1
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Jin X, Yang GY. Pathophysiological roles and applications of glycosphingolipids in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer diseases. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 91:101241. [PMID: 37524133 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are major amphiphilic glycolipids present on the surface of living cell membranes. They have important biological functions, including maintaining plasma membrane stability, regulating signal transduction, and mediating cell recognition and adhesion. Specific GSLs and related enzymes are abnormally expressed in many cancer diseases and affect the malignant characteristics of tumors. The regulatory roles of GSLs in signaling pathways suggest that they are involved in tumor pathogenesis. GSLs have therefore been widely studied as diagnostic markers of cancer diseases and important targets of immunotherapy. This review describes the tumor-related biological functions of GSLs and systematically introduces recent progress in using diverse GSLs and related enzymes to diagnose and treat tumor diseases. Development of drugs and biomarkers for personalized cancer therapy based on GSL structure is also discussed. These advances, combined with recent progress in the preparation of GSLs derivatives through synthetic biology technologies, suggest a strong future for the use of customized GSL libraries in treating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences and the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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2
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Guo Z, Li Q. Enzymatic Synthesis of Glycosphingolipids: A Review. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1426-4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGlycosphingolipids (GSLs) are the major vertebrate glycolipids, which contain two distinctive moieties, a glycan and a ceramide, stitched together by a β-glycosidic linkage. The hydrophobic lipid chains of ceramide can insert into the cell membrane to form ‘lipid rafts’ and anchor the hydrophilic glycan onto the cell surface to generate microdomains and function as signaling molecules. GSLs mediate signal transduction, cell interactions, and many other biological activities, and are also related to many diseases. To meet the need of biological studies, chemists have developed various synthetic methodologies to access GSLs. Among them, the application of enzymes to GSL synthesis has witnessed significant advancements in the past decades. This short review briefly summarizes the history and progress of enzymatic GSL synthesis.1 Introduction1.1 The Glycosphingolipid Structure1.2 GSL Biosynthesis1.3 Functions and Biological Significance1.4 Overview of GSL Synthesis1.5 Scope of the Review2 Glycotransferases for GSL Synthesis3 Glycosynthases for GSL Synthesis4 Enzymatic Synthesis of Ceramide5 Conclusion
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3
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Yu H, Gadi MR, Bai Y, Zhang L, Li L, Yin J, Wang PG, Chen X. Chemoenzymatic Total Synthesis of GM3 Gangliosides Containing Different Sialic Acid Forms and Various Fatty Acyl Chains. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8672-8682. [PMID: 34152144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids that have been found in the cell membranes of all vertebrates. Their important biological functions are contributed by both the glycan and the ceramide lipid components. GM3 is a major ganglioside and a precursor for many other more complex gangliosides. To obtain structurally diverse GM3 gangliosides containing various sialic acid forms and different fatty acyl chains in low cost, an improved process was developed to chemically synthesize lactosyl sphingosine from an inexpensive l-serine derivative. It was then used to obtain GM3 sphingosines from diverse modified sialic acid precursors by an efficient one-pot multienzyme sialylation system containing Pasteurella multocida sialyltransferase 3 (PmST3) with in situ generation of sugar nucleotides. A highly effective chemical acylation and facile C18-cartridge purification process was then used to install fatty acyl chains of varying lengths and different modifications. The chemoenzymatic method represents a powerful total synthetic strategy to access a library of structurally defined GM3 gangliosides to explore their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Madhusudhan Reddy Gadi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Libo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States.,Center for Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Peng G Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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4
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Rohokale RS, Li Q, Guo Z. A Diversity-Oriented Strategy for Chemical Synthesis of Glycosphingolipids: Synthesis of Glycosphingolipid LcGg4 and Its Analogues and Derivatives. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1633-1648. [PMID: 33395290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A diversity-oriented strategy was developed for the synthesis of glycosphingolipids (GSLs). This strategy was highlighted by using a simple lactoside containing the core structures of GSL glycan and lipid as the universal starting material to obtain different synthetic targets upon stepwise elongation of the glycan via chemical glycosylations and on-site remodeling of the lipid via chemoselective cross-metathesis and N-acylation. The strategy was verified with the synthesis of a lacto-ganglio GSL, LcGg4, which is a biomarker of undifferentiated malignant myeloid cells, and a series of its analogues or derivatives carrying different sugar chains and unique functionalities or molecular labels. This synthetic strategy should be widely applicable and, therefore, be utilized to rapidly access various GSLs and related derivatives by using different donors for glycosylations and different substrates for lipid remodeling following each glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra S Rohokale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Qingjiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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5
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Bandara MD, Stine KJ, Demchenko AV. Chemical synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides: lacto-N-neohexaose (Galβ1 → 4GlcNAcβ1→) 2 3,6Galβ1 → 4Glc. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1747-1753. [PMID: 32048706 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00172d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The first chemical synthesis of lacto-N-neohexaose (LNnH) has been completed using a convergent synthetic strategy. The reaction conditions and donor-acceptor combinations have been carefully refined to minimize side reactions and achieve high yields in all glycosylation steps. Lacto-N-neotetraose, another common human milk oligosaccharide, was also synthesized en route to the target LNnH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila D Bandara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St Louis, Missouri 63121, USA.
