1
|
Ibarra AMC, Aguiar EMG, Ferreira CBR, Siqueira JM, Corrêa L, Nunes FD, Franco ALDS, Cecatto RB, Hamblin MR, Rodrigues MFSD. Photodynamic therapy in cancer stem cells - state of the art. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:251. [PMID: 37919479 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant efforts to control cancer progression and to improve oncology treatment outcomes, recurrence and tumor resistance are frequently observed in cancer patients. These problems are partly related to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been developed as a therapeutic approach for solid tumors; however, it remains unclear how this therapy can affect CSCs. In this review, we focus on the effects of PDT on CSCs and the possible changes in the CSC population after PDT exposure. Tumor response to PDT varies according to the photosensitizer and light parameters employed, but most studies have reported the successful elimination of CSCs after PDT. However, some studies have reported that CSCs were more resistant to PDT than non-CSCs due to the increased efflux of photosensitizer molecules and the action of autophagy. Additionally, using different PDT approaches to target the CSCs resulted in increased sensitivity, reduction of sphere formation, invasiveness, stem cell phenotype, and improved response to chemotherapy. Lastly, although mainly limited to in vitro studies, PDT, combined with targeted therapies and/or chemotherapy, could successfully target CSCs in different solid tumors and promote the reduction of stemness, suggesting a promising therapeutic approach requiring evaluation in robust pre-clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Melissa C Ibarra
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cássia B R Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Corrêa
- School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo - FOUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio D Nunes
- School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo - FOUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rebeca B Cecatto
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Fernanda S D Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University - UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
He P, Zhang F, Xu B, Wang Y, Pu W, Wang H, Wang B, Zhang J, Chen H, Li Y. Research progress of potential factors influencing photodynamic therapy for gastrointestinal cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 41:103271. [PMID: 36623701 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer is a malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal tract and its associated digestive organs, including esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, carcinoma of the ampulla, pancreas, bile duct, intestines and rectal cancer. They account for about 30% of global cancer-related incidence and about 40% of mortality. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as a treatment mode, has been applied to the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer due to potential advantages targeting and potentially lower toxic side effects. However, In the course of clinical treatment, we have found that different patients have various responsiveness to PDT, and even the same patients may have different clinical effects after receiving treatment in different time periods. For influencing factors, traditionally, we only focus on adjusting the dose of photosensitizer and the intensity and time of irradiation,while minimizing other potential factors.Therefore, this paper looks for factors that affect PDT from the patient's own conditions, tumor characteristics and tumor microenvironment(including:tumor acidic microenvironment,tumor hypoxic microenvironment, multi-drug resistance, different tumor characteristics and the immune status of patients) and summarizes how to potentially improve the curative effect of PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Puyi He
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Weigao Pu
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Haiyun Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Bofang Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive System Cancer, Lanzhou 730030, China.
| | - Yumin Li
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China; Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive System Cancer, Lanzhou 730030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Insight into the Prospects for Tumor Therapy Based on Photodynamic Immunotherapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15111359. [DOI: 10.3390/ph15111359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignancy is one of the common diseases with high mortality worldwide and the most important obstacle to improving the overall life expectancy of the population in the 21st century. Currently, single or combined treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, are still the mainstream regimens for tumor treatment, but they all present significant side effects on normal tissues and organs, such as organ hypofunction, energy metabolism disorders, and various concurrent diseases. Based on this, theranostic measures for the highly selective killing of tumor cells have always been a hot area in cancer-related fields, among which photodynamic therapy (PDT) is expected to be an ideal candidate for practical clinical application due to its precise targeting and excellent safety performance, so-called PDT refers to a therapeutic method mainly composed of photosensitizers (PSs), laser light, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Photoimmunotherapy (PIT), a combination of PDT and immunotherapy, can induce systemic antitumor immune responses and inhibit continuing growth and distant metastasis of residual tumor cells, demonstrating a promising application prospect. This article reviews the types of immune responses that occur in the host after PDT treatment, including innate and adaptive immunity. To further help PIT-related drugs improve their pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability, we highlight the potential improvement of photodynamic immunotherapy from three aspects: immunostimulatory agents, tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) as well as different immune cells. Finally, we focus on recent advances in various strategies and shed light on their corresponding mechanisms of immune activation and possible clinical applications such as cancer vaccines. Having discovered the inherent potential of PDT and the mechanisms that PDT triggers host immune responses, a variety of immunotherapeutic strategies have been investigated in parallel with approaches to improve PDT efficiency. However, it remains to be further elucidated under what conditions the immune effect induced by PDT can achieve tumor immunosuppression and to what extent PDT-induced antitumor immunity will lead to complete tumor rejection. Currently, PIT presents several outstanding intractable challenges, such as the aggregation ability of PSs locally in tumors, deep tissue penetration ability of laser light, immune escape, and biological toxicity, and it is hoped that these issues raised will help to point out the direction of preclinical research on PIT and accelerate its transition to clinical practice.
Collapse
|
4
|
VİTHANAGE V, C.D. J, M.D.P. DE. C, RAJENDRAM S. Photodynamic Therapy : An Overview and Insights into a Prospective Mainstream Anticancer Therapy. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.1000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) procedure has minimum invasiveness in contrast to conventional anticancer surgical procedures. Although clinically approved a few decades ago, it is not commonly used due to its poor efficacy, mainly due to poor light penetration into deeper tissues. PDT uses a photosensitizer (PS), which is photoactivated on illumination by light of appropriate wavelength and oxygen in the tissue, leading to a series of photochemical reactions producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggering various mechanisms resulting in lethal effects on tumor cells. This review looks into the fundamental aspects of PDT, such as photochemistry, photobiological effects, and the current clinical applications in the light of improving PDT to become a mainstream therapeutic procedure against a broad spectrum of cancers and malignant lesions. The side effects of PDT, both early and late-onset, are elaborated on in detail to highlight the available options to minimize side effects without compromising therapeutic efficacy. This paper summarizes the benefits, drawbacks, and limitations of photodynamic therapy along with the recent attempts to achieve improved therapeutic efficacy via monitoring various cellular and molecular processes through fluorescent imagery aided by suitable biomarkers, prospective nanotechnology-based targeted delivery methods, the use of scintillating nanoparticles to deliver light to remote locations and also combining PDT with conventional anticancer therapies have opened up new dimensions for PDT in treating cancers. This review inquires and critically analyses prospective avenues in which a breakthrough would finally enable PDT to be integrated into mainstream anticancer therapy.
