1
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Tsai CY, Chen PH, Chen AL, Wang TSA. Spatiotemporal Investigation of Intercellular Heterogeneity via Multiple Photocaged Probes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301067. [PMID: 37382047 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular heterogeneity occurs widely under both normal physiological environments and abnormal disease-causing conditions. Several attempts to couple spatiotemporal information to cell states in a microenvironment were performed to decipher the cause and effect of heterogeneity. Furthermore, spatiotemporal manipulation can be achieved with the use of photocaged/photoactivatable molecules. Here, we provide a platform to spatiotemporally analyze differential protein expression in neighboring cells by multiple photocaged probes coupled with homemade photomasks. We successfully established intercellular heterogeneity (photoactivable ROS trigger) and mapped the targets (directly ROS-affected cells) and bystanders (surrounding cells), which were further characterized by total proteomic and cysteinomic analysis. Different protein profiles were shown between bystanders and target cells in both total proteome and cysteinome. Our strategy should expand the toolkit of spatiotemporal mapping for elucidating intercellular heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yi Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University and Center for, Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Po-Hsun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University and Center for, Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Ai-Lin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University and Center for, Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Tsung-Shing Andrew Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University and Center for, Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
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2
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Li Z, Wang J, O’Hagan MP, Huang F, Xia F, Willner I. Dynamic Fusion of Nucleic Acid Functionalized Nano-/Micro-Cell-Like Containments: From Basic Concepts to Applications. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15308-15327. [PMID: 37549398 PMCID: PMC10448756 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fusion processes play key roles in biological transformations, such as endocytosis/exocytosis, signal transduction, neurotransmission, or viral infections, and substantial research efforts have been directed to emulate these functions by artificial means. The recognition and dynamic reconfiguration properties of nucleic acids provide a versatile means to induce membrane fusion. Here we address recent advances in the functionalization of liposomes or membranes with structurally engineered lipidated nucleic acids guiding the fusion of cell-like containments, and the biophysical and chemical parameters controlling the fusion of the liposomes will be discussed. Intermembrane bridging by duplex or triplex nucleic acids and light-induced activation of membrane-associated nucleic acid constituents provide the means for spatiotemporal fusion of liposomes or nucleic acid modified liposome fusion with native cell membranes. The membrane fusion processes lead to exchange of loads in the fused containments and are a means to integrate functional assemblies. This is exemplified with the operation of biocatalytic cascades and dynamic DNA polymerization/nicking or transcription machineries in fused protocell systems. Membrane fusion processes of protocell assemblies are found to have important drug-delivery, therapeutic, sensing, and biocatalytic applications. The future challenges and perspectives of DNA-guided fused containments and membranes are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Li
- The
Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Jianbang Wang
- The
Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Michael P. O’Hagan
- The
Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Fujian Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering
Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty
of Materials Science and Chemistry, China
University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Xia
- State
Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering
Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty
of Materials Science and Chemistry, China
University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Itamar Willner
- The
Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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3
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Kaufmann J, Sinsel F, Heckel A. Chromatic Selectivity of Coumarin-Caged Oligonucleotides. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202204014. [PMID: 36562762 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202204014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A system of two coumarin-based caging groups is presented - one absorbing in the blue (400-450 nm) and the other absorbing in the green (480-550 nm) part of the visible spectrum. Together they form a pair, which allows to selectively photoactivate the one or the other in oligonucleotides. A numerical characterization defining the term "chromatic selectivity" was proposed, and it was shown how chromatically selective uncaging can literally be titrated in a kinetic reaction scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janik Kaufmann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Fabian Sinsel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
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4
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Troelsen KS, Calder EDD, Skwarska A, Sneddon D, Hammond EM, Conway SJ. Zap-Pano: a Photocaged Prodrug of the KDAC Inhibitor Panobinostat. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3691-3700. [PMID: 34259396 PMCID: PMC9291796 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a light‐activated (caged) prodrug of the KDAC inhibitor panobinostat (Zap‐Pano). We demonstrate that addition of the 4,5‐dimethoxy‐2‐nitrobenzyl group to the hydroxamic acid oxygen results in an inactive prodrug. In two cancer cell lines we show that photolysis of this compound releases panobinostat and an unexpected carboxamide analogue of panobinostat. Photolysis of Zap‐Pano causes an increase in H3K9Ac and H3K18Ac, consistent with KDAC inhibition, in an oesophageal cancer cell line (OE21). Irradiation of OE21 cells in the presence of Zap‐Pano results in apoptotic cell death. This compound is a useful research tool, allowing spatial and temporal control over release of panobinostat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin S Troelsen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.,Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.,Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ewen D D Calder
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Anna Skwarska
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Deborah Sneddon
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ester M Hammond
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Stuart J Conway