| | - Keith J Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St Louis, Missouri 63121, USA.
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St Louis, Missouri 63121, USA.
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6
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Abstract
The translation of biological glycosylation in humans to the clinical applications involves systematic studies using homogeneous samples of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, which could be accessed by chemical, enzymatic or other biological methods. However, the structural complexity and wide-range variations of glycans and their conjugates represent a major challenge in the synthesis of this class of biomolecules. To help navigate within many methods of oligosaccharide synthesis, this Perspective offers a critical assessment of the most promising synthetic strategies with an eye on the therapeutically relevant targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Krasnova
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
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7
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Ben Bdira F, Artola M, Overkleeft HS, Ubbink M, Aerts JMFG. Distinguishing the differences in β-glycosylceramidase folds, dynamics, and actions informs therapeutic uses. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2262-2276. [PMID: 30279220 PMCID: PMC6277158 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r086629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) are carbohydrate-active enzymes that hydrolyze a specific β-glycosidic bond in glycoconjugate substrates; β-glucosidases degrade glucosylceramide, a ubiquitous glycosphingolipid. GHs are grouped into structurally similar families that themselves can be grouped into clans. GH1, GH5, and GH30 glycosidases belong to clan A hydrolases with a catalytic (β/α)8 TIM barrel domain, whereas GH116 belongs to clan O with a catalytic (α/α)6 domain. In humans, GH abnormalities underlie metabolic diseases. The lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (family GH30), deficient in Gaucher disease and implicated in Parkinson disease etiology, and the cytosol-facing membrane-bound glucosylceramidase (family GH116) remove the terminal glucose from the ceramide lipid moiety. Here, we compare enzyme differences in fold, action, dynamics, and catalytic domain stabilization by binding site occupancy. We also explore other glycosidases with reported glycosylceramidase activity, including human cytosolic β-glucosidase, intestinal lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, and lysosomal galactosylceramidase. Last, we describe the successful translation of research to practice: recombinant glycosidases and glucosylceramide metabolism modulators are approved drug products (enzyme replacement therapies). Activity-based probes now facilitate the diagnosis of enzyme deficiency and screening for compounds that interact with the catalytic pocket of glycosidases. Future research may deepen the understanding of the functional variety of these enzymes and their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredj Ben Bdira
- Departments of Macromolecular Biochemistry,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Artola
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcellus Ubbink
- Departments of Macromolecular Biochemistry,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
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8
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Li W, McArthur JB, Chen X. Strategies for chemoenzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates. Carbohydr Res 2018; 472:86-97. [PMID: 30529493 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are structurally complex but functionally important biomolecules. Therefore, they have been challenging but attractive synthetic targets. While substantial progress has been made on advancing chemical glycosylation methods, incorporating enzymes into carbohydrate synthetic schemes has become increasingly practical as more carbohydrate biosynthetic and metabolic enzymes as well as their mutants with synthetic application are identified and expressed for preparative and large-scale synthesis. Chemoenzymatic strategies that integrate the flexibility of chemical derivatization with enzyme-catalyzed reactions have been extremely powerful. Briefly summarized here are our experiences on developing one-pot multienzyme (OPME) systems and representative chemoenzymatic strategies from others using glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions for synthesizing diverse structures of oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates. These strategies allow the synthesis of complex carbohydrates including those containing naturally occurring carbohydrate postglycosylational modifications (PGMs) and non-natural functional groups. By combining these srategies with facile purification schemes, synthetic access to the diverse space of carbohydrate structures can be automated and will not be limited to specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - John B McArthur
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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9