Collapse
|
5
|
Photodynamic therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: narrative review focusing on photosensitizers. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:1441-1470. [PMID: 34855034 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of PDT in early or advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed, and Embase were searched electronically following the PRISMA protocol. Quality assessment was performed according to JBI, NIH, and AMSTAR protocols. The main outcomes evaluated were treatment response, recurrence, survival, and adverse effects. A total of 49 articles met the search criteria: 43 case series, two cohort studies, two prospective before-after clinical trials, one systematic review, and one meta-analysis. Data from 2121 SCCHN patients were included. The response to PDT was variable according to the type of photosensitizer, tumor location, and tumor stage. In general, higher complete responses rated were observed in T1/T2 SCCHN, mainly with mTHPC-mediated PDT. With regard to T3/T4 or advanced SCCHN tumors, there is no compelling evidence suggesting the effectiveness of PDT. Any adverse effects reported were well tolerated by patients. The present review suggests that PDT is a promising treatment modality for early-stage SCCHN. Although there are limitations due to the low level of evidence of the included studies, we believe that the present review could help to design robust clinical trials to determine the efficacy of PDT in SCCHN.
Collapse
|
6
|
Xie J, Wang Y, Choi W, Jangili P, Ge Y, Xu Y, Kang J, Liu L, Zhang B, Xie Z, He J, Xie N, Nie G, Zhang H, Kim JS. Overcoming barriers in photodynamic therapy harnessing nano-formulation strategies. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9152-9201. [PMID: 34223847 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01370f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been extensively investigated for decades for tumor treatment because of its non-invasiveness, spatiotemporal selectivity, lower side-effects, and immune activation ability. It can be a promising treatment modality in several medical fields, including oncology, immunology, urology, dermatology, ophthalmology, cardiology, pneumology, and dentistry. Nevertheless, the clinical application of PDT is largely restricted by the drawbacks of traditional photosensitizers, limited tissue penetrability of light, inefficient induction of tumor cell death, tumor resistance to the therapy, and the severe pain induced by the therapy. Recently, various photosensitizer formulations and therapy strategies have been developed to overcome these barriers. Significantly, the introduction of nanomaterials in PDT, as carriers or photosensitizers, may overcome the drawbacks of traditional photosensitizers. Based on this, nanocomposites excited by various light sources are applied in the PDT of deep-seated tumors. Modulation of cell death pathways with co-delivered reagents promotes PDT induced tumor cell death. Relief of tumor resistance to PDT with combined therapy strategies further promotes tumor inhibition. Also, the optimization of photosensitizer formulations and therapy procedures reduces pain in PDT. Here, a systematic summary of recent advances in the fabrication of photosensitizers and the design of therapy strategies to overcome barriers in PDT is presented. Several aspects important for the clinical application of PDT in cancer treatment are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, and Otolaryngology Department and Biobank of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou N, Wang W, Li H, Jiang D, Zhong X. Development and investigation of dual potent anticancer drug-loaded nanoparticles for the treatment of lung cancer therapy. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
8
|
Wang M, Rao J, Wang M, Li X, Liu K, Naylor MF, Nordquist RE, Chen WR, Zhou F. Cancer photo-immunotherapy: from bench to bedside. Theranostics 2021; 11:2218-2231. [PMID: 33500721 PMCID: PMC7797676 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy and immunotherapy in combination is considered the ideal strategy for treating metastatic cancer, as it can eliminate the primary tumors and induce host immunity to control distant metastases. Phototherapy, a promising targeted therapy, eradicates primary tumors using an appropriate dosage of focal light irradiation, while initiating antitumor immune responses through induced immunogenic tumor cell death. Recently, phototherapy has been employed to improve the efficacy of immunotherapies such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Phototherapy and immunoadjuvant therapy have been used in combination clinically, wherein the induced immunogenic cell death and enhanced antigen presentation synergy, inducing a systemic antitumor immune response to control residual tumor cells at the treatment site and distant metastases. This review summarizes studies on photo-immunotherapy, the combination of phototherapy and immunotherapy, especially focusing on the development and progress of this unique combination from a benchtop project to a promising clinical therapy for metastatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jie Rao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Kaili Liu
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | | | - Robert E. Nordquist
- Immunophotonics, Inc., 4320 Forest Park Ave., #303 (BAL), St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Wei R. Chen
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Feifan Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Das S, Tiwari M, Mondal D, Sahoo BR, Tiwari DK. Growing tool-kit of photosensitizers for clinical and non-clinical applications. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10897-10940. [PMID: 33165483 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02085k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizers are photosensitive molecules utilized in clinical and non-clinical applications by taking advantage of light-mediated reactive oxygen generation, which triggers local and systemic cellular toxicity. Photosensitizers are used for diverse biological applications such as spatio-temporal inactivation of a protein in a living system by chromophore-assisted light inactivation, localized cell photoablation, photodynamic and immuno-photodynamic therapy, and correlative light-electron microscopy imaging. Substantial efforts have been made to develop several genetically encoded, chemically synthesized, and nanotechnologically driven photosensitizers for successful implementation in redox biology applications. Genetically encoded photosensitizers (GEPS) or reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating proteins have the advantage of using them in the living system since they can be manipulated by genetic engineering with a variety of target-specific genes for the precise spatio-temporal control of ROS generation. The GEPS variety is limited but is expanding with a variety of newly emerging GEPS proteins. Apart from GEPS, a large variety of chemically- and nanotechnologically-empowered photosensitizers have been developed with a major focus on photodynamic therapy-based cancer treatment alone or in combination with pre-existing treatment methods. Recently, immuno-photodynamic therapy has emerged as an effective cancer treatment method using smartly designed photosensitizers to initiate and engage the patient's immune system so as to empower the photosensitizing effect. In this review, we have discussed various types of photosensitizers, their clinical and non-clinical applications, and implementation toward intelligent efficacy, ROS efficiency, and target specificity in biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Environment, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa 403206, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu R, Gao Y, Liu N, Suo Y. Nanoparticles loading porphyrin sensitizers in improvement of photodynamic therapy for ovarian cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 33:102156. [PMID: 33352314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer, the malignant tumor with the highest mortality rate in gynecological tumors, leads to a poor prognosis due to tumor metastasis. At present, the main treatment for ovarian cancer is the combination of cytoreduction surgery and chemotherapy. But the surgery is insufficient to solve the extensive transfer of tumor in the abdominal cavity and a large proportion of ovarian cancer cases have shown resistance to chemotherapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a viable treatment option for a wide range of applications, especially in malignant tumors. Porphyrin sensitizers, as the most widely used photosensitive agents, have the following advantages: short photosensitive period and high singlet oxygen production. However, most studies have found that it is difficult to achieve high loading rates of photosensitive agents, thus effective concentration in target tissue is suboptimal and the lethal ability is greatly reduced. In this article, we review several studies that nanoparticles loading porphyrin sensitizers for photodynamic therapy of ovarian cancer. METHODS We collected relevant literature from PUBMED and reviewed their research content. RESULTS The application of nanotechnology to PDT in ovarian cancer can reduce the non-specific toxicity of photosensitive agents and increase stability and delivery efficiency. CONCLUSIONS The combination with nanotechnology can cover the shortcomings of photodynamic therapy, but the specific efficacy still needs a large number of experiments to prove.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shanxi Provincial Peoples Hospital, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Yanxia Gao
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shanxi Provincial Peoples Hospital, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Nannan Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shanxi Provincial Peoples Hospital, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Yuping Suo
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shanxi Provincial Peoples Hospital, Taiyuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li X, Gao Y. Synergistically fabricated polymeric nanoparticles featuring dual drug delivery system to enhance the nursing care of cervical cancer. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
12
|
Pires IS, O’Boyle QT, Munoz CJ, Savla C, Cabrales P, Palmer AF. Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy Using the Apohemoglobin-Haptoglobin Complex as a Carrier of Aluminum Phthalocyanine. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:4495-4506. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S. Pires
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Quintin T. O’Boyle
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Carlos J. Munoz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Chintan Savla
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Andre F. Palmer
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kang MWC, Liu H, Kah JCY. Innate immune activation by conditioned medium of cancer cells following combined phototherapy with photosensitizer-loaded gold nanorods. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10812-10824. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01953d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based phototherapy has evolved to include immunotherapy as an effective treatment combination for cancers through inducing anti-cancer immune activation leading to downstream adaptive responses and immune protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malvin Wei Cherng Kang
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 119077
- Singapore
| | - Haiyan Liu
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 119077
- Singapore
- Deparment of Microbiology & Immunology
| | - James Chen Yong Kah
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 119077
- Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The biomaterials have been well designed as photoabsorbing/sensitizing agents or effective carriers to enhance the photoimmunotherapeutic efficacy and evade their side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muchao Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- PR China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Environmental stressors exert a profound effect on humans. Many environmental stressors have in common the ability to induce reactive oxygen species. The goal of this chapter is to present evidence that the potent lipid mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF) is involved in the effects of many stressors ranging from cigarette smoke to ultraviolet B radiation. These environmental stressors can generate PAF enzymatically as well as PAF-like lipids produced by free radical-mediated attack of glycerophosphocholines. Inasmuch as PAF exerts both acute inflammation and delayed immunosuppressive effects, involvement of the PAF system can provide an explanation for many consequences of environmental stressor exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Travers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA.
- Dayton Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dayton, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pavlíčková V, Rimpelová S, Jurášek M, Záruba K, Fähnrich J, Křížová I, Bejček J, Rottnerová Z, Spiwok V, Drašar P, Ruml T. PEGylated Purpurin 18 with Improved Solubility: Potent Compounds for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer. Molecules 2019; 24:E4477. [PMID: 31817655 PMCID: PMC6943672 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpurin 18 derivatives with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker were synthesized as novel photosensitizers (PSs) with the goal of using them in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. These compounds, derived from a second-generation PS, exhibit absorption at long wavelengths; considerable singlet oxygen generation and, in contrast to purpurin 18, have higher hydrophilicity due to decreased logP. Together, these properties make them potentially ideal PSs. To verify this, we screened the developed compounds for cell uptake, intracellular localization, antitumor activity and induced cell death type. All of the tested compounds were taken up into cancer cells of various origin and localized in organelles known to be important PDT targets, specifically, mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. The incorporation of a zinc ion and PEGylation significantly enhanced the photosensitizing efficacy, decreasing IC50 (half maximal inhibitory compound concentration) in HeLa cells by up to 170 times compared with the parental purpurin 18. At effective PDT concentrations, the predominant type of induced cell death was apoptosis. Overall, our results show that the PEGylated derivatives presented have significant potential as novel PSs with substantially augmented phototoxicity for application in the PDT of cervical, prostate, pancreatic and breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimíra Pavlíčková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (J.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Silvie Rimpelová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (J.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Michal Jurášek
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Kamil Záruba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (K.Z.); (J.F.)
| | - Jan Fähnrich
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (K.Z.); (J.F.)
