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Demirbüken SE, Öztürk E, Güngör MA, Garipcan B, Kuralay F. Modified Au:Fe-Ni magnetic micromotors improve drug delivery and diagnosis in MCF-7 cells and spheroids. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 241:114019. [PMID: 38897023 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Nano/micromotors hold immense potential for revolutionizing drug delivery and detection systems, especially in the realm of cancer diagnosis and treatment, owing to their distinctive features, including precise propulsion, maneuverability, and meticulously designed surface modifications. In this study, we explore the capabilities of modified and magnetically driven micromotors as active drug delivery systems within 2D and 3D cell culture environments and cancer diagnosis. We synthesized gold (Au) and iron-nickel (Fe-Ni) metallic-based magnetic micromotors (Au:Fe-Ni MMs) through electrochemical methods, equipping them with functionalities for controlled doxorubicin (DOX) release and cancer cell recognition. In 2D and spheroids of MCF-7 adenocarcinoma cells, the Au segment of these micromotors was utilized to help DOX loading through poly(sodium-4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) functionalization, and the attachment of antiHER2 antibodies for specific recognition. This innovative approach enabled controlled drug release within the cancerous microenvironment, coupled with magnetic (Fe-Ni) propulsion for biocompatible drug delivery to MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, antiHER2 immobilized Au:Fe-Ni MMs effectively interacted with receptors, capitalizing on the overexpression of HER2 antigens on MCF-7 cells. Encouraging outcomes were observed, particularly in spheroid models, underscoring the remarkable potential of these multifunctional micromotors for advancing intelligent drug delivery methodologies and diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elif Öztürk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ali Güngör
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Department of Chemistry, Polatlı Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Polatlı, Ankara 06900, Turkey
| | - Bora Garipcan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul 34684, Turkey.
| | - Filiz Kuralay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
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Jin J, Li Y, Wang S, Xie J, Yan X. Organic nanomotors: emerging versatile nanobots. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:2789-2804. [PMID: 38231523 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05995b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Artificial nanomotors are self-propelled nanometer-scaled machines that are capable of converting external energy into mechanical motion. A significant progress on artificial nanomotors over the last decades has unlocked the potential of carrying out manipulatable transport and cargo delivery missions with enhanced efficiencies owing to their stimulus-responsive autonomous movement in various complex environments, allowing for future advances in a large range of applications. Emergent kinetic systems with programmable energy-converting mechanisms that are capable of powering the nanomotors are attracting increasing attention. This review highlights the most-recent representative examples of synthetic organic nanomotors having self-propelled motion exclusively powered by organic molecule- or their aggregate-based kinetic systems. The stimulus-responsive propulsion mechanism, motion behaviors, and performance in antitumor therapy of organic nanomotors developed so far are illustrated. A future perspective on the development of organic nanomotors is also proposed. With continuous innovation, it is believed that the scope and possible achievements in practical applications of organic nanomotors with diversified organic kinetic systems will expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Jianchun Xie
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Xibo Yan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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3
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Gordón Pidal JM, Arruza L, Moreno-Guzmán M, López MÁ, Escarpa A. Micromotor-based dual aptassay for early cost-effective diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:106. [PMID: 38240873 PMCID: PMC10798920 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Given the long-life expectancy of the newborn, research aimed at improving sepsis diagnosis and management in this population has been recognized as cost-effective, which at early stages continues to be a tremendous challenge. Despite there is not an ideal-specific biomarker, the simultaneous detection of biomarkers with different behavior during an infection such as procalcitonin (PCT) as high specificity biomarker with one of the earliest biomarkers in sepsis as interleukin-6 (IL-6) increases diagnostic performance. This is not only due to their high positive predictive value but also, since it can also help the clinician to rule out infection and thus avoid the use of antibiotics, due to their high negative predictive value. To this end, we explore a cutting-edge micromotor (MM)-based OFF-ON dual aptassay for simultaneous determination of both biomarkers in 15 min using just 2 μL of sample from low-birth-weight neonates with gestational age less than 32 weeks and birthweight below 1000 g with clinical suspicion of late-onset sepsis. The approach reached the high sensitivities demanded in the clinical scenario (LODPCT = 0.003 ng/mL, LODIL6 = 0.15 pg/mL) with excellent correlation performance (r > 0.9990, p < 0.05) of the MM-based approach with the Hospital method for both biomarkers during the analysis of diagnosed samples and reliability (Er < 6% for PCT, and Er < 4% for IL-6). The proposed approach also encompasses distinctive technical attributes in a clinical scenario since its minimal sample volume requirements and expeditious results compatible with few easy-to-obtain drops of heel stick blood samples from newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. This would enable the monitoring of both sepsis biomarkers within the initial hours after the manifestation of symptoms in high-risk neonates as a valuable tool in facilitating prompt and well-informed decisions about the initiation of antibiotic therapy.These results revealed the asset behind micromotor technology for multiplexing analysis in diagnosing neonatal sepsis, opening new avenues in low sample volume-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Gordón Pidal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28802, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Arruza
- Department of Neonatology, Instituto del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital Clínico San Carlos-IdISSC, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Moreno-Guzmán
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel López
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28802, Madrid, Spain.
- Chemical Research Institute "Andrés M. Del Rio", University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28802, Madrid, Spain.
- Chemical Research Institute "Andrés M. Del Rio", University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.
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Chen B, Sun H, Zhang J, Xu J, Song Z, Zhan G, Bai X, Feng L. Cell-Based Micro/Nano-Robots for Biomedical Applications: A Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304607. [PMID: 37653591 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nano-robots are powerful tools for biomedical applications and are applied in disease diagnosis, tumor imaging, drug delivery, and targeted therapy. Among the various types of micro-robots, cell-based micro-robots exhibit unique properties because of their different cell sources. In combination with various actuation methods, particularly externally propelled methods, cell-based microrobots have enormous potential for biomedical applications. This review introduces recent progress and applications of cell-based micro/nano-robots. Different actuation methods for micro/nano-robots are summarized, and cell-based micro-robots with different cell templates are introduced. Furthermore, the review focuses on the combination of cell-based micro/nano-robots with precise control using different external fields. Potential challenges, further prospects, and clinical translations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zeyu Song
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guangdong Zhan
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xue Bai
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lin Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
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5
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Wang Q, Yang S, Zhang L. Untethered Micro/Nanorobots for Remote Sensing: Toward Intelligent Platform. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:40. [PMID: 38032461 PMCID: PMC10689342 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Untethered micro/nanorobots that can wirelessly control their motion and deformation state have gained enormous interest in remote sensing applications due to their unique motion characteristics in various media and diverse functionalities. Researchers are developing micro/nanorobots as innovative tools to improve sensing performance and miniaturize sensing systems, enabling in situ detection of substances that traditional sensing methods struggle to achieve. Over the past decade of development, significant research progress has been made in designing sensing strategies based on micro/nanorobots, employing various coordinated control and sensing approaches. This review summarizes the latest developments on micro/nanorobots for remote sensing applications by utilizing the self-generated signals of the robots, robot behavior, microrobotic manipulation, and robot-environment interactions. Providing recent studies and relevant applications in remote sensing, we also discuss the challenges and future perspectives facing micro/nanorobots-based intelligent sensing platforms to achieve sensing in complex environments, translating lab research achievements into widespread real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shihao Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Centre for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.