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Hunter CD, Guo T, Daskhan G, Richards MR, Cairo CW. Synthetic Strategies for Modified Glycosphingolipids and Their Design as Probes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8188-8241. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmanah D. Hunter
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tianlin Guo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Gour Daskhan
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michele R. Richards
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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10
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Santra A, Li Y, Yu H, Slack TJ, Wang PG, Chen X. Highly efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis and facile purification of α-Gal pentasaccharyl ceramide Galα3nLc 4βCer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:8280-8283. [PMID: 28695219 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04090c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient chemoenzymatic method for synthesizing glycosphingolipids using α-Gal pentasaccharyl ceramide as an example is reported here. Enzymatic extension of the chemically synthesized lactosyl sphingosine using efficient sequential one-pot multienzyme (OPME) reactions allowed glycosylation to be carried out in aqueous solutions. Facile C18 cartridge-based quick (<30 minutes) purification protocols were established using minimal amounts of green solvents (CH3CN and H2O). Simple acylation in the last step led to the formation of the target glycosyl ceramide in 4 steps with an overall yield of 57%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Santra
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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11
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Abstract
The many advances in glycoscience have more and more brought to light the crucial role of glycosides and glycoconjugates in biological processes. Their major influence on the functionality and stability of peptides, cell recognition, health and immunity and many other processes throughout biology has increased the demand for simple synthetic methods allowing the defined syntheses of target glycosides. Additional interest in glycoside synthesis has arisen with the prospect of producing sustainable materials from these abundant polymers. Enzymatic synthesis has proven itself to be a promising alternative to the laborious chemical synthesis of glycosides by avoiding the necessity of numerous protecting group strategies. Among the biocatalytic strategies, glycosynthases, genetically engineered glycosidases void of hydrolytic activity, have gained much interest in recent years, enabling not only the selective synthesis of small glycosides and glycoconjugates, but also the production of highly functionalized polysaccharides. This review provides a detailed overview over the glycosylation possibilities of the variety of glycosynthases produced until now, focusing on the transfer of the most common glucosyl-, galactosyl-, xylosyl-, mannosyl-, fucosyl-residues and of whole glycan blocks by the different glycosynthase enzyme variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Hayes
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426 Jülich, Germany.
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, IBG-1: Biotechnology, 52426 Jülich, Germany.
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12
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Suzuki KGN, Ando H, Komura N, Fujiwara TK, Kiso M, Kusumi A. Development of new ganglioside probes and unraveling of raft domain structure by single-molecule imaging. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2494-2506. [PMID: 28734966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides are involved in a variety of biological roles and are a component of lipid rafts found in cell plasma membranes (PMs). Gangliosides are especially abundant in neuronal PMs and are essential to their physiological functions. However, the dynamic behaviors of gangliosides have not been investigated in living cells due to a lack of fluorescent probes that behave like their parental molecules. We have recently developed, using an entirely chemical method, four new ganglioside probes (GM1, GM2, GM3, and GD1b) that act similarly to their parental molecules in terms of raft partitioning and binding affinity. Using single fluorescent-molecule imaging, we have found that ganglioside probes dynamically enter and leave rafts featuring CD59, a GPI-anchored protein. This occurs both before and after stimulation. The residency time of our ganglioside probes in rafts with CD59 oligomers was 48ms, after stimulation. The residency times in CD59 homodimer and monomer rafts were 40ms and 12ms, respectively. In this review, we introduce an entirely chemical-based ganglioside analog synthesis method and describe its application in single-molecule imaging and for the study of the dynamic behavior of gangliosides in cell PMs. Finally, we discuss how raft domains are formed, both before and after receptor engagement. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Neuro-glycoscience, edited by Kenji Kadomatsu and Hiroshi Kitagawa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi G N Suzuki
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; The Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), The National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore 650056, India.