| | - Ivana Křížová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Jiří Bejček
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (J.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Zdeňka Rottnerová
- Central laboratories, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Vojtěch Spiwok
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (J.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Pavel Drašar
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (J.B.); (V.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Effect of nature of nanoparticles on the photophysicochemical properties of asymmetrically substituted Zn phthalocyanines. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
18
|
Norum OJ, Fremstedal ASV, Weyergang A, Golab J, Berg K. Photochemical delivery of bleomycin induces T-cell activation of importance for curative effect and systemic anti-tumor immunity. J Control Release 2017; 268:120-127. [PMID: 29042319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a technology to enhance intracellular drug delivery by light-induced translocation of endocytosed therapeutics into the cytosol. The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy of PCI-based delivery of bleomycin and the impact on systemic anti-tumor immunity. Mouse colon carcinoma cells (CT26.CL25), stably expressing the bacterial β-galactosidase, were inoculated into the legs of athymic or immuno-competent BALB/c mice strains. The mice were injected with the photosensitizer AlPcS2a and bleomycin (BLM) prior to tumor light exposure from a 670nm diode laser. Photochemical activation of BLM was found to induce synergistic inhibition of tumor growth as compared to the sum of the individual treatments. However, a curative effect was not observed in the athymic mice exposed to 30J/cm2 of light while >90% of the thymic mice were cured after exposure to only 15J/cm2 light. Cured thymic mice, re-challenged with CT26.CL25 tumor cells on the contralateral leg, rejected 57-100% of the tumor cells inoculated immediately and up to 2months after the photochemical treatment. T-cells from the spleen of PCI-treated mice were found to inhibit the growth of CT26.CL25 cells in naïve thymic mice with a 60% rejection rate. The results show that treatment of CT26.CL25 tumors in thymic mice by PCI of BLM induces a systemic anti-tumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ole-Jacob Norum
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital - Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane Sofie Viset Fremstedal
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital - Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anette Weyergang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital - Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha Str, F building, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital - Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li F, Zhao Y, Mao C, Kong Y, Ming X. RGD-Modified Albumin Nanoconjugates for Targeted Delivery of a Porphyrin Photosensitizer. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2793-2804. [PMID: 28700237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Advances in photodynamic therapy of cancer have been restrained by lack of cancer specificity and side effects to normal tissues. Molecularly targeted photodynamic therapy can achieve higher cancer specificity by combination of active cancer targeting and localized laser activation. We aimed to use albumin as a carrier to prepare targeted nanoconjugates that are selective to cancer cells and smaller than conventional nanoparticles for superior tumor penetration. IRDye 700DX (IR700), a porphyrin photosensitizer, was covalently conjugated to human serum albumin that was also linked with tumor-targeting RGD peptides. With multiple IR700 and RGD molecules in a single albumin molecule, the resultant nanoconjugates demonstrated monodispersed and uniform size distribution with a diameter of 10.9 nm. These targeted nanoconjugates showed 121-fold increase in cellular delivery of IR700 into TOV21G ovarian cancer cells compared to control nanoconjugates. Mechanistic studies revealed that the integrin specific cellular delivery was achieved through dynamin-mediated caveolae-dependent endocytosis pathways. They produced massive cell killing in TOV21G cells at low nanomolar concentrations upon light irradiation, while NIH/3T3 cells that do not express integrin αvβ3 were not affected. Because of their small size, targeted albumin nanoconjugates could penetrate tumor spheroids of SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells and produced strong phototoxicity in this 3-D model. Owing to their cancer-specific delivery and small size, these targeted nanoconjugates may become an effective drug delivery system for enabling molecularly targeted photodynamic therapy of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States.,School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine , Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Chengqiong Mao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Yi Kong
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin Ming
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kiro NE, Hamblin MR, Abrahamse H. Photobiomodulation of breast and cervical cancer stem cells using low-intensity laser irradiation. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317706913. [PMID: 28653884 PMCID: PMC5564223 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317706913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast and cervical cancers are dangerous threats with regard to the health of women. The two malignancies have reached the highest record in terms of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Despite the use of novel strategies with the aim to treat and cure advanced stages of cancer, post-therapeutic relapse believed to be caused by cancer stem cells is one of the challenges encountered during tumor therapy. Therefore, further attention should be paid to cancer stem cells when developing novel anti-tumor therapeutic approaches. Low-intensity laser irradiation is a form of phototherapy making use of visible light in the wavelength range of 630-905 nm. Low-intensity laser irradiation has shown remarkable results in a wide range of medical applications due to its biphasic dose and wavelength effect at a cellular level. Overall, this article focuses on the cellular responses of healthy and cancer cells after treatment with low-intensity laser irradiation alone or in combination with a photosensitizer as photodynamic therapy and the influence that various wavelengths and fluencies could have on the therapeutic outcome. Attention will be paid to the biomodulative effect of low-intensity laser irradiation on cancer stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N E Kiro
- 1 Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - M R Hamblin
- 1 Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa.,2 Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,3 Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,4 Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - H Abrahamse
- 1 Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Conjugation of chlorins with spermine enhances phototoxicity to cancer cells in vitro. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 168:175-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
22
|
van Straten D, Mashayekhi V, de Bruijn HS, Oliveira S, Robinson DJ. Oncologic Photodynamic Therapy: Basic Principles, Current Clinical Status and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9020019. [PMID: 28218708 PMCID: PMC5332942 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved cancer therapy, based on a photochemical reaction between a light activatable molecule or photosensitizer, light, and molecular oxygen. When these three harmless components are present together, reactive oxygen species are formed. These can directly damage cells and/or vasculature, and induce inflammatory and immune responses. PDT is a two-stage procedure, which starts with photosensitizer administration followed by a locally directed light exposure, with the aim of confined tumor destruction. Since its regulatory approval, over 30 years ago, PDT has been the subject of numerous studies and has proven to be an effective form of cancer therapy. This review provides an overview of the clinical trials conducted over the last 10 years, illustrating how PDT is applied in the clinic today. Furthermore, examples from ongoing clinical trials and the most recent preclinical studies are presented, to show the directions, in which PDT is headed, in the near and distant future. Despite the clinical success reported, PDT is still currently underutilized in the clinic. We also discuss the factors that hamper the exploration of this effective therapy and what should be changed to render it a more effective and more widely available option for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Demian van Straten
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
| | - Vida Mashayekhi
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
| | - Henriette S de Bruijn
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Postbox 204, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands.
