physics, Albion College, Albion, Michigan, USA
- Department of Physics, California State University - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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The Genealogical Tree of Ethanol: Gas-phase Formation of Glycolaldehyde, Acetic Acid, and Formic Acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaa41e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Metal-Ion- and Hydrogen-Bond-Mediated Interstellar Prebiotic Chemistry: The First Step in the Formose Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8659-8674. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b08002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sengupta A, Ramabhadran RO, Raghavachari K. Breaking a bottleneck: Accurate extrapolation to “gold standard” CCSD(T) energies for large open shell organic radicals at reduced computational cost. J Comput Chem 2015; 37:286-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yamaguchi S, Matsuo T, Motokura K, Sakamoto Y, Miyaji A, Baba T. Mechanistic studies on the cascade conversion of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone and formaldehyde into α-hydroxy-γ-butyrolactone. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:853-860. [PMID: 25648856 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201403100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of commercially and industrially important products from biomass-derived sugars is absolutely vital to establish biomass utilization as a sustainable alternative source of chemical starting materials. α-Hydroxy-γ-butyrolactone is a useful synthetic intermediate in pharmaceutical chemistry, and so novel biomass-related routes for its production may help to validate this eco-friendly methodology. Herein, we report the specific catalytic activity of homogeneous tin halides to convert the biomass-derived triose sugar 1,3-dihydroxyacetone and formaldehyde into α-hydroxy-γ-butyrolactone. A detailed screening of catalysts showed the suitability of tin catalysts for this reaction system, and isotope experiments using [D2]paraformaldehyde, substrate screening, and time profile measurements allowed us to propose a detailed reaction pathway. In addition, to elucidate the activated species in this cascade reaction, the effect of additional water and the influence of additional Brønsted acids on the reaction preferences for the formation of α-hydroxy-γ-butyrolactone, lactic acid, and vinyl glycolate were investigated. The active form of the Sn catalyst was investigated by (119)Sn NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Yamaguchi
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-G1-14 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502 (Japan)
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Piekarski DG, Delaunay R, Maclot S, Adoui L, Martín F, Alcamí M, Huber BA, Rousseau P, Domaracka A, Díaz-Tendero S. Unusual hydroxyl migration in the fragmentation of β-alanine dication in the gas phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:16767-78. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01628b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical investigations show that hydroxyl migration leads to unexpected fragmentation dynamics of β-alanine dication in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rudy Delaunay
- CIMAP (UMR 6252) - CEA
- CNRS
- ENSICAEN
- Unicaen
- 14070 Caen Cedex 5
| | - Sylvain Maclot
- CIMAP (UMR 6252) - CEA
- CNRS
- ENSICAEN
- Unicaen
- 14070 Caen Cedex 5
| | - Lamri Adoui
- CIMAP (UMR 6252) - CEA
- CNRS
- ENSICAEN
- Unicaen
- 14070 Caen Cedex 5
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento de Química
- Módulo 13
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Manuel Alcamí
- Departamento de Química
- Módulo 13
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Bernd A. Huber
- CIMAP (UMR 6252) - CEA
- CNRS
- ENSICAEN
- Unicaen
- 14070 Caen Cedex 5
| | | | | | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Departamento de Química
- Módulo 13
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
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Sekiguchi O, Uggerud E. Fragmentation of Deprotonated Glycolaldehyde in the Gas Phase and Relevance to the Formose Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:11293-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4053715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Sekiguchi
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
and Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC), Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.B. 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar Uggerud
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
and Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC), Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.B. 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
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Dusselier M, Van Wouwe P, De Smet S, De Clercq R, Verbelen L, Van Puyvelde P, Du Prez FE, Sels BF. Toward Functional Polyester Building Blocks from Renewable Glycolaldehyde with Sn Cascade Catalysis. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400298n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Dusselier
- Center for Surface Chemistry
and Catalysis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Wouwe
- Center for Surface Chemistry
and Catalysis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sanne De Smet
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rik De Clercq
- Center for Surface Chemistry
and Catalysis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leander Verbelen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan
46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Puyvelde
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan
46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip E. Du Prez
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Center for Surface Chemistry
and Catalysis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Dede Y, Ozkan I. Intermolecular acetaldehyde and dimethoxymethane formation mechanisms via ethenol and methoxymethylene precursors in reactions of atomic carbon with methanol: a computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:2326-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Wang T, Bowie JH. Hydrogen tunnelling influences the isomerisation of some small radicals of interstellar importance. A theoretical investigation. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3219-28. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob07102a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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