| | - Hiromune Ando
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Naoko Komura
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takahiro K Fujiwara
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Makoto Kiso
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kusumi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Membrane Cooperativity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan
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13
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D’Angelo KA, Taylor MS. Borinic acid-catalyzed stereo- and site-selective synthesis of β-glycosylceramides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:5978-5980. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01673e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diphenylborinic acid catalysis enables the direct, stereo- and site-selective coupling of glycosyl donors with ceramide lipids. The β-1,1′-linkages accessed through this method are characteristic of mammalian glycosphingolipids that play diverse roles in physiology, human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark S. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
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14
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Durand J, Biarnés X, Watterlot L, Bonzom C, Borsenberger V, Planas A, Bozonnet S, O’Donohue MJ, Fauré R. A Single Point Mutation Alters the Transglycosylation/Hydrolysis Partition, Significantly Enhancing the Synthetic Capability of an endo-Glycoceramidase. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Durand
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Xevi Biarnés
- Laboratory
of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laurie Watterlot
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Cyrielle Bonzom
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Antoni Planas
- Laboratory
of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophie Bozonnet
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Régis Fauré
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
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15
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Glycosynthase mediated synthesis of psychosine. Carbohydr Res 2016; 435:97-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Kallemeijn WW, Scheij S, Voorn-Brouwer TM, Witte MD, Verhoek M, Overkleeft HS, Boot RG, Aerts JMFG. Endo-β-Glucosidase Tag Allows Dual Detection of Fusion Proteins by Fluorescent Mechanism-Based Probes and Activity Measurement. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1698-704. [PMID: 27383447 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucoside-configured cyclophellitols are activity-based probes (ABPs) that allow sensitive detection of β-glucosidases. Their applicability to detect proteins fused with β-glucosidase was investigated in the cellular context. The tag was Rhodococcus sp. M-777 endoglycoceramidase II (EGCaseII), based on its lack of glycans and ability to hydrolyze fluorogenic 4-methylumbelliferyl β-d-lactoside (an activity absent in mammalian cells). Specific dual detection of fusion proteins was possible in vitro and in situ by using fluorescent ABPs and a fluorogenic substrate. Pre-blocking with conduritol β-epoxide (a poor inhibitor of EGCaseII) eliminated ABP labeling of endogenous β-glucosidases. ABPs equipped with biotin allowed convenient purification of the fusion proteins. Diversification of ABPs (distinct fluorophores, fluorogenic high-resolution detection moieties) should assist further research in living cells and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter W Kallemeijn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, NL
| | - Saskia Scheij
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Tineke M Voorn-Brouwer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Martin D Witte
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, NL.,Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, NL
| | - Marri Verhoek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, NL
| | - Hermen S Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, NL
| | - Rolf G Boot
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, NL
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, NL.
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17
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Liu Y, Wen L, Li L, Gadi MR, Guan W, Huang K, Xiao Z, Wei M, Ma C, Zhang Q, Yu H, Chen X, Wang PG, Fang J. A General Chemoenzymatic Strategy for the Synthesis of Glycosphingolipids. European J Org Chem 2016; 2016:4315-4320. [PMID: 28824290 PMCID: PMC5560440 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A concise, prototypical, and stereoselective strategy for the synthesis of therapeutically and immunologically significant glycosphingolipids has been developed. This strategy provides a universal platform for glycosphingolipid synthesis by block coupling of enzymatically prepared free oligosaccharideglycans to lipids using glycosyl N-phenyltrifluoroacetimidates as efficient activated intermediates. As demonstrated here, two different types of glycosphingolipids were obtained in excellent yields using the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Carbohydrate Chemistry, and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Liuqing Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Madhusudhan Reddy Gadi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Wanyi Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Kenneth Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Zhongying Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Mohui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, https://chenglycogroup.wordpress.com/
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, https://chenglycogroup.wordpress.com/
| | - Peng George Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Carbohydrate Chemistry, and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Junqiang Fang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Carbohydrate Chemistry, and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
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18