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands.
| | - Dominic J Robinson
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Postbox 204, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Medical Applications of Nanomaterials. NATO SCIENCE FOR PEACE AND SECURITY SERIES B: PHYSICS AND BIOPHYSICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0850-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
24
|
Yang Y, Hu Y, Wang H. Targeting Antitumor Immune Response for Enhancing the Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:5274084. [PMID: 27672421 PMCID: PMC5031843 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5274084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, which can destroy local tumor cells and induce systemic antitumor immune response, whereas, focusing on improving direct cytotoxicity to tumor cells treated by PDT, there is growing interest in developing approaches to further explore the immune stimulatory properties of PDT. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of the innate and adaptive immune responses induced by PDT against tumors, providing evidence showing PDT facilitated-antitumor immunity. Various immunotherapeutic approaches on different cells are reviewed for their effectiveness in improving the treatment efficiency in concert with PDT. Future perspectives are discussed for further enhancing PDT efficiency via intracellular targetable drug delivery as well as optimized experimental model development associated with the study of antitumor immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 169 Sheng Tai West Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211106, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Riley Robb, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Anzengruber F, Avci P, de Freitas LF, Hamblin MR. T-cell mediated anti-tumor immunity after photodynamic therapy: why does it not always work and how can we improve it? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:1492-1509. [PMID: 26062987 PMCID: PMC4547550 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00455h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses the combination of non-toxic photosensitizers and harmless light to generate reactive oxygen species that destroy tumors by a combination of direct tumor cell killing, vascular shutdown, and activation of the immune system. It has been shown in some animal models that mice that have been cured of cancer by PDT, may exhibit resistance to rechallenge. The cured mice can also possess tumor specific T-cells that recognize defined tumor antigens, destroy tumor cells in vitro, and can be adoptively transferred to protect naïve mice from cancer. However, these beneficial outcomes are the exception rather than the rule. The reasons for this lack of consistency lie in the ability of many tumors to suppress the host immune system and to actively evade immune attack. The presence of an appropriate tumor rejection antigen in the particular tumor cell line is a requisite for T-cell mediated immunity. Regulatory T-cells (CD25+, Foxp3+) are potent inhibitors of anti-tumor immunity, and their removal by low dose cyclophosphamide can potentiate the PDT-induced immune response. Treatments that stimulate dendritic cells (DC) such as CpG oligonucleotide can overcome tumor-induced DC dysfunction and improve PDT outcome. Epigenetic reversal agents can increase tumor expression of MHC class I and also simultaneously increase expression of tumor antigens. A few clinical reports have shown that anti-tumor immunity can be generated by PDT in patients, and it is hoped that these combination approaches may increase tumor cures in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Anzengruber
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pinar Avci
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatooncology and Venerology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Lucas Freitas de Freitas
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Programa de Pos Graduacao Interunidades Bioengenharia – USP – Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Correspondence to: Michael R Hamblin, PhD, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Benito-Miguel M, Blanco MD, Gómez C. Assessment of sequential combination of 5-fluorouracil-loaded-chitosan-nanoparticles and ALA-photodynamic therapy on HeLa cell line. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 12:466-75. [PMID: 25976508 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural polymers are used as components of nanoparticles (NPs) for drug delivery, as they provide targeted, sustained release and biodegradability. The purpose of this study was to increase the efficacy of the photodynamic therapy (PDT) by the combination of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) with 5-fluorouracil-loaded-chitosan-nanoparticles (5-Fu-CNPs). METHODS Nanoparticles based on chitosan (CNPs) were synthesized by the ionic crosslinking method via the TPP addition. 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), a first-line anticancer drug, was loaded into these 5Fu-CNPs, and they were assayed as controlled delivery formulation. HeLa cells were incubated in the presence of 5Fu-CNPs for 24h, next ALA was added to the culture medium and 4h later, to complete the PDT, light irradiation took place. Analysis of cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, observation of the apoptosis by fluorescence microscopy followed by analysis of caspase-3 activity were carried out. RESULTS Spherical 5Fu-CNPs with a mean diameter of 324±43nm, were successfully synthesized and characterized by TEM and DLS. 5-Fu incorporation was achieved successfully (12.3μg 5Fu/mg CNP) and the maximum 5-Fu release took place at 2h. The combined administration of 5Fu-CNPs and PDT mediated by ALA (ALA-PDT) led to an improved efficacy of the antineoplastic treatment by generation of great cytotoxicity inducted through an increased ROS production. HeLa cells were destroyed by apoptosis through activation of caspase pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study proves that combination therapy (photodynamic "ALA"+chemical "5-Fu"+immunoadjuvant "chitosan") may be an effective approach for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Benito-Miguel
- Centro Universitario San Rafael-Nebrija, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Dolores Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Gómez
- Departamento de Sistemas de Baja Dimensionalidad, Superficies y Materia Condensada, Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Martinez de Pinillos Bayona A, Moore CM, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ, Woodhams JH. Enhancing the efficacy of cytotoxic agents for cancer therapy using photochemical internalisation. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1049-57. [PMID: 25758607 PMCID: PMC4973841 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a technique for improving cellular delivery of certain bioactive agents which are prone to sequestration within endolysosomes. There is a wide range of agents suitable for PCI‐based delivery including toxins, oligonucleotides, genes and immunoconjugates which demonstrates the versatility of this technique. The basic mechanism of PCI involves triggering release of the agent from endolysosomes within the target cells using a photosensitiser which is selectively retained with the endolysosomal membranes. Excitation of the photosensitiser by visible light leads to disruption of the membranes via photooxidative damage thereby releasing the agent into the cytosol. This treatment enables the drugs to reach their intended subcellular target more efficiently and improves their efficacy. In this review we summarise the applications of this technique with the main emphasis placed on cancer chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline M Moore
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine H Woodhams