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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5
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Peterson JA, Yuan D, Winter AH. Multiwavelength Control of Mixtures Using Visible Light-Absorbing Photocages. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9781-9787. [PMID: 34197119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Selective deprotection of functional groups using different wavelengths of light is attractive for materials synthesis as well as for achieving independent photocontrol over substrates in biological systems. Here, we show that mixtures of recently developed visible light-absorbing BODIPY-derived photoremovable protecting groups (PRPGs) and a coumarin-derived PRPG can undergo wavelength-selective activation, giving independent optical control over a mixture of photocaged substrates using biologically benign long-wavelength light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Ding Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Arthur H Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G. Bochet
- Department of chemistry University of Fribourg 9 Chemin du Musée CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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7
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Rapp TL, DeForest CA. Targeting drug delivery with light: A highly focused approach. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:94-107. [PMID: 33486009 PMCID: PMC8127392 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Light is a uniquely powerful tool for controlling molecular events in biology. No other external input (e.g., heat, ultrasound, magnetic field) can be so tightly focused or so highly regulated as a clinical laser. Drug delivery vehicles that can be photonically activated have been developed across many platforms, from the simplest "caging" of therapeutics in a prodrug form, to more complex micelles and circulating liposomes that improve drug uptake and efficacy, to large-scale hydrogel platforms that can be used to protect and deliver macromolecular agents including full-length proteins. In this Review, we discuss recent innovations in photosensitive drug delivery and highlight future opportunities to engineer and exploit such light-responsive technologies in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Rapp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Cole A DeForest
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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8
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Weinstain R, Slanina T, Kand D, Klán P. Visible-to-NIR-Light Activated Release: From Small Molecules to Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13135-13272. [PMID: 33125209 PMCID: PMC7833475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable (alternatively, photoremovable, photoreleasable, or photocleavable) protecting groups (PPGs), also known as caged or photocaged compounds, are used to enable non-invasive spatiotemporal photochemical control over the release of species of interest. Recent years have seen the development of PPGs activatable by biologically and chemically benign visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. These long-wavelength-absorbing moieties expand the applicability of this powerful method and its accessibility to non-specialist users. This review comprehensively covers organic and transition metal-containing photoactivatable compounds (complexes) that absorb in the visible- and NIR-range to release various leaving groups and gasotransmitters (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide). The text also covers visible- and NIR-light-induced photosensitized release using molecular sensitizers, quantum dots, and upconversion and second-harmonic nanoparticles, as well as release via photodynamic (photooxygenation by singlet oxygen) and photothermal effects. Release from photoactivatable polymers, micelles, vesicles, and photoswitches, along with the related emerging field of photopharmacology, is discussed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Weinstain
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kand
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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9
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Corrigan N, Ciftci M, Jung K, Boyer C. Gesteuerte Reaktionsorthogonalität in der Polymer‐ und Materialwissenschaft. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Mustafa Ciftci
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science Bursa Technical University Bursa 16310 Turkey
| | - Kenward Jung
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
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10
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Corrigan N, Ciftci M, Jung K, Boyer C. Mediating Reaction Orthogonality in Polymer and Materials Science. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:1748-1781. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Mustafa Ciftci
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science Bursa Technical University Bursa 16310 Turkey
| | - Kenward Jung
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney 2052 Australia
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11
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Peterson JA, Fischer LJ, Gehrmann EJ, Shrestha P, Yuan D, Wijesooriya CS, Smith EA, Winter AH. Direct Photorelease of Alcohols from Boron-Alkylated BODIPY Photocages. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5712-5717. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Logan J. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Elizabeth J. Gehrmann
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Pradeep Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Ding Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Chamari S. Wijesooriya
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Emily A. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Arthur H. Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
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12
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Paul A, Bera M, Gupta P, Singh NDP. o-Hydroxycinnamate for sequential photouncaging of two different functional groups and its application in releasing cosmeceuticals. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7689-7693. [PMID: 31393508 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01148j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated a new approach for the sequential photouncaging of two different functional groups from o-hydroxycinnamate. The second caged molecule initially remains in the locked state and is released only after attaining its unlocked state upon in situ generation of the second phototrigger, i.e., coumarin, thereby leading to the sequential release of alcohol and carboxylic acid. We have utilised the above strategy for the controlled release of cosmeceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Manoranjan Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Prakhar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India.
| | - N D Pradeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India.