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Li C, Wang LX. Endoglycosidases for the Synthesis of Polysaccharides and Glycoconjugates. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2016; 73:73-116. [PMID: 27816108 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in glycobiology have implicated essential roles of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in many important biological recognition processes, including intracellular signaling, cell adhesion, cell differentiation, cancer progression, host-pathogen interactions, and immune responses. A detailed understanding of the biological functions, as well as the development of carbohydrate-based therapeutics, often requires structurally well-defined oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, which are usually difficult to isolate in pure form from natural sources. To meet with this urgent need, chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis has become increasingly important as the major means to provide homogeneous compounds for functional glycocomics studies and for drug/vaccine development. Chemoenzymatic synthesis, an approach that combines chemical synthesis and enzymatic manipulations, is often the method of choice for constructing complex oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates that are otherwise difficult to achieve by purely chemical synthesis. Among these, endoglycosidases, a class of glycosidases that hydrolyze internal glycosidic bonds in glycoconjugates and polysaccharides, are emerging as a very attractive class of enzymes for synthetic purposes, due to their transglycosylation activity and their capability of transferring oligosaccharide units en bloc in a single step, in contrast to the limitation of monosaccharide transfers by common glycosyltransferases. In this chapter, we provide an overview on the application of endoglycosidases for the synthesis of complex carbohydrates, including oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans, and other biologically relevant polysaccharides. The scope, limitation, and future directions of endoglycosidase-catalyzed synthesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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19
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Abstract
A robust platform for facile defined glycan synthesis does not exist. Yet the need for such technology has never been greater as researchers seek to understand the full scope of carbohydrate function, stretching beyond the classical roles of structure and energy storage to encompass highly nuanced cell signaling events. To comprehensively explore and exploit the full diversity of carbohydrate functions, we must first be able to synthesize them in a controlled manner. Toward this goal, traditional chemical syntheses are inefficient while nature's own synthetic enzymes, the glycosyl transferases, can be challenging to express and expensive to employ on scale. Glycoside hydrolases represent a pool of glycan processing enzymes that can be either used in a transglycosylation mode or, better, engineered to function as "glycosynthases," mutant enzymes capable of assembling glycosides. Glycosynthases grant access to valuable glycans that act as functional and structural probes or indeed as inhibitors and therapeutics in their own right. The remodelling of glycosylation patterns in therapeutic proteins via glycoside hydrolases and their mutants is an exciting frontier in both basic research and industrial scale processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M. Danby
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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20
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Henze M, Schmidtke S, Hoffmann N, Steffens H, Pietruszka J, Elling L. Combination of Glycosyltransferases and a Glycosynthase in Sequential and One-Pot Reactions for the Synthesis of Type 1 and Type 2N-Acetyllactosamine Oligomers. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manja Henze
- Laboratory for Biomaterials; Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Pauwelsstrasse 20 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Simon Schmidtke
- Laboratory for Biomaterials; Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Pauwelsstrasse 20 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Natalie Hoffmann
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Forschungszentrum Jülich; Stetternicher Forst Gebäude 15.8 52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Hanna Steffens
- Laboratory for Biomaterials; Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Pauwelsstrasse 20 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Forschungszentrum Jülich; Stetternicher Forst Gebäude 15.8 52426 Jülich Germany
- IBG-1: Biotechnology; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials; Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Pauwelsstrasse 20 52074 Aachen Germany
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21
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Huang FT, Han YB, Feng Y, Yang GY. A facile method for controlling the reaction equilibrium of sphingolipid ceramide N-deacylase for lyso-glycosphingolipid production. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1836-42. [PMID: 26130766 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d061176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyso-glycosphingolipids (lyso-GSLs), the N-deacylated forms of glycosphingolipids (GSLs), are important synthetic intermediates for the preparation of GSL analogs. Although lyso-GSLs can be produced by hydrolyzing natural GSLs using sphingolipid ceramide N-deacylase (SCDase), the yield for this reaction is usually low because SCDase also catalyzes the reverse reaction, ultimately establishing an equilibrium between hydrolysis and synthesis. In the present study, we developed an efficient method for controlling the reaction equilibrium by introducing divalent metal cation and detergent in the enzymatic reaction system. In the presence of both Ca(2+) and taurodeoxycholate hydrate, the generated fatty acids were precipitated by the formation of insoluble stearate salts and pushing the reaction equilibrium toward hydrolysis. The yield of GM1 hydrolysis can be achieved as high as 96%, with an improvement up to 45% compared with the nonoptimized condition. In preparative scale, 75 mg of lyso-GM1 was obtained from 100 mg of GM1 with a 90% yield, which is the highest reported yield to date. The method can also be used for the efficient hydrolysis of a variety of GSLs and sphingomyelin. Thus, this method should serve as a facile, easily scalable, and general tool for lyso-GSL production to facilitate further GSL research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yun-Bin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing (SCICB), East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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22