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Korbelik M, Banáth J, Saw KM, Zhang W, Čiplys E. Calreticulin as cancer treatment adjuvant: combination with photodynamic therapy and photodynamic therapy-generated vaccines. Front Oncol 2015; 5:15. [PMID: 25692097 PMCID: PMC4315177 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin is recognized as one of the pivotal damage-associated molecular pattern molecules alerting the host of the presence of distressed cells. In this role, calreticulin becomes exposed on the surface of tumor cells treated by several types of cancer therapy including photodynamic therapy (PDT). The goal of the present study was to examine the potential of externally added calreticulin for augmenting antitumor effect mediated by PDT. Recombinant calreticulin was found to bind to mouse SCCVII tumor cells treated by PDT. Compared to the outcome with PDT alone, cure rates of SCCVII tumors grown in immunocompetent C3H/HeN mice were elevated when calreticulin (0.4 mg/mouse) was injected peritumorally immediately after PDT. Such therapeutic gain with PDT plus calreticulin combination was not obtained with SCCVII tumors growing in immunodeficient NOD-scid mice. In PDT-vaccine protocol, where PDT-treated SCCVII cells are used for vaccination of SCCVII tumor-bearing mice, adding recombinant calreticulin to cells before their injection produced improved therapeutic effect. The expression of calreticulin gene was reduced in PDT-treated cells, while no changes were observed with the expression of this gene in tumor, liver, and spleen tissues in PDT-vaccine-treated mice. These findings reveal that externally added recombinant calreticulin can boost antitumor response elicited by PDT or PDT-generated vaccines, and can thus serve as an effective adjuvant for cancer treatment with PDT and probably other cancer cell stress-inducing modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Judit Banáth
- British Columbia Cancer Agency , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Kyi Min Saw
- British Columbia Cancer Agency , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Wei Zhang
- British Columbia Cancer Agency , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Evaldas Čiplys
- Vilnius University Institute of Biotechnology , Vilnius , Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Brodin NP, Guha C, Tomé WA. Photodynamic Therapy and Its Role in Combined Modality Anticancer Treatment. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2014; 14:355-68. [DOI: 10.1177/1533034614556192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. Patrik Brodin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Institute for Onco-Physics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Chandan Guha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Institute for Onco-Physics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Wolfgang A. Tomé
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Institute for Onco-Physics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Xia Y, Gupta GK, Castano AP, Mroz P, Avci P, Hamblin MR. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide as immune adjuvant enhances photodynamic therapy response in murine metastatic breast cancer. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2014; 7:897-905. [PMID: 23922221 PMCID: PMC3917974 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201300072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in women. The side effects and complications following current breast cancer therapy can be devastating. Moreover, the prognosis in late stages of the diseases is usually poor. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment modality that is capable of both local tumor destruction and immune stimulation. However, treatment with PDT alone is often non-curative due to tumor-induced immune cell dysfunction and immune suppression. This phenomenon has motivated a new approach by combining immunostimulants with PDT to enhance anti-tumor immunity. In the present study, we investigated PDT mediated by verteporfin and 690 nm light delivered 15 min later, in combination with an immunomodulation approach using CpG oligodeoxynucleotide for the treatment of 4T1 metastatic breast cancer in a BALB/c immunocompetent mouse model. In vitro, CpG primed immature dendritic cells (DC) via toll like receptor 9 to phagocytose PDT killed tumor cells leading to DC maturation and activation. Peritumoral injection of CpG after PDT in mice gave improved local tumor control and a survival advantage compared to either treatment alone (p < 0.05). CpG may be a valuable dendritic cell targeted immunoadjuvant to combine with PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Xia
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gaurav K. Gupta
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana P. Castano
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pawel Mroz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pinar Avci
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatooncology and Venerology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Walther J, Schastak S, Dukic-Stefanovic S, Wiedemann P, Neuhaus J, Claudepierre T. Efficient photodynamic therapy on human retinoblastoma cell lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87453. [PMID: 24498108 PMCID: PMC3909110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown to be a promising technique to treat various forms of malignant neoplasia. The photodynamic eradication of the tumor cells is achieved by applying a photosensitizer either locally or systemically and following local activation through irradiation of the tumor mass with light of a specific wavelength after a certain time of incubation. Due to preferential accumulation of the photosensitizer in tumor cells, this procedure allows a selective inactivation of the malignant tumor while sparing the surrounding tissue to the greatest extent. These features and requirements make the PDT an attractive therapeutic option for the treatment of retinoblastoma, especially when surgical enucleation is a curative option. This extreme solution is still in use in case of tumours that are resistant to conventional chemotherapy or handled too late due to poor access to medical care in less advanced country. In this study we initially conducted in-vitro investigations of the new cationic water-soluble photo sensitizer tetrahydroporphyrin-tetratosylat (THPTS) regarding its photodynamic effect on human Rb-1 and Y79 retinoblastoma cells. We were able to show, that neither the incubation with THPTS without following illumination, nor the sole illumination showed a considerable effect on the proliferation of the retinoblastoma cells, whereas the incubation with THPTS combined with following illumination led to a maximal cytotoxic effect on the tumor cells. Moreover the phototoxicity was lower in normal primary cells from retinal pigmented epithelium demonstrating a higher phototoxic effect of THPTS in cancer cells than in this normal retinal cell type. The results at hand form an encouraging foundation for further in-vivo studies on the therapeutic potential of this promising photosensitizer for the eyeball and vision preserving as well as potentially curative therapy of retinoblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Walther
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stanislas Schastak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jochen Neuhaus
- Department of Urology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Claudepierre
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Håkerud M, Waeckerle-Men Y, Selbo PK, Kündig TM, Høgset A, Johansen P. Intradermal photosensitisation facilitates stimulation of MHC class-I restricted CD8 T-cell responses of co-administered antigen. J Control Release 2014; 174:143-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
33
|
