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Sit MK, Cao HH, Wu YD, Yip TC, Bendel LE, Zhang W, Dai WM. Synthesis of the Macrolactone Cores of Maltepolides via a Diene-Ene Ring-Closing Metathesis Strategy. Org Lett 2023; 25:1633-1637. [PMID: 36820513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of the C19-truncated maltepolide E has been accomplished via a diene-ene ring-closing metathesis (RCM) strategy without damage to the C11-C14 alkenyl epoxy unit. Upon release of the C17-OH group, it attacked at the C14 position with double bond migration and epoxide ring opening to furnish the C19-truncated maltepolides A and B as proposed for the biosynthesis of maltepolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ki Sit
- Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), and Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR P. R. of China
| | - Hui Hui Cao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. of China
| | - Yan-Dong Wu
- Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), and Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR P. R. of China.,College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Luoyu Road 152, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, P. R. of China
| | - Tsz Chun Yip
- Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), and Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR P. R. of China
| | - Lars Eric Bendel
- Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), and Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR P. R. of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), and Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR P. R. of China
| | - Wei-Min Dai
- Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), and Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR P. R. of China
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Saint-Auret S, Abdelkafi H, Le Nouen D, Guenin-Macé L, Demangel C, Bisseret P, Blanchard N. Modular total syntheses of mycolactone A/B and its [ 2H]-isotopologue. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:7518-7522. [PMID: 28871293 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01943b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A modular total synthesis of mycolactone A/B, the exotoxin produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans, has been achieved through the orchestration of several Pd-catalyzed key steps. While this route leads to a mixture of the natural product and its C12 epimer (4 : 1 ratio), this was inconsequential from the biological activity standpoint. Compared to the previously reported routes, this synthetic blueprint allows the late-stage modification of the toxin, as exemplified by the preparation of [22,22,22-2H3]-mycolactone A/B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Saint-Auret
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 7509, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Fatino A, Weese C, Valdez S, Jiménez-Somarribas A, Rafferty RJ. Synthetic studies towards lagunamide C: Polyketide assembly investigations. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gehringer M, Altmann KH. The chemistry and biology of mycolactones. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1596-1660. [PMID: 28904608 PMCID: PMC5564285 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycolactones are a group of macrolides excreted by the human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans, which exhibit cytotoxic, immunosuppressive and analgesic properties. As the virulence factor of M. ulcerans, mycolactones are central to the pathogenesis of the neglected disease Buruli ulcer, a chronic and debilitating medical condition characterized by necrotic skin ulcers. Due to their complex structure and fascinating biology, mycolactones have inspired various total synthesis endeavors and structure-activity relationship studies. Although this review intends to cover all synthesis efforts in the field, special emphasis is given to the comparison of conceptually different approaches and to the discussion of more recent contributions. Furthermore, a detailed discussion of molecular targets and structure-activity relationships is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gehringer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Saint-Auret S, Abdelkafi H, Le Nouen D, Bisseret P, Blanchard N. Synthetic strategies towards mycolactone A/B, an exotoxin secreted by Mycobacterium ulcerans. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00608j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pitfalls and dead-ends pave the way to mycolactone A/B. This full account reports synthetic efforts towards this natural product that eventually culminated in a de novo total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Saint-Auret
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 7509
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Hajer Abdelkafi
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 7509
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Didier Le Nouen
- Université de Haute-Alsace
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA 4566
- 68093 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
| | - Philippe Bisseret
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 7509
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 7509
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
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Li X, Babu VS, Kishi Y. Stereoselective total synthesis and stereochemistry confirmation of photo-mycolactones. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Chany AC, Tresse C, Casarotto V, Blanchard N. History, biology and chemistry of Mycobacterium ulcerans infections (Buruli ulcer disease). Nat Prod Rep 2014; 30:1527-67. [PMID: 24178858 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70068b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium ulcerans infections (Buruli ulcer disease) have a long history that can be traced back 150 years. The successive discoveries of the mycobacteria in 1948 and of mycolactone A/B in 1999, the toxin responsible for this dramatic necrotic skin disease, resulted in a paradigm shift concerning the disease itself and in a broader sense, delineated an entirely new role for bioactive polyketides as virulence factors. The fascinating history, biology and chemistry of M. ulcerans infections are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Caroline Chany
- Université de Haute Alsace, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique, EA4566, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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Structure-activity relationship studies on the macrolide exotoxin mycolactone of Mycobacterium ulcerans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2143. [PMID: 23556027 PMCID: PMC3610637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycolactones are a family of polyketide-derived macrolide exotoxins produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of the chronic necrotizing skin disease Buruli ulcer. The toxin is synthesized by polyketide synthases encoded by the virulence plasmid pMUM. The apoptotic, necrotic and immunosuppressive properties of mycolactones play a central role in the pathogenesis of M. ulcerans. Methodology/Principal Findings We have synthesized and tested a series of mycolactone derivatives to conduct structure-activity relationship studies. Flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy and Alamar Blue-based metabolic assays were used to assess activities of mycolactones on the murine L929 fibroblast cell line. Modifications of the C-linked upper side chain (comprising C12–C20) caused less pronounced changes in cytotoxicity than modifications in the lower C5-O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain. A derivative with a truncated lower side chain was unique in having strong inhibitory effects on fibroblast metabolism and cell proliferation at non-cytotoxic concentrations. We also tested whether mycolactones have antimicrobial activity and found no activity against representatives of Gram-positive (Streptococcus pneumoniae) or Gram-negative bacteria (Neisseria meningitis and Escherichia coli), the fungus Saccharomyces cerevisae or the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Conclusion Highly defined synthetic compounds allowed to unambiguously compare biological activities of mycolactones expressed by different M. ulcerans lineages and may help identifying target structures and triggering pathways. Buruli ulcer is a chronic necrotizing skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. The characteristic histopathological features of Buruli ulcer, severe destruction of subcutaneous tissue with minimal inflammation in the core of the lesion, are primarily attributed to the cytotoxic activity of mycolactone, the macrolide exotoxin of M. ulcerans. Different geographical lineages of M. ulcerans produce different structural variants of mycolactone. By using highly defined synthetic mycolactones, including both naturally occurring molecular species and additional non-natural variants, we have assessed the influence of the structure of the C-linked upper side chain and the lower C5-O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain on biological activity. Changes in the lower side chain affected the cytotoxic activity against mammalian cells more profoundly than changes in the upper side chain. Mycolactone A/B had no antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and was also inactive against Saccharomyces and Dictyostelium.