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Yang GY, Li C, Fischer M, Cairo CW, Feng Y, Withers SG. A FRET Probe for Cell-Based Imaging of Ganglioside-Processing Enzyme Activity and High-Throughput Screening. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Yang GY, Li C, Fischer M, Cairo CW, Feng Y, Withers SG. A FRET Probe for Cell-Based Imaging of Ganglioside-Processing Enzyme Activity and High-Throughput Screening. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5389-93. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Comprehensive characterization of sphingolipid ceramide N-deacylase for the synthesis and fatty acid remodeling of glycosphingolipids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:6715-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Chen C, Zhang Y, Xue M, Liu XW, Li Y, Chen X, Wang PG, Wang F, Cao H. Sequential one-pot multienzyme (OPME) synthesis of lacto-N-neotetraose and its sialyl and fucosyl derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7689-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01330e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient sequential one-pot multienzyme (OPME) approach for the synthesis of lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and its derivatives at preparative scale was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Mengyang Xue
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Xian-wei Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- One Shields Avenue
- Davis
- USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- One Shields Avenue
- Davis
- USA
| | - Peng George Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Fengshan Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
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26
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Angling for uniqueness in enzymatic preparation of glycosides. Biomolecules 2013; 3:334-50. [PMID: 24970171 PMCID: PMC4030847 DOI: 10.3390/biom3020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early days of biocatalysis, limitations of an enzyme modeled the enzymatic applications; nowadays the enzyme can be engineered to be suitable for the process requirements. This is a general bird's-eye view and as such cannot be specific for articulated situations found in different classes of enzymes or for selected enzymatic processes. As far as the enzymatic preparation of glycosides is concerned, recent scientific literature is awash with examples of uniqueness related to the features of the biocatalyst (yield, substrate specificity, regioselectivity, and resistance to a particular reaction condition). The invention of glycosynthases is just one of the aspects that has thrust forward the research in this field. Protein engineering, metagenomics and reaction engineering have led to the discovery of an expanding number of novel enzymes and to the setting up of new bio-based processes for the preparation of glycosides. In this review, new examples from the last decade are compiled with attention both to cases in which naturally present, as well as genetically inserted, characteristics of the catalysts make them attractive for biocatalysis.
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27
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Glycosynthase with Broad Substrate Specificity - an Efficient Biocatalyst for the Construction of Oligosaccharide Library. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Kolter T. Ganglioside biochemistry. ISRN BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 2012:506160. [PMID: 25969757 PMCID: PMC4393008 DOI: 10.5402/2012/506160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids. They occur especially on the cellular surfaces of neuronal cells, where they form a complex pattern, but are also found in many other cell types. The paper provides a general overview on their structures, occurrence, and metabolism. Key functional, biochemical, and pathobiochemical aspects are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kolter
- Program Unit Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry, LiMES, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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29
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Rich JR, Withers SG. A Chemoenzymatic Total Synthesis of the Neurogenic Starfish Ganglioside LLG‐3 Using an Engineered and Evolved Synthase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R. Rich
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z1 (Canada)
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z1 (Canada)
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30
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Rich JR, Withers SG. A Chemoenzymatic Total Synthesis of the Neurogenic Starfish Ganglioside LLG‐3 Using an Engineered and Evolved Synthase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8640-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R. Rich
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z1 (Canada)
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z1 (Canada)
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31
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Yamamoto K, Davis BG. Creation of an α-mannosynthase from a broad glycosidase scaffold. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:7449-53. [PMID: 22696205 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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32
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Yamamoto K, Davis BG. Creation of an α-Mannosynthase from a Broad Glycosidase Scaffold. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201201081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Cobucci-Ponzano B, Moracci M. Glycosynthases as tools for the production of glycan analogs of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:697-709. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np20032e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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