- T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Lu X, Bao J, Wei Y, Zhang S, Liu W, Wu J. Emerging Roles of Microrobots for Enhancing the Sensitivity of Biosensors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2902. [PMID: 37947746 PMCID: PMC10650336 DOI: 10.3390/nano13212902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
To meet the increasing needs of point-of-care testing in clinical diagnosis and daily health monitoring, numerous cutting-edge techniques have emerged to upgrade current portable biosensors with higher sensitivity, smaller size, and better intelligence. In particular, due to the controlled locomotion characteristics in the micro/nano scale, microrobots can effectively enhance the sensitivity of biosensors by disrupting conventional passive diffusion into an active enrichment during the test. In addition, microrobots are ideal to create biosensors with functions of on-demand delivery, transportation, and multi-objective detections with the capability of actively controlled motion. In this review, five types of portable biosensors and their integration with microrobots are critically introduced. Microrobots can enhance the detection signal in fluorescence intensity and surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection via the active enrichment. The existence and quantity of detection substances also affect the motion state of microrobots for the locomotion-based detection. In addition, microrobots realize the indirect detection of the bio-molecules by functionalizing their surfaces in the electrochemical current and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy detections. We pay a special focus on the roles of microrobots with active locomotion to enhance the detection performance of portable sensors. At last, perspectives and future trends of microrobots in biosensing are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.)
- Biomedical Engineering Fusion Laboratory, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Jinhui Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.)
- Biomedical Engineering Fusion Laboratory, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Ying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.)
- Biomedical Engineering Fusion Laboratory, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.)
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
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7
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Rheem HB, Choi H, Yang S, Han S, Rhee SY, Jeong H, Lee KB, Lee Y, Kim IS, Lee H, Choi IS. Fugetaxis of Cell-in-Catalytic-Coat Nanobiohybrids in Glucose Gradients. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301431. [PMID: 37282761 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation and control of cell chemotaxis remain an underexplored territory despite vast potential in various fields, such as cytotherapeutics, sensors, and even cell robots. Herein is achieved the chemical control over chemotactic movement and direction of Jurkat T cells, as a representative model, by the construction of cell-in-catalytic-coat structures in single-cell nanoencapsulation. Armed with the catalytic power of glucose oxidase (GOx) in the artificial coat, the nanobiohybrid cytostructures, denoted as Jurkat[Lipo_GOx] , exhibit controllable, redirected chemotactic movement in response to d-glucose gradients, in the opposite direction to the positive-chemotaxis direction of naïve, uncoated Jurkat cells in the same gradients. The chemically endowed, reaction-based fugetaxis of Jurkat[Lipo_GOx] operates orthogonally and complementarily to the endogenous, binding/recognition-based chemotaxis that remains intact after the formation of a GOx coat. For instance, the chemotactic velocity of Jurkat[Lipo_GOx] can be adjusted by varying the combination of d-glucose and natural chemokines (CXCL12 and CCL19) in the gradient. This work offers an innovative chemical tool for bioaugmenting living cells at the single-cell level through the use of catalytic cell-in-coat structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Bin Rheem
- Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Choi
- Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Seoin Yang
- Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Sol Han
- Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Su Yeon Rhee
- Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hyeongseop Jeong
- Division of Scientific Instrumentation & Management, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju, 28119, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Bok Lee
- Division of Scientific Instrumentation & Management, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju, 28119, South Korea
| | - Yeji Lee
- Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - In-San Kim
- Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Hojae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea
| | - Insung S Choi
- Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
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Liu C, Chen J, Liang J, Xu T, Zhang X. Advancements in artificial micro/nanomotors for nucleic acid biosensing: a review of recent progress. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:13172-13186. [PMID: 37548348 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02443a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Artificial micro/nanomotors represent a class of well-designed tools that exhibit dynamic motion and remote-control capabilities, endowing them with the capacity to perform complex tasks at the micro/nanoscale. Their utilization in nucleic acid biosensing has been paid significant attention, owing to their ability to facilitate targeted delivery of detection probes to designated sites and enhance hybridization between detection probes and target nucleic acids, thereby improving the sensitivity and specificity of biosensing. Within this comprehensive overview, we elucidate the advancement of nucleic acid biosensing through the integration of micro/nanomotors over the past decade. In particular, we provide an in-depth exploration of the diverse applications of micro/nanomotors in nucleic acid biosensing, including fluorescence recovery-based biosensing, velocity change-based biosensing, and aggregation-enhanced biosensing. Additionally, we outline the remaining challenges that impede the practical application of artificial micro/nanomotors in nucleic acid detection, and offer personal insights into prospective avenues for future development. By overcoming these obstacles, we anticipate that artificial micro/nanomotors will revolutionize conventional nucleic acid detection methodologies, providing enhanced sensitivity and reduced diagnostic timeframes, thereby facilitating more effective disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Jiahui Liang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Tailin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen, 518060, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen, 518060, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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9
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Popescu MN, Gáspár S. Analyte Sensing with Catalytic Micromotors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:45. [PMID: 36671880 PMCID: PMC9856142 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic micromotors can be used to detect molecules of interest in several ways. The straightforward approach is to use such motors as sensors of their "fuel" (i.e., of the species consumed for self-propulsion). Another way is in the detection of species which are not fuel but still modulate the catalytic processes facilitating self-propulsion. Both of these require analysis of the motion of the micromotors because the speed (or the diffusion coefficient) of the micromotors is the analytical signal. Alternatively, catalytic micromotors can be used as the means to enhance mass transport, and thus increase the probability of specific recognition events in the sample. This latter approach is based on "classic" (e.g., electrochemical) analytical signals and does not require an analysis of the motion of the micromotors. Together with a discussion of the current limitations faced by sensing concepts based on the speed (or diffusion coefficient) of catalytic micromotors, we review the findings of the studies devoted to the analytical performances of catalytic micromotor sensors. We conclude that the qualitative (rather than quantitative) analysis of small samples, in resource poor environments, is the most promising niche for the catalytic micromotors in analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihail N. Popescu
- Física Teórica, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo. 1065, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Szilveszter Gáspár
- International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
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10
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Wu R, Zhu Y, Cai X, Wu S, Xu L, Yu T. Recent Process in Microrobots: From Propulsion to Swarming for Biomedical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1473. [PMID: 36144096 PMCID: PMC9503943 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, robots have assisted and contributed to the biomedical field. Scaling down the size of robots to micro/nanoscale can increase the accuracy of targeted medications and decrease the danger of invasive operations in human surgery. Inspired by the motion pattern and collective behaviors of the tiny biological motors in nature, various kinds of sophisticated and programmable microrobots are fabricated with the ability for cargo delivery, bio-imaging, precise operation, etc. In this review, four types of propulsion-magnetically, acoustically, chemically/optically and hybrid driven-and their corresponding features have been outlined and categorized. In particular, the locomotion of these micro/nanorobots, as well as the requirement of biocompatibility, transportation efficiency, and controllable motion for applications in the complex human body environment should be considered. We discuss applications of different propulsion mechanisms in the biomedical field, list their individual benefits, and suggest their potential growth paths.