Zhang CY, Wu WS, Yao N, Zhao B, Zhang LJ. pH-sensitive amphiphilic copolymer brush Chol-g-P(HEMA-co-DEAEMA)-b-PPEGMA: synthesis and self-assembled micelles for controlled anti-cancer drug release. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06413e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel pH-sensitive amphiphilic copolymer Chol-g-P(HEMA-co-DEAEMA)-b-PPEGMA and its micelles were developed as a promising anti-cancer drug carrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- 510640 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Sheng Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- 510640 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- 510640 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- 510640 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Juan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- 510640 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cai XJ, Li WM, Zhang LY, Wang XW, Luo RC, Li LB. Photodynamic therapy for intractable bronchial lung cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:672-6. [PMID: 24284126 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effectiveness and side effects of photofrin-photodynamic therapy (PDT) for intractable bronchial lung cancer. METHODS Thirty patients were classified as stage II-IV intractable bronchial lung cancer with lumen obstruction after they failed previous treatment regimens such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. PDT was performed with 630 nm laser light (Diomed) delivered through cylinder diffusing tip quartz fibers that was passed through the biopsy channel of a flexible endoscope 48 h after intravenous injection of the photosensitizer photofrin (2mg/kg body weight). 72 h after the first irradiation, the endoscopic procedure was repeated, necrotic tissues were mechanically removed and the deep original lesions and newly exposed cancer lesions were re-treated, and, if necessary, the areas were cleaned repeatedly. RESULTS The total response rate CR+PR was 86.7%, and the mean percentage of obstruction due to tumors at different treated sites decreased from 90% to 16.7% at discharge after PDT. The KPS score was significantly improved after PDT. CONCLUSIONS PDT of intractable bronchial lung cancer effectively reduces the amount of lumen obstruction, and improves the patient's quality of life. It may be an effective palliative treatment with minor side effects on patients with advanced bronchial lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-jun Cai
- Oncology Department of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 51015, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bown SG. Photodynamic therapy for photochemists. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20120371. [PMID: 23776302 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an evolving technique for localized control of diseased tissue with light after prior administration of a photosensitizing agent and in the presence of oxygen. The biological effect is quite different from surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. With no temperature change during treatment, connective tissues like collagen are largely unaffected, so maintaining the mechanical integrity of hollow organs. PDT is of particular value for pre-cancer and early cancers of the skin (not melanomas) and mouth as the cosmetic and functional results are so good. Another key indication is for small areas of cancer that are unsuitable for or have persisted or recurred after conventional management. It can be applied in areas already exposed to the maximum safe dose of radiotherapy. Outside cancer, in ophthalmology, it is established for age-related macular degeneration, and has considerable potential in arterial disease for preventing restenosis after balloon angioplasty and in the treatment of infectious diseases, where the responsible organisms are accessible to both the photosensitizer and light. New developments on the horizon include techniques for increasing the selectivity for cancers, such as coupling photosensitizers to antibodies, and for stimulating immunological responses, but many further pre-clinical and clinical studies are needed to establish PDT's role in routine clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Bown
- National Medical Laser Centre, University College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Marrache S, Choi JH, Tundup S, Zaver D, Harn DA, Dhar S. Immune stimulating photoactive hybrid nanoparticles for metastatic breast cancer. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5:215-23. [PMID: 22832596 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20125a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A therapeutic technology that combines the phototoxic and immune-stimulating ability of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the widespread effectiveness of the immune system can be very promising to treat metastatic breast cancer. We speculated that the knowledge of molecular mechanisms of existing multi-component therapies could provide clues to aid the discovery of new combinations of an immunostimulant with a photosensitizer (PS) using a nanoparticle (NP) delivery platform. Therapeutic challenges when administering therapeutic combinations include the choice of dosages to reduce side effects, the definitive delivery of the correct drug ratio, and exposure to the targets of interest. These factors are very difficult to achieve when drugs are individually administered. By combining controlled release polymer-based NP drug delivery approaches, we were able to differentially deliver zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) based PS to metastatic breast cancer cells along with CpG-ODN, a single-stranded DNA that is a known immunostimulant to manage the distant tumors in a temporally regulated manner. We encapsulated ZnPc which is a long-wavelength absorbing PS within a polymeric NP core made up of poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-b-PEG). After coating the outside of the polymeric core with gold NPs (AuNPs), we further modified the AuNP surface with CpG-ODN. In vitro cytotoxicity using 4T1 metastatic mouse breast carcinoma cells shows significant photocytotoxicity of the hybrid NPs containing both ZnPc and CpG-ODN after irradiation with a 660 nm LASER light and this activity was remarkably better than either treatment alone. Treatment of mouse bone marrow derived dendritic cells with the PDT-killed 4T1 cell lysate shows that the combination of PDT with a synergistic immunostimulant in a single NP system results in significant immune response, which can be used for the treatment of metastatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Marrache
- Nano Therapeutics Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Synergistic effect of radachlorin mediated photodynamic therapy on propolis induced apoptosis in AMC-HN-4 cell lines via caspase dependent pathway. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:236-43. [PMID: 23993849 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is alternative method for treating malignant tumors based on the principle of photodynamic damage to tumor cells through a photochemical reaction. Because of its localized effect, photodynamic therapy has become a very popular alternative treatment for cancer. PDT in combination with other drugs has been reported to have synergistic effects on various chemotherapeutic drugs. Thus for this synergistic effect of photodynamic therapy in combination with various chemotherapeutic drugs has gained the major interests to the scientists in recent days. Studies have been carried out to treat various ailments like cancer with this combination therapy. However, PDT in combination with biologically active natural product has not yet been studied in detail. One of the natural products which have been used as a folk medicine for many centuries is propolis. It is a resinous hive product collected from various plant materials by honeybees. It is reported to exhibit several biological activities. METHODS In this study, we focused on the effect of propolis and radachlorin-mediated PDT on human head and neck cancer cells AMC-HN-4. After the administration of propolis and radachlorin followed by laser irradiation, the viability of AMC-HN-4 cells was analyzed using MTT assay. The cells were also stained with Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide (PI) for morphological observations. For more detailed evaluation and observation, flowcytometric analysis and western blotting were also carried out after congruent treatment process. RESULTS From the result it was found that the proliferation of AMC-HN-4 cells was inhibited by propolis. The inhibition of cell proliferation was increased when the cells were treated in combination. The rate of cell death was also increased in combination. The expressions of different proteins related to apoptosis were also regulated significantly. CONCLUSIONS Thus the results of this study indicate that the apoptosis and anti-proliferation efficacy of propolis were significantly enhanced in combination therapy, compared to the individual treatment of PDT or propolis.