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Villa R, Mandel AL, Jones BD, La Clair JJ, Burkart MD. Structure of FD-895 revealed through total synthesis. Org Lett 2012; 14:5396-9. [PMID: 23072504 PMCID: PMC3518397 DOI: 10.1021/ol3023006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of FD-895 was completed through a strategy that featured the use of a tandem esterification ring-closing metathesis (RCM) process to construct the 12-membered macrolide and a modified Stille coupling to append the side chain. These studies combined with detailed analysis of all four possible C16-C17 stereoisomers were used to confirm the structure of FD-895 and identify an analog with an enhanced subnanomolar bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reymundo Villa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Calfornia, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, USA
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Stanton GR, Kauffman MC, Walsh PJ. Diastereoselective chelation-controlled additions to β-silyloxy aldehydes. Org Lett 2012; 14:3368-71. [PMID: 22721430 PMCID: PMC3401491 DOI: 10.1021/ol301354w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general diastereoselective method for the addition of dialkylzincs and (E)-di- and (E)-trisubstituted vinylzinc reagents to β-silyloxy aldehydes is presented. This method employs alkyl zinc triflate and nonaflate Lewis acids and affords chelation-controlled products (6:1 to > 20:1 dr).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen R. Stanton
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Meara C. Kauffman
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon–transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2010. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hutacharoen P, Ruchirawat S, Boonyarattanakalin S. Biological Activities of Synthetic Oligosaccharides and Glycolipids from Mycobacteria. J Carbohydr Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2011.621041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panatpong Hutacharoen
- a School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology , Thammasat University , Pathum Thani , 12121 , Thailand
- b Program in Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute and the Center of Excellence on Environmental Health, Toxicology and Management of Chemicals , Vibhavadee-Rangsit Highway , Lak Si , Bangkok , 10210 , Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- b Program in Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute and the Center of Excellence on Environmental Health, Toxicology and Management of Chemicals , Vibhavadee-Rangsit Highway , Lak Si , Bangkok , 10210 , Thailand
- c Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute , Vibhavadee-Rangsit Highway , Lak Si , Bangkok , 10210 , Thailand
| | - Siwarutt Boonyarattanakalin
- a School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology , Thammasat University , Pathum Thani , 12121 , Thailand
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Chany AC, Casarotto V, Schmitt M, Tarnus C, Guenin-Macé L, Demangel C, Mirguet O, Eustache J, Blanchard N. A diverted total synthesis of mycolactone analogues: an insight into Buruli ulcer toxins. Chemistry 2011; 17:14413-9. [PMID: 22127975 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycolactones are complex macrolides responsible for a severe necrotizing skin disease called Buruli ulcer. Deciphering their functional interactions is of fundamental importance for the understanding, and ultimately, the control of this devastating mycobacterial infection. We report herein a diverted total synthesis approach of mycolactones analogues and provide the first insights into their structure-activity relationship based on cytopathic assays on L929 fibroblasts. The lowest concentration inducing a cytopathic effect was determined for selected analogues, allowing a clear picture to emerge by comparison with the natural toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Caroline Chany
- Université de Haute-Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA4566, 3 rue A. Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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Gersbach P, Jantsch A, Feyen F, Scherr N, Dangy JP, Pluschke G, Altmann KH. A ring-closing metathesis (RCM)-based approach to mycolactones A/B. Chemistry 2011; 17:13017-31. [PMID: 21971832 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of the mycobacterial toxins mycolactones A/B (1 a/b) has been accomplished based on a strategy built around the construction of the mycolactone core through ring-closing metathesis. By employing the Grubbs second-generation catalyst, the 12-membered core macrocycle of mycolactones, with a functionalized C2 handle attached to C11, was obtained in 60-80 % yield. The C-linked upper side chain (comprising C12-C20) was completed by a highly efficient modified Suzuki coupling between C13 and C14, while the attachment of the C5-O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain was achieved by Yamaguchi esterification. Surprisingly, a diene containing a simple isopropyl group attached to C11 could not be induced to undergo ring-closing metathesis. By employing fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry techniques, the synthetic mycolactones A/B (1 a/b) were demonstrated to display similar apoptosis-inducing and cytopathic effects as mycolactones A/B extracted from Mycobacterium ulcerans. In contrast, a simplified analogue with truncated upper and lower side chains was found to be inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Gersbach
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, HCI H405, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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