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Vasantha Ramachandran R, Bhat R, Kumar Saini D, Ghosh A. Theragnostic nanomotors: Successes and upcoming challenges. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1736. [PMID: 34173342 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The idea of "fantastic voyagers" carrying out medical tasks within the human body has existed as part of popular culture for many decades. The concept revolved around a miniaturized robot that can travel inside the human body and perform complicated functions such as surgery, navigation of otherwise inaccessible biological environments, and delivery of therapeutics. Since the last decade, significant developments have occurred in this arena that are yet to enter mainstream biomedical practises. Here, we define the challenges to make this fiction into reality. We begin by chalking the journey from pills, nanoparticles, and then to micro-nanomotors. The review describes the principles, physicochemical contexts, and advantages that micro-nanomotors provide. The article then describes micro-nanomotors' obstacles such as maneuverability, in vivo imaging, toxicity, and biodistribution. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramray Bhat
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Saini
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ambarish Ghosh
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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12
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Mestre R, Patiño T, Sánchez S. Biohybrid robotics: From the nanoscale to the macroscale. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1703. [PMID: 33533200 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biohybrid robotics is a field in which biological entities are combined with artificial materials in order to obtain improved performance or features that are difficult to mimic with hand-made materials. Three main level of integration can be envisioned depending on the complexity of the biological entity, ranging from the nanoscale to the macroscale. At the nanoscale, enzymes that catalyze biocompatible reactions can be used as power sources for self-propelled nanoparticles of different geometries and compositions, obtaining rather interesting active matter systems that acquire importance in the biomedical field as drug delivery systems. At the microscale, single enzymes are substituted by complete cells, such as bacteria or spermatozoa, whose self-propelling capabilities can be used to transport cargo and can also be used as drug delivery systems, for in vitro fertilization practices or for biofilm removal. Finally, at the macroscale, the combinations of millions of cells forming tissues can be used to power biorobotic devices or bioactuators by using muscle cells. Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue have been part of remarkable examples of untethered biorobots that can crawl or swim due to the contractions of the tissue and current developments aim at the integration of several types of tissue to obtain more realistic biomimetic devices, which could lead to the next generation of hybrid robotics. Tethered bioactuators, however, result in excellent candidates for tissue models for drug screening purposes or the study of muscle myopathies due to their three-dimensional architecture. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mestre
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tania Patiño
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Chemistry Department, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Subjakova V, Oravczova V, Hianik T. Polymer Nanoparticles and Nanomotors Modified by DNA/RNA Aptamers and Antibodies in Targeted Therapy of Cancer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:341. [PMID: 33494545 PMCID: PMC7866063 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer nanoparticles and nano/micromotors are novel nanostructures that are of increased interest especially in the diagnosis and therapy of cancer. These structures are modified by antibodies or nucleic acid aptamers and can recognize the cancer markers at the membrane of the cancer cells or in the intracellular side. They can serve as a cargo for targeted transport of drugs or nucleic acids in chemo- immuno- or gene therapy. The various mechanisms, such as enzyme, ultrasound, magnetic, electrical, or light, served as a driving force for nano/micromotors, allowing their transport into the cells. This review is focused on the recent achievements in the development of polymer nanoparticles and nano/micromotors modified by antibodies and nucleic acid aptamers. The methods of preparation of polymer nanoparticles, their structure and properties are provided together with those for synthesis and the application of nano/micromotors. The various mechanisms of the driving of nano/micromotors such as chemical, light, ultrasound, electric and magnetic fields are explained. The targeting drug delivery is based on the modification of nanostructures by receptors such as nucleic acid aptamers and antibodies. Special focus is therefore on the method of selection aptamers for recognition cancer markers as well as on the comparison of the properties of nucleic acid aptamers and antibodies. The methods of immobilization of aptamers at the nanoparticles and nano/micromotors are provided. Examples of applications of polymer nanoparticles and nano/micromotors in targeted delivery and in controlled drug release are presented. The future perspectives of biomimetic nanostructures in personalized nanomedicine are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tibor Hianik
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina F1, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.S.); (V.O.)
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14
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Tezel G, Timur SS, Kuralay F, Gürsoy RN, Ulubayram K, Öner L, Eroğlu H. Current status of micro/nanomotors in drug delivery. J Drug Target 2020; 29:29-45. [PMID: 32672079 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1797052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are novel, self-propelled nano or microscale devices that are widely used in drug transport, cell stimulation and isolation, bio-imaging, diagnostic and monitoring, sensing, photocatalysis and environmental remediation. Various preparation methods and propulsion mechanisms make MNMs "tailormade" nanosystems for the intended purpose or use. As the one of the newest members of nano carriers, MNMs open a new perspective especially for rapid drug transport and gene delivery. Although there exists limited number of in-vivo studies for drug delivery purposes, existence of in-vitro supportive data strongly encourages researchers to move on in this field and benefit from the manoeuvre capability of these novel systems. In this article, we reviewed the preparation and propulsion mechanisms of nanomotors in various fields with special attention to drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Tezel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selin Seda Timur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Filiz Kuralay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - R Neslihan Gürsoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kezban Ulubayram
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Levent Öner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Eroğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Naeem S, Naeem F, Zhang J, Mujtaba J, Xu K, Huang G, Solovev AA, Mei Y. Parameters Optimization of Catalytic Tubular Nanomembrane-Based Oxygen Microbubble Generator. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11070643. [PMID: 32610688 PMCID: PMC7407399 DOI: 10.3390/mi11070643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A controllable generation of oxygen gas during the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by the microreactors made of tubular catalytic nanomembranes has recently attracted considerable attention. Catalytic microtubes play simultaneous roles of the oxygen bubble producing microreactors and oxygen bubble-driven micropumps. An autonomous pumping of peroxide fuel takes place through the microtubes by the recoiling microbubbles. Due to optimal reaction–diffusion processes, gas supersaturation, leading to favorable bubble nucleation conditions, strain-engineered catalytic microtubes with longer length produce oxygen microbubbles at concentrations of hydrogen peroxide in approximately ×1000 lower in comparison to shorter tubes. Dynamic regimes of tubular nanomembrane-based oxygen microbubble generators reveal that this depends on microtubes’ aspect ratio, hydrogen peroxide fuel concentration and fuel compositions. Different dynamic regimes exist, which produce specific bubble frequencies, bubble size and various amounts of oxygen. In this study, the rolled-up Ti/Cr/Pd microtubes integrated on silicon substrate are used to study oxygen evolution in different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and surfactants. Addition of Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactants leads to a decrease of bubble diameter and an increase of frequencies of bubble recoil. Moreover, an increase of temperature (from 10 to 35 °C) leads to higher frequencies of oxygen bubbles and larger total volumes of produced oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumayyah Naeem
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (S.N.); (F.N.)
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (J.M.); (G.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Farah Naeem
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (S.N.); (F.N.)
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (J.M.); (G.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Jawayria Mujtaba
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (J.M.); (G.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Kailiang Xu
- Department of Electronic and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (J.M.); (G.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Alexander A. Solovev
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (J.M.); (G.H.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (J.M.); (G.H.); (Y.M.)