Collapse
|
38
|
Kushibiki T, Hirasawa T, Okawa S, Ishihara M. Responses of Cancer Cells Induced by Photodynamic Therapy. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2013; 4:87-108. [DOI: 10.1260/2040-2295.4.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
39
|
Huang YY, Tanaka M, Vecchio D, Garcia-Diaz M, Chang J, Morimoto Y, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy induces an immune response against a bacterial pathogen. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2012; 8:479-94. [PMID: 22882222 DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs the triple combination of photosensitizers, visible light and ambient oxygen. When PDT is used for cancer, it has been observed that both arms of the host immune system (innate and adaptive) are activated. When PDT is used for infectious disease, however, it has been assumed that the direct antimicrobial PDT effect dominates. Murine arthritis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the knee failed to respond to PDT with intravenously injected Photofrin(®). PDT with intra-articular Photofrin produced a biphasic dose response that killed bacteria without destroying host neutrophils. Methylene blue was the optimum photosensitizer to kill bacteria while preserving neutrophils. We used bioluminescence imaging to noninvasively monitor murine bacterial arthritis and found that PDT with intra-articular methylene blue was not only effective, but when used before infection, could protect the mice against a subsequent bacterial challenge. The data emphasize the importance of considering the host immune response in PDT for infectious disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Stern PL, van der Burg SH, Hampson IN, Broker TR, Fiander A, Lacey CJ, Kitchener HC, Einstein MH. Therapy of human papillomavirus-related disease. Vaccine 2012; 30 Suppl 5:F71-82. [PMID: 23199967 PMCID: PMC4155500 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the current treatment of chronic and neoplastic human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated conditions and the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Surgical excision of HPV-associated lower genital tract neoplasia is very successful but largely depends on secondary prevention programmes for identification of disease. Only high-risk HPV-driven chronic, pre-neoplastic lesions and some very early cancers cannot be successfully treated by surgical procedures alone. Chemoradiation therapy of cervical cancer contributes to the 66-79% cervical cancer survival at 5 years. Outlook for those patients with persistent or recurrent cervical cancer following treatment is very poor. Topical agents such as imiquimod (immune response modifier), cidofovir (inhibition of viral replication; induction apoptosis) or photodynamic therapy (direct damage of tumour and augmentation of anti-tumour immunity) have all shown some useful efficacy (~50-60%) in treatment of high grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). Provider administered treatments of genital warts include cryotherapy, trichloracetic acid, or surgical removal which has the highest primary clearance rate. Patient applied therapies include podophyllotoxin and imiquimod. Recurrence after "successful" treatment is 30-40%. Further improvements could derive from a rational combination of current therapy with new drugs targeting molecular pathways mediated by HPV in cancer. Small molecule inhibitors targeting the DNA binding activities of HPV E1/E2 or the anti-apoptotic consequences of E6/E7 oncogenes are in preclinical development. Proteasome and histone deacetylase inhibitors, which can enhance apoptosis in HPV positive tumour cells, are being tested in early clinical trials. Chronic high-risk HPV infection/neoplasia is characterised by systemic and/or local immune suppressive regulatory or escape factors. Recently two E6/E7 vaccines have shown some clinical efficacy in high grade VIN patients and this correlated with strong and broad systemic HPV-specific T cell response and modulation of key local immune factors. Treatments that can shift the balance of immune effectors locally in combination with vaccination are now being tested. This article forms part of a special supplement entitled "Comprehensive Control of HPV Infections and Related Diseases" Vaccine Volume 30, Supplement 5, 2012.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Stern
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
García-Díaz M, Kawakubo M, Mroz P, Sagristà ML, Mora M, Nonell S, Hamblin MR. Cellular and vascular effects of the photodynamic agent temocene are modulated by the delivery vehicle. J Control Release 2012; 162:355-63. [PMID: 22841794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the drug delivery system on the PDT activity, localization, and tumor accumulation of the novel photosensitizer temocene (the porphycene analogue of temoporfin or m-tetrahydroxyphenyl chlorin) were investigated against the P815 tumor, both in vitro and in DBA/2 tumor bearing mice. Temocene was administered either free (dissolved in PEG(400)/EtOH mixture), or encapsulated in Cremophor EL micelles or in DPPC/DMPG liposomes, chosen as model delivery vehicles. The maximum cell accumulation and photodynamic activity in vitro was achieved with the free photosensitizer, while temocene in Cremophor micelles hardly entered the cells. Notwithstanding, the micellar formulation showed the best in vivo response when used in a vascular regimen (short drug light interval), whereas liposomes were found to be an efficient drug delivery system for a tumor cell targeting strategy (long drug-light interval). PEG/EtOH formulation was discarded for further in vivo experiments as it provoked lethal toxic effects caused by photosensitizer aggregation. These results demonstrate that drug delivery systems modulate the vascular and cellular outcomes of photodynamic treatments with temocene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María García-Díaz
- Molecular Engineering Group, IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Synthesis, radiometal labeling and in vitro evaluation of a targeted PPIX derivative. Appl Radiat Isot 2012; 70:505-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|