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13
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Passlick S, Ellis-Davies GCR. Chromatically independent, two-color uncaging of glutamate and GABA with one- or two-photon excitation. Methods Enzymol 2019; 624:167-196. [PMID: 31370929 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Caged compounds enable fast, light-induced, and spatially-defined application of bioactive molecules to cells. Covalent attachment of a caging chromophore to a crucial functionality of a biomolecule renders it inert, while short pulses of light release the caged molecule in its active form. Caged neurotransmitters have been widely used to study diverse neurobiological processes such as receptor distribution, synaptogenesis, transport, and long-term potentiation. Since the neurotransmitters glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the most important, they have been studied extensively using uncaging. However, to be able to probe their interactions on a physiologically relevant timescale, fast and independent application of both neurotransmitters in an arbitrary order is desired. This can be achieved by combining two caging chromophores absorbing non-overlapping and thus orthogonal wavelengths of light, which enables the precise application of two caged molecules to the same preparation in any order, a technique called two-color uncaging. In this chapter, we describe the principles of orthogonal two-color uncaging with one- and two-photon excitation with an emphasis on caged glutamate and GABA. We then give a guide to its practical application and highlight some key studies utilizing this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Passlick
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany.
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14
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Menzel JP, Feist F, Tuten B, Weil T, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Light-Controlled Orthogonal Covalent Bond Formation at Two Different Wavelengths. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7470-7474. [PMID: 30916368 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report light-induced reactions in a two-chromophore system capable of sequence-independent λ-orthogonal reactivity relying solely on the choice of wavelength and solvent. In a solution of water and acetonitrile, LED irradiation at λmax =285 nm leads to full conversion of 2,5-diphenyltetrazoles with N-ethylmaleimide to the pyrazoline ligation products. Simultaneously present o-methylbenzaldehyde thioethers are retained. Conversely, LED irradiation at λmax =382 nm is used to induce ligation of the o-methylbenzaldehydes in acetonitrile with N-ethylmaleimide via o-quinodimethanes, while 2,5-diphenyltetrazoles also present are retained. This unprecedented photochemical selectivity is achieved through control of the number and wavelength of incident photons as well as favorable optical properties and quantum yields of the reactants in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Menzel
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Florian Feist
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.,Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bryan Tuten
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - James P Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.,Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.,Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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15
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Menzel JP, Feist F, Tuten B, Weil T, Blinco JP, Barner‐Kowollik C. Lichtinduzierte orthogonale Bildung kovalenter Bindungen durch zwei Wellenlängen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan P. Menzel
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
| | - Florian Feist
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Bryan Tuten
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
- Macromolecular Architectures Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane QLD 4000 Australien
- Macromolecular Architectures Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Engesserstraße 18 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
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16
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Hansen MJ, Feringa FM, Kobauri P, Szymanski W, Medema RH, Feringa BL. Photoactivation of MDM2 Inhibitors: Controlling Protein-Protein Interaction with Light. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13136-13141. [PMID: 30284823 PMCID: PMC6194649 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Selectivity
remains a major challenge in anticancer therapy, which
potentially can be overcome by local activation of a cytotoxic drug.