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16
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Zhou X, Li Z, Tan L, Zhang Y, Jiao Y. Near-Infrared Light-Steered Graphene Aerogel Micromotor with High Speed and Precise Navigation for Active Transport and Microassembly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:23134-23144. [PMID: 32329607 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fuel-free light-driven micromotors have attracted increasing attention since the advantages of reversible, noninvasive, and remote maneuver are on demand with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. However, they suffer from a challenging bottleneck of the rather modest motion speed, which hinders their applications, needing to overcome the water flow movement in environmental water. Herein, we demonstrate a near-infrared (NIR) light-steered, precise navigation-controlled micromotor based on a reduced graphene oxide aerogel microsphere (RGOAM), which possesses an isotropic structure and is easily prepared by a one-step electrospray approach other than conventional light-propelled micromotors with the Janus structure. Benefiting from the ultralight weight of the aerogel and lesser fluid resistance on the water surface, the RGOAM motors show a higher motion speed (up to 17.60 mm/s) than that in the published literature, letting it overcome counterflow. Taking advantage of the photothermal conversion capacity of the RGOAM under an asymmetric light field, it is capable of moving both on the water driven by the Marangoni effect and under the water via light-manipulated density change. The motion direction and speed on water as well as the "start/stop" state can be precisely steered by NIR light even in a complicated maze. Due to its strong adsorption and loading capacity, the RGOAM can be applied for active loading-transport-release of dyes on demand as well as micropart assembling and shaping. Our work provides a strategy to achieve high speed, precise navigation control, and functional extensibility simultaneously for micromotors, which may offer considerable promise for the broad biomedical and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhentao Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lihui Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yanpeng Jiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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17
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Molinero-Fernández Á, Arruza L, López MÁ, Escarpa A. On-the-fly rapid immunoassay for neonatal sepsis diagnosis: C-reactive protein accurate determination using magnetic graphene-based micromotors. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 158:112156. [PMID: 32275206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Based on the exceptional and new opened biosensing possibilities of self-propelled micromotors, a micromotor-based immunoassay (MIm) has smartly been designed for C-reactive protein (CRP) determination in plasma of preterm infants with sepsis suspicion. The design of the micromotors involved the electrosynthesis of a carbon-based outer layer (for antibody functionalization), an intermediate Ni layer (for magnetic guidance and stopped flow operations) and PtNPs inner catalytic layer (for catalytic bubble propulsion). Micromotors biofunctionalization on the outer layer (using carbon black (CB), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and biocompatible propulsion capabilities, were carefully studied. Magnetic rGO/Ni/PtNPs micromotors exhibited the most efficient and reproducible (CV = 9%) anti-CRP functionalization, controlled stopped-flow operations as well as efficient bubble propulsion (1% H2O2, 1,5% NaCh, speed 140 μm s-1). Analytical performance of MIm was excellent, allowing the direct (without dilution), sensitive (LOD = 0.80 μg/mL), and accurate CRP determination (Er = 1%) in hardly available preterm babies' plasma samples with suspected sepsis using very low volumes (<10 μL) and in just 5 min of on-the-fly bioassay. Overall, the results obtained allowed the fast and reliable sepsis diagnostics in preterm babies' individuals with suspected sepsis, not only proving the usefulness of the approach as its potential utilization as point-of-care device for clinical analysis but drawing new horizons in extremely low sample volumes-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Águeda Molinero-Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Arruza
- Division of Neonatology, Child and Teenager Institute, San Carlos Clinic Hospital-IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel López
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. Del Rio", University of Alcala, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. Del Rio", University of Alcala, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Mahdy D, Hesham S, Mansour M, Mohamed A, Basla I, Hamdi N, Khalil ISM, Misra S. Characterization of Helical Propulsion Inside In Vitro and Ex Vivo Models of a Rabbit Aorta. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:5283-8286. [PMID: 31947049 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8856850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the propulsion of a helical robot is experimentally characterized inside whole blood (in vitro model) and against the flowing streams of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) inside rabbit aorta (ex vivo model). The helical robot is magnetically actuated inside these models under the influence of rotating magnetic fields. The frequency response of the helical robot is characterized. Averaged speed is measured at actuation frequency of 8 Hz as 11.3 ± 0.52 (n = 5) and 7.45 ± 1.2 mm/s (n = 3) inside rabbit aorta and whole blood, respectively. The Speed of the robot inside rabbit aorta is characterized against flowing streams of PBS at flow rate of 90 ml/hr.
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19
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Yuan K, Jiang Z, Jurado-Sánchez B, Escarpa A. Nano/Micromotors for Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases. Chemistry 2019; 26:2309-2326. [PMID: 31682040 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Micromotors are man-made nano/microscale devices capable of transforming energy into mechanical motion. The accessibility and force offered by micromotors hold great promise to solve complex biomedical challenges. This Review highlights current progress and prospects in the use of nano and micromotors for diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. Motion-based sensing and fluorescence switching detection strategies along with therapeutic approaches based on direct cell capture; killing by direct contact or specific drug delivery to the affected site, will be comprehensively covered. Future challenges to translate the potential of nano/micromotors into practical applications will be described in the conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisong Yuan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhengjin Jiang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. Del Rio", University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. Del Rio", University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Campuzano S, Gamella M, Serafín V, Pedrero M, Yáñez-Sedeño P, Pingarrón JM. Biosensing and Delivery of Nucleic Acids Involving Selected Well-Known and Rising Star Functional Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1614. [PMID: 31739523 PMCID: PMC6915577 DOI: 10.3390/nano9111614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the last fifteen years, the nucleic acid biosensors and delivery area has seen a breakthrough due to the interrelation between the recognition of nucleic acid's high specificity, the great sensitivity of electrochemical and optical transduction and the unprecedented opportunities imparted by nanotechnology. Advances in this area have demonstrated that the assembly of nanoscaled materials allows the performance enhancement, particularly in terms of sensitivity and response time, of functional nucleic acids' biosensing and delivery to a level suitable for the construction of point-of-care diagnostic tools. Consequently, this has propelled detection methods using nanomaterials to the vanguard of the biosensing and delivery research fields. This review overviews the striking advancement in functional nanomaterials' assisted biosensing and delivery of nucleic acids. We highlight the advantages demonstrated by selected well-known and rising star functional nanomaterials (metallic, magnetic and Janus nanomaterials) focusing on the literature produced in the past five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Campuzano
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
| | | | | | | | - Paloma Yáñez-Sedeño
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
| | - José Manuel Pingarrón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
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21
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Pacheco M, López MÁ, Jurado-Sánchez B, Escarpa A. Self-propelled micromachines for analytical sensing: a critical review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6561-6573. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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22
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Abstract
Magnetic Janus particles bring together the ability of Janus particles to perform two different functions at the same time in a single particle with magnetic properties enabling their remote manipulation, which allows headed movement and orientation. This article reviews the preparation procedures and applications in the (bio)sensing field of static and self-propelled magnetic Janus particles. The main progress in the fabrication procedures and the applicability of these particles are critically discussed, also giving some clues on challenges to be dealt with and future prospects. The promising characteristics of magnetic Janus particles in the (bio)sensing field, providing increased kinetics and sensitivity and decreased times of analysis derived from the use of external magnetic fields in their manipulation, allows foreseeing their great and exciting potential in the medical and environmental remediation fields.
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23
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Patino T, Porchetta A, Jannasch A, Lladó A, Stumpp T, Schäffer E, Ricci F, Sánchez S. Self-Sensing Enzyme-Powered Micromotors Equipped with pH-Responsive DNA Nanoswitches. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3440-3447. [PMID: 30704240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic micro- and nanomotors have emerged as a new class of active matter self-propelled through enzymatic reactions. The incorporation of functional nanotools could enable the rational design of multifunctional micromotors for simultaneous real-time monitoring of their environment and activity. Herein, we report the combination of DNA nanotechnology and urease-powered micromotors as multifunctional tools able to swim, simultaneously sense the pH of their surrounding environment, and monitor their intrinsic activity. With this purpose, a FRET-labeled triplex DNA nanoswitch for pH sensing was immobilized onto the surface of mesoporous silica-based micromotors. During self-propulsion, urea decomposition and the subsequent release of ammonia led to a fast pH increase, which was detected by real-time monitoring of the FRET efficiency through confocal laser scanning microscopy at different time points (i.e., 30 s, 2 and 10 min). Furthermore, the analysis of speed, enzymatic activity, and propulsive force displayed a similar exponential decay, matching the trend observed for the FRET efficiency. These results illustrate the potential of using specific DNA nanoswitches not only for sensing the micromotors' surrounding microenvironment but also as an indicator of the micromotor activity status, which may aid to the understanding of their performance in different media and in different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Patino
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Baldiri Reixac 10-12 , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
| | - Alessandro Porchetta
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rome , Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , Rome 00133 , Italy
| | - Anita Jannasch
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP) , University of Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 32 , Tübingen 72076 , Germany
| | - Anna Lladó
- Advanced Digital Microscopy , Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Barcelona 08010 , Spain
| | - Tom Stumpp
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP) , University of Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 32 , Tübingen 72076 , Germany
| | - Erik Schäffer
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP) , University of Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 32 , Tübingen 72076 , Germany
| | - Francesco Ricci
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rome , Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , Rome 00133 , Italy
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Baldiri Reixac 10-12 , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) , Pg. Lluís Companys 23 , Barcelona 08010 , Spain
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24
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Khezri B, Pumera M. Metal-Organic Frameworks Based Nano/Micro/Millimeter-Sized Self-Propelled Autonomous Machines. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806530. [PMID: 30701595 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic nano/micro/millimeter-sized machines that harvest energy from the surrounding environment and then convert it to motion have had a significant impact on many research areas such as biology (sensing, imaging, and therapy) and environmental applications. Autonomous motion is a key element of these devices. A high surface area is preferable as it leads to increased propellant or cargo-loading capability. Integrating highly ordered and porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with self-propelled machines is demonstrated to have a significant impact on the field of nano/micro/millimeter-sized devices for a wide range of applications. MOFs have shown great potential in many research fields due to their tailorable pore size. These fields include energy storage and conversion; catalysis, biomedical application (e.g., drug delivery, imaging, and cancer therapy), and environmental remediation. The marriage of motors and MOFs may provide opportunities for many new applications for synthetic nano/micro/millimeter-sized machines. Herein, MOF-based micro- and nanomachines are reviewed with a focus on the specific properties of MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Khezri
- Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
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25
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Neves MMPDS, Martín-Yerga D. Advanced Nanoscale Approaches to Single-(Bio)entity Sensing and Imaging. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E100. [PMID: 30373209 PMCID: PMC6316691 DOI: 10.3390/bios8040100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Individual (bio)chemical entities could show a very heterogeneous behaviour under the same conditions that could be relevant in many biological processes of significance in the life sciences. Conventional detection approaches are only able to detect the average response of an ensemble of entities and assume that all entities are identical. From this perspective, important information about the heterogeneities or rare (stochastic) events happening in individual entities would remain unseen. Some nanoscale tools present interesting physicochemical properties that enable the possibility to detect systems at the single-entity level, acquiring richer information than conventional methods. In this review, we introduce the foundations and the latest advances of several nanoscale approaches to sensing and imaging individual (bio)entities using nanoprobes, nanopores, nanoimpacts, nanoplasmonics and nanomachines. Several (bio)entities such as cells, proteins, nucleic acids, vesicles and viruses are specifically considered. These nanoscale approaches provide a wide and complete toolbox for the study of many biological systems at the single-entity level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Martín-Yerga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100-44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Zarei M, Zarei M. Self-Propelled Micro/Nanomotors for Sensing and Environmental Remediation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800912. [PMID: 29882292 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelled micro/nanomotors have gained attention for successful application in cargo delivery, therapeutic treatments, sensing, and environmental remediation. Unique characteristics such as high speed, motion control, selectivity, and functionability promote the application of micro/nanomotors in analytical sciences. Here, the recent advancements and main challenges regarding the application of self-propelled micro/nanomotors in sensing and environmental remediation are discussed. The current state of micro/nanomotors is reviewed, emphasizing the period of the last five years, then their developments into the future applications for enhanced sensing and efficient purification of water resources are extrapolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran
| | - Mohanna Zarei
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran
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27
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Draz MS, Lakshminaraasimulu NK, Krishnakumar S, Battalapalli D, Vasan A, Kanakasabapathy MK, Sreeram A, Kallakuri S, Thirumalaraju P, Li Y, Hua S, Yu XG, Kuritzkes DR, Shafiee H. Motion-Based Immunological Detection of Zika Virus Using Pt-Nanomotors and a Cellphone. ACS NANO 2018; 12:5709-5718. [PMID: 29767504 PMCID: PMC6860978 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is an emerging pandemic threat to humans that can be fatal in newborns. Advances in digital health systems and nanoparticles can facilitate the development of sensitive and portable detection technologies for timely management of emerging viral infections. Here we report a nanomotor-based bead-motion cellphone (NBC) system for the immunological detection of ZIKV. The presence of virus in a testing sample results in the accumulation of platinum (Pt)-nanomotors on the surface of beads, causing their motion in H2O2 solution. Then the virus concentration is detected in correlation with the change in beads motion. The developed NBC system was capable of detecting ZIKV in samples with virus concentrations as low as 1 particle/μL. The NBC system allowed a highly specific detection of ZIKV in the presence of the closely related dengue virus and other neurotropic viruses, such as herpes simplex virus type 1 and human cytomegalovirus. The NBC platform technology has the potential to be used in the development of point-of-care diagnostics for pathogen detection and disease management in developed and developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Shehata Draz
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Nivethitha Kota Lakshminaraasimulu
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sanchana Krishnakumar
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dheerendranath Battalapalli
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anish Vasan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Manoj Kumar Kanakasabapathy
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aparna Sreeram
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shantanu Kallakuri
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Prudhvi Thirumalaraju
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yudong Li
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephane Hua
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Xu G. Yu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Daniel R. Kuritzkes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hadi Shafiee
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Corresponding Author
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Bhuyan T, Bhattacharjee M, Singh AK, Ghosh SS, Bandyopadhyay D. Boolean-chemotaxis of logibots deciphering the motions of self-propelling microorganisms. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:3182-3191. [PMID: 29645047 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00132d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the feasibility of a self-propelling mushroom motor, namely a 'logibot', as a functional unit for the construction of a host of optimized binary logic gates. Emulating the chemokinesis of unicellular prokaryotes or eukaryotes, the logibots made stimuli responsive conditional movements at varied speeds towards a pair of acid-alkali triggers. A series of integrative logic operations and cascaded logic circuits, namely, AND, NAND, NOT, OR, NOR, and NIMPLY, have been constructed employing the decisive chemotactic migrations of the logibot in the presence of the pH gradient established by the sole or coupled effects of acid (HCl-catalase) and alkali (NaOH) drips inside a peroxide bath. The imposed acid and/or alkali triggers across the logibots were realized as inputs while the logic gates were functionally reconfigured to several operational modes by varying the pH of the acid-alkali inputs. The self-propelling logibot could rapidly sense the external stimuli, decide, and act on the basis of intensities of the pH triggers. The impulsive responses of the logibots towards and away from the external acid-alkali stimuli were interpreted as the potential outputs of the logic gates. The external stimuli responsive self-propulsion of the logibots following different logic gates and circuits can not only be an eco-friendly alternative to the silicon-based computing operations but also be a promising strategy for the development of intelligent pH-responsive drug delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Bhuyan
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam-781039, India.
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29
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Khalil ISM, Mahdy D, Sharkawy AE, Moustafa RR, Tabak AF, Mitwally ME, Hesham S, Hamdi N, Klingner A, Mohamed A, Sitti M. Mechanical Rubbing of Blood Clots Using Helical Robots Under Ultrasound Guidance. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2018.2792156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Xu L, Mou F, Gong H, Luo M, Guan J. Light-driven micro/nanomotors: from fundamentals to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:6905-6926. [PMID: 28949354 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00516d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Light, as an external stimulus, is capable of driving the motion of micro/nanomotors (MNMs) with the advantages of reversible, wireless and remote manoeuvre on demand with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art light-driven MNMs, which are able to move in liquids or on a substrate surface by converting light energy into mechanical work. The general design strategies for constructing asymmetric fields around light-driven MNMs to propel themselves are introduced as well as the photoactive materials for light-driven MNMs, including photocatalytic materials, photothermal materials and photochromic materials. Then, the propulsion mechanisms and motion behaviors of the so far developed light-driven MNMs are illustrated in detail involving light-induced phoretic propulsion, bubble recoil and interfacial tension gradient, followed by recent progress in the light-driven movement of liquid crystalline elastomers based on light-induced deformation. An outlook is further presented on the future development of light-driven MNMs towards overcoming key challenges after summarizing the potential applications in biomedical, environmental and micro/nanoengineering fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.
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31
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Jiao J, Xu D, Liu Y, Zhao W, Zhang J, Zheng T, Feng H, Ma X. Mini-EmulsionFabricated Magnetic and Fluorescent Hybrid Janus Micro-Motors. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E83. [PMID: 30393358 PMCID: PMC6187295 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Self-propelling micro/nano-motors have attracted great attention due to their controllable active motion and various functional attributes. To date, a variety of technologies have been reported for the fabrication of micro/nano-motors. However, there are still several challenges that need to be addressed. One of them is to endow micro/nano-motors with multi-functionalities by a facile fabrication process. Here, we present a universal approach, adopted from the emulsion templating method, for the fabrication of Janus micro-motors. With a one-step process, magnetic nanoparticles and fluorescent dyes are simultaneously embedded into the microparticles. The self-propelled motors can be used as an active label or fluorescent tracer through manipulation of their motion using magnetic guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapu Jiao
- State Key Lab of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Dandan Xu
- State Key Lab of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- State Key Lab of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen-PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China.
| | - Huanhuan Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xing Ma
- State Key Lab of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
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32
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Light-Powered Micro/Nanomotors. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9020041. [PMID: 30393317 PMCID: PMC6187517 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Designed micro/nanomotors are micro/nanoscale machines capable of autonomous motion in fluids, which have been emerging in recent decades owing to their great potential for biomedical and environmental applications. Among them, light-powered micro/nanomotors, in which motion is driven by light, exhibit various advantages in their precise motion manipulation and thereby a superior scope for application. This review summarizes recent advances in the design, manufacture and motion manipulation of different types of light-powered micro/nanomotors. Their structural features and motion performance are reviewed and compared. The challenges and opportunities of light-powered micro/nanomotors are also discussed. With rapidly increasing innovation, advanced, intelligent and multifunctional light-powered micro/nanomachines will certainly bring profound impacts and changes for human life in the future.
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Campuzano S, Esteban-Fernández de Ávila B, Yáñez-Sedeño P, Pingarrón JM, Wang J. Nano/microvehicles for efficient delivery and (bio)sensing at the cellular level. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6750-6763. [PMID: 29147499 PMCID: PMC5643903 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02434g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A perspective review of recent strategies involving the use of nano/microvehicles to address the key challenges associated with delivery and (bio)sensing at the cellular level is presented. The main types and characteristics of the different nano/microvehicles used for these cellular applications are discussed, including fabrication pathways, propulsion (catalytic, magnetic, acoustic or biological) and navigation strategies, and relevant parameters affecting their propulsion performance and sensing and delivery capabilities. Thereafter, selected applications are critically discussed. An emphasis is made on enhancing the extra- and intra-cellular biosensing capabilities, fast cell internalization, rapid inter- or intra-cellular movement, efficient payload delivery and targeted on-demand controlled release in order to greatly improve the monitoring and modulation of cellular processes. A critical discussion of selected breakthrough applications illustrates how these smart multifunctional nano/microdevices operate as nano/microcarriers and sensors at the intra- and extra-cellular levels. These advances allow both the real-time biosensing of relevant targets and processes even at a single cell level, and the delivery of different cargoes (drugs, functional proteins, oligonucleotides and cells) for therapeutics, gene silencing/transfection and assisted fertilization, while overcoming challenges faced by current affinity biosensors and delivery vehicles. Key challenges for the future and the envisioned opportunities and future perspectives of this remarkably exciting field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Campuzano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , Complutense University of Madrid , E-28040 Madrid , Spain . ;
| | | | - P Yáñez-Sedeño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , Complutense University of Madrid , E-28040 Madrid , Spain . ;
| | - J M Pingarrón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , Complutense University of Madrid , E-28040 Madrid , Spain . ;
- IMDEA Nanoscience , Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - J Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California , La Jolla , San Diego , California 92093 , USA .
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34
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Bhuyan T, Singh AK, Dutta D, Unal A, Ghosh SS, Bandyopadhyay D. Magnetic Field Guided Chemotaxis of iMushbots for Targeted Anticancer Therapeutics. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1627-1640. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Bhuyan
- Centre
for Nanotechnology, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, §Department of Biosciences
and Bioengineering, and ∥Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Centre
for Nanotechnology, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, §Department of Biosciences
and Bioengineering, and ∥Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Deepanjalee Dutta
- Centre
for Nanotechnology, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, §Department of Biosciences
and Bioengineering, and ∥Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Aynur Unal
- Centre
for Nanotechnology, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, §Department of Biosciences
and Bioengineering, and ∥Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Siddhartha Sankar Ghosh
- Centre
for Nanotechnology, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, §Department of Biosciences
and Bioengineering, and ∥Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Dipankar Bandyopadhyay
- Centre
for Nanotechnology, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, §Department of Biosciences
and Bioengineering, and ∥Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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35
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Kim K, Liang Z, Liu M, Fan DE. Biobased High-Performance Rotary Micromotors for Individually Reconfigurable Micromachine Arrays and Microfluidic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:6144-6152. [PMID: 28032745 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report an innovative type of rotary biomicromachines by using diatom frustules as integrated active components, including the assembling, operation, and performance characterization. We further investigate and demonstrate unique applications of the biomicromachines in achieving individually reconfigurable micromachine arrays and microfluidic mixing. Diatom frustules are porous cell walls of diatoms made of silica. We assembled rotary micromachines consisting of diatom frustules serving as rotors and patterned magnets serving as bearings in electric fields. Ordered arrays of micromotors can be integrated and rotated with controlled orientation and a speed up to ∼3000 rpm, one of the highest rotational speeds in biomaterial-based rotary micromachines. Moreover, by exploiting the distinct electromechanical properties of diatom frustules and metallic nanowires, we realized the first reconfigurable rotary micro/nanomachine arrays with controllability in individual motors. Finally, the diatom micromachines are successfully integrated in microfluidic channels and operated as mixers. This work demonstrated the high-performance rotary micromachines by using bioinspired diatom frustules and their applications, which are essential for low-cost bio-microelectromechanical system/nanoelectromechanical system (bio-MEMS/NEMS) devices and relevant to microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zexi Liang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Minliang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Donglei Emma Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Abstract
![]()
Self-propelled
colloids have emerged as a new class of active matter
over the past decade. These are micrometer sized colloidal objects
that transduce free energy from their surroundings and convert it
to directed motion. The self-propelled colloids are in many ways,
the synthetic analogues of biological self-propelled units such as
algae or bacteria. Although they are propelled by very different mechanisms,
biological swimmers are typically powered by flagellar motion and
synthetic swimmers are driven by local chemical reactions, they share
a number of common features with respect to swimming behavior. They
exhibit run-and-tumble like behavior, are responsive to environmental
stimuli, and can even chemically interact with nearby swimmers. An
understanding of self-propelled colloids could help us in understanding
the complex behaviors that emerge in populations of natural microswimmers.
Self-propelled colloids also offer some advantages over natural microswimmers,
since the surface properties, propulsion mechanisms, and particle
geometry can all be easily modified to meet specific needs. From a more practical perspective, a number of applications, ranging
from environmental remediation to targeted drug delivery, have been
envisioned for these systems. These applications rely on the basic
functionalities of self-propelled colloids: directional motion, sensing
of the local environment, and the ability to respond to external signals.
Owing to the vastly different nature of each of these applications,
it becomes necessary to optimize the design choices in these colloids.
There has been a significant effort to develop a range of synthetic
self-propelled colloids to meet the specific conditions required for
different processes. Tubular self-propelled colloids, for example,
are ideal for decontamination processes, owing to their bubble propulsion
mechanism, which enhances mixing in systems, but are incompatible
with biological systems due to the toxic propulsion fuel and the generation
of oxygen bubbles. Spherical swimmers serve as model systems to understand
the fundamental aspects of the propulsion mechanism, collective behavior,
response to external stimuli, etc. They are also typically the choice
of shape at the nanoscale due to their ease of fabrication. More recently
biohybrid swimmers have also been developed which attempt to retain
the advantages of synthetic colloids while deriving their propulsion
from biological swimmers such as sperm and bacteria, offering the
means for biocompatible swimming. In this Account, we will summarize
our effort and those of other groups, in the design and development
of self-propelled colloids of different structural properties and
powered by different propulsion mechanisms. We will also briefly address
the applications that have been proposed and, to some extent, demonstrated
for these swimmer designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Katuri
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xing Ma
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Morgan M. Stanton
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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37
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Zhou D, Ren L, Li YC, Xu P, Gao Y, Zhang G, Wang W, Mallouk TE, Li L. Visible light-driven, magnetically steerable gold/iron oxide nanomotors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:11465-11468. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06327j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Au–Fe2O3 nanorods are propelled by visible light and steered magnetically in dilute H2O2 solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- P. R. China
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physics
| | - Liqiang Ren
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics
- The Pennsylvania State University
- USA
| | - Yuguang C. Li
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physics
- The Pennsylvania State University
- USA
| | - Pengtao Xu
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physics
- The Pennsylvania State University
- USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Shenzhen Graduate School
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Thomas E. Mallouk
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physics
- The Pennsylvania State University
- USA
| | - Longqiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- P. R. China
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38
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Motor-based microprobe powered by bio-assembled catalase for motion detection of DNA. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 87:31-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kherzi B, Pumera M. Self-propelled autonomous nanomotors meet microfluidics. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:17415-17421. [PMID: 27714185 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06665h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelled autonomous nano/micromotors are in the forefront of current materials science and technology research. These small machines convert chemical energy from the environment into propulsion, and they can move autonomously in the environment and are capable of chemotaxis or magnetotaxis. They can be used for drug delivery, microsurgeries or environmental remediation. It is of immense interest from a future biomedical application point of view to understand the motion of the nano/micromotors in microfluidic channels. In this minireview, we review the progress on the use of nano/micromotors in microfluidic channels and lab-on-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Kherzi
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
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40
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Rowland CE, Brown CW, Delehanty JB, Medintz IL. Nanomaterial-based sensors for the detection of biological threat agents. MATERIALS TODAY (KIDLINGTON, ENGLAND) 2016; 19:464-477. [PMID: 32288600 PMCID: PMC7108310 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The danger posed by biological threat agents and the limitations of modern detection methods to rapidly identify them underpins the need for continued development of novel sensors. The application of nanomaterials to this problem in recent years has proven especially advantageous. By capitalizing on large surface/volume ratios, dispersability, beneficial physical and chemical properties, and unique nanoscale interactions, nanomaterial-based biosensors are being developed with sensitivity and accuracy that are starting to surpass traditional biothreat detection methods, yet do so with reduced sample volume, preparation time, and assay cost. In this review, we start with an overview of bioagents and then highlight the breadth of nanoscale sensors that have recently emerged for their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E. Rowland
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- National Research Council, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Carl W. Brown
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - James B. Delehanty
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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41
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Enachi M, Guix M, Postolache V, Ciobanu V, Fomin VM, Schmidt OG, Tiginyanu I. Light-Induced Motion of Microengines Based on Microarrays of TiO 2 Nanotubes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:5497-5505. [PMID: 27593218 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical approach for manufacturing light-driven nanostructured titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) microengines with controlled spatial architecture for improved performance is reported. The microengines based on microscale arrays of TiO2 nanotubes with variable (50-120 nm) inner diameter show a quasi-ordered arrangement of nanotubes, being the smallest tubular entities for catalytic microengines reported to date. The nanotubes exhibit well defined crystalline phases depending upon the postfabrication annealing conditions that determine the microengines' efficiency. When exposed to UV-light, the microarrays of TiO2 nanotubes exhibiting conical internal shapes show directed motion in confined space, both in the presence and absence of hydrogen peroxide. In the former case, two different motion patterns related to diffusiophoresis and localized nanobubble generation inside of the tubes due to the photocatalytic decomposition of H2 O2 are disclosed. Controlled pick-up, transport, and release of individual and agglomerated particles are demonstrated using the UV light irradiation of microengines. The obtained results show that light-driven microengines based on microarrays of TiO2 nanotubes represent a promising platform for controlled micro/nanoscale sample transportation in fluids as well as for environmental applications, in particular, for the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants due to the improved intermixing taking place during the motion of TiO2 microengines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihail Enachi
- National Center for Materials Study and Testing, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare av., MD-2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Maria Guix
- IFW Dresden, Institute for Integrative Nanosciences (IIN), 20 Helmholtzstraße, D-01069, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Vitalie Postolache
- National Center for Materials Study and Testing, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare av., MD-2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Vladimir Ciobanu
- National Center for Materials Study and Testing, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare av., MD-2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Vladimir M Fomin
- IFW Dresden, Institute for Integrative Nanosciences (IIN), 20 Helmholtzstraße, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- IFW Dresden, Institute for Integrative Nanosciences (IIN), 20 Helmholtzstraße, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ion Tiginyanu
- Institute of Electronic Engineering and Nanotechnologies, Academy of Sciences of Moldova (ASM), 5 Academiei str., MD-2028, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
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42
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Villangca MJ, Palima D, Bañas AR, Glückstad J. Light-driven micro-tool equipped with a syringe function. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5:e16148. [PMID: 30167189 PMCID: PMC6059928 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leveraging developments in microfabrication open new possibilities for optical manipulation. With the structural design freedom from three-dimensional printing capabilities of two-photon polymerization, we are starting to see the emergence of cleverly shaped 'light robots' or optically actuated micro-tools that closely resemble their macroscopic counterparts in function and sometimes even in form. In this work, we have fabricated a new type of light robot that is capable of loading and unloading cargo using photothermally induced convection currents within the body of the tool. We have demonstrated this using silica and polystyrene beads as cargo. The flow speeds of the cargo during loading and unloading are significantly larger than when using optical forces alone. This new type of light robot presents a mode of material transport that may have a significant impact on targeted drug delivery and nanofluidics injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Jayson Villangca
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Darwin Palima
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Jesper Glückstad
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- E-mail:
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43
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Singh VV, Kaufmann K, Esteban-Fernández de Ávila B, Uygun M, Wang J. Nanomotors responsive to nerve-agent vapor plumes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3360-3. [PMID: 26824395 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc10670b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-powered nanomotors responsive to the presence of nerve agents in the surrounding atmosphere are employed for remote detection of chemical vapor threats. Distinct changes in the propulsion behavior, associated with the partition of the sarin simulant diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP), offer reliable and rapid detection of the nerve-agent vapor threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra V Singh
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Kevin Kaufmann
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | | | - Murat Uygun
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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44
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QIN WW, SUN LL, PENG TH, XU Y, GAO YJ, Wang WF, Li D. Recent Progresses in Molecule Motors Driven by Enzymatic Reactions. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(16)60945-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Kim K, Guo J, Liang ZX, Zhu FQ, Fan DL. Man-made rotary nanomotors: a review of recent developments. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:10471-90. [PMID: 27152885 PMCID: PMC4873439 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08768f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of rotary nanomotors is an essential step towards intelligent nanomachines and nanorobots. In this article, we review the concept, design, working mechanisms, and applications of state-of-the-art rotary nanomotors made from synthetic nanoentities. The rotary nanomotors are categorized according to the energy sources employed to drive the rotary motion, including biochemical, optical, magnetic, and electric fields. The unique advantages and limitations for each type of rotary nanomachines are discussed. The advances of rotary nanomotors is pivotal for realizing dream nanomachines for myriad applications including microfluidics, biodiagnosis, nano-surgery, and biosubstance delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Jianhe Guo
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Z X Liang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - F Q Zhu
- NovaMinds, LLC, 9535 Ketona Cv., Austin, TX 78759, USA
| | - D L Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. and Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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46
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Bouffier L, Ravaine V, Sojic N, Kuhn A. Electric fields for generating unconventional motion of small objects. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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47
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Srivastava SK, Guix M, Schmidt OG. Wastewater Mediated Activation of Micromotors for Efficient Water Cleaning. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:817-21. [PMID: 26674098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b05032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present wastewater-mediated activation of catalytic micromotors for the degradation of nitroaromatic pollutants in water. These next-generation hybrid micromotors are fabricated by growing catalytically active Pd particles over thin-metal films (Ti/Fe/Cr), which are then rolled-up into self-propelled tubular microjets. Coupling of catalytically active Pd particles inside the micromotor surface in the presence of a 4-nitrophenol pollutant (with NaBH4 as reductant) results in autonomous motion via the bubble-recoil propulsion mechanism such that the target pollutant mixture (wastewater) is consumed as a fuel, thereby generating nontoxic byproducts. This study also offers several distinct advantages over its predecessors including no pH/temperature manipulation, limited stringent process control and complete destruction of the target pollutant mixture. The improved intermixing ability of the micromotors caused faster degradation ca. 10 times higher as compared to its nonmotile counterpart. The high catalytic efficiency obtained via a wet-lab approach has promising potential in creating hybrid micromotors comprising of multicatalytic systems assembled into one entity for sustainable environmental remediation and theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Guix
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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48
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Wang L, Chen J, Feng X, Zeng W, Liu R, Xiujing Lin XL, Ma Y, Wang L. Self-propelled manganese oxide-based catalytic micromotors for drug delivery. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13739c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel self-propelled drug delivery vehicle was developed to capture and transport an anticancer drug through electrostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Xiaomiao Feng
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Wenjin Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Ruiqing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Xiujing Lin Xiujing Lin
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Yanwen Ma
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Lianhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
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49
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Singh VV, Wang J. Nano/micromotors for security/defense applications. A review. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:19377-19389. [PMID: 26554557 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06254c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The new capabilities of man-made micro/nanomotors open up considerable opportunities for diverse security and defense applications. This review highlights new micromotor-based strategies for enhanced security monitoring and detoxification of chemical and biological warfare agents (CBWA). The movement of receptor-functionalized nanomotors offers great potential for sensing and isolating target bio-threats from complex samples. New mobile reactive materials based on zeolite or activated carbon offer considerable promise for the accelerated removal of chemical warfare agents. A wide range of proof-of-concept motor-based approaches, including the detection and destruction of anthrax spores, 'on-off' nerve-agent detection or effective neutralization of chemical warfare agents have thus been demonstrated. The propulsion of micromotors and their corresponding bubble tails impart significant mixing that greatly accelerates such detoxification processes. These nanomotors will thus empower sensing and destruction where stirring large quantities of decontaminating reagents and controlled mechanical agitation are impossible or undesired. New technological breakthroughs and greater sophistication of micro/nanoscale machines will lead to rapid translation of the micromotor research activity into practical defense applications, addressing the escalating threat of CBWA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra V Singh
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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50
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Dey KK, Zhao X, Tansi BM, Méndez-Ortiz WJ, Córdova-Figueroa UM, Golestanian R, Sen A. Micromotors Powered by Enzyme Catalysis. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:8311-5. [PMID: 26587897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Active biocompatible systems are of great current interest for their possible applications in drug or antidote delivery at specific locations. Herein, we report the synthesis and study of self-propelled microparticles powered by enzymatic reactions and their directed movement in substrate concentration gradient. Polystyrene microparticles were functionalized with the enzymes urease and catalase using a biotin-streptavidin linkage procedure. The motion of the enzyme-coated particles was studied in the presence of the respective substrates, using optical microscopy and dynamic light scattering analysis. The diffusion of the particles was found to increase in a substrate concentration dependent manner. The directed chemotactic movement of these enzyme-powered motors up the substrate gradient was studied using three-inlet microfluidic channel architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna K Dey
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Benjamin M Tansi
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Wilfredo J Méndez-Ortiz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez , Mayagüez, PR 00681, Puerto Rico, United States
| | - Ubaldo M Córdova-Figueroa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez , Mayagüez, PR 00681, Puerto Rico, United States
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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