Such triggered activation can be obtained through modification of
a drug with a photoremovable protecting group (PPG), and subsequent
irradiation in the chosen place and time. Herein, the design, synthesis
and biological evaluation is described of a photoactivatable MDM2
inhibitor, PPG-idasanutlin, which exerts no functional effect on cellular
outgrowth, but allows for the selective, noninvasive activation of
antitumor properties upon irradiation visible light, demonstrating
activation with micrometer, single cell precision. The generality
of this method has been demonstrated by growth inhibition of multiple
cancer cell lines showing p53 stabilization and subsequent growth
inhibition effects upon irradiation. Light activation to regulate
protein–protein interactions between MDM2 and p53 offers exciting
opportunities to control a multitude of biological processes and has
the potential to circumvent common selectivity issues in antitumor
drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickel J Hansen
- Centre for Systems Chemistry , Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Femke M Feringa
- Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Biology , Plesmanlaan 121 , 1066 CX , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Piermichele Kobauri
- Centre for Systems Chemistry , Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry , Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG , Groningen , The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Hanzeplein 1 , 9713 GZ Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - René H Medema
- Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Biology , Plesmanlaan 121 , 1066 CX , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry , Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG , Groningen , The Netherlands
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17
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Passlick S, Kramer PF, Richers MT, Williams JT, Ellis-Davies GCR. Two-color, one-photon uncaging of glutamate and GABA. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187732. [PMID: 29117230 PMCID: PMC5678877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cells receive a variety of excitatory and inhibitory signals which they process to generate an output signal. In order to study the interaction between excitatory and inhibitory receptors with exogenously applied transmitters in the same preparation, two caging chromophores attached to glutamate and GABA were developed that were selectively photolyzed by different wavelengths of light. This technique has the advantage that the biologically inactive caged compound can be applied at equilibrium prior to the near instantaneous release of the transmitters. This method therefore mimics the kinetics of endogenously released transmitters that is otherwise not possible in brain slice preparations. Repeated photolysis with either of the two wavelengths resulted in GABA- or glutamate-induced activation of both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors to evoke reproducible currents. With these compounds, the interaction between inhibitory and excitatory receptors was examined using whole field photolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Passlick
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul F. Kramer
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Matthew T. Richers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John T. Williams
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Graham C. R. Ellis-Davies
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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18
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Zhang X, Xi W, Huang S, Long K, Bowman CN. Wavelength-Selective Sequential Polymer Network Formation Controlled with a Two-Color Responsive Initiation System. Macromolecules 2017; 50:5652-5660. [PMID: 29046593 PMCID: PMC5642977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a wavelength-selective polymerization process controlled by visible/UV light, whereby a base is generated for anion-mediated thiol-Michael polymerization reaction upon exposure at one wavelength (400-500 nm), while radicals are subsequently generated for a second stage radical polymerization at a second, independent wavelength (365 nm). Dual wavelength, light controlled sequential polymerization not only provides a relatively soft intermediate polymer that facilitates optimum processing and modification under visible light exposure but also enables a highly cross-linked, rigid final material after the UV-induced second stage radical polymerization. A photobase generator, NPPOC-TMG, and a photo-radical initiator, Irgacure 2959, were selected as the appropriate initiator pair for sequential thiol-Michael polymerization and acrylate homopolymerization. FT-IR and rheological tests were utilized to monitor the dual cure photo-polymerization process, and mechanical performance of the polymer was characterized at each distinct stage by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). By demonstrating complete light control in another sequential polymerization system (thiol-Michael and thiol-ene hybrid polymerization), this initiator pair exhibits great potential to regulate many other coupled anion and radical hybrid polymerizations in both a sequential and controllable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Weixian Xi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sijia Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Katelyn Long
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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19
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Behara KK, Rajesh Y, Chaudhuri A, Biswas S, Mandal M, Singh NDP. Wavelength Dependent, Sequentially Activated, Dual Anticancer Drug Delivery System with Photoinduced Fluorescence off-on for Real Time Imaging. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kalyani Behara
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal India
| | - Y Rajesh
- School of Medical Science and Technology; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal India
| | - Amrita Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal India
| | - Sandipan Biswas
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal India
| | - N. D. Pradeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal India
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20
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Galangau O, Delbaere S, Ratel-Ramond N, Rapenne G, Li R, Calupitan JPDC, Nakashima T, Kawai T. Dual Photochemical Bond Cleavage for a Diarylethene-Based Phototrigger Containing both Methanolic and Acetic Sources. J Org Chem 2016; 81:11282-11290. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Galangau
- International
Collaborative Laboratory for Supraphotoactive Systems, NAIST-CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011, 29 rue Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Stéphanie Delbaere
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 8516 LASIR, 3, rue Pr. Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Ratel-Ramond
- International
Collaborative Laboratory for Supraphotoactive Systems, NAIST-CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011, 29 rue Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Gwénaël Rapenne
- International
Collaborative Laboratory for Supraphotoactive Systems, NAIST-CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011, 29 rue Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, 29 rue Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Ruiji Li
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Jan Patrick Dela Cruz Calupitan
- International
Collaborative Laboratory for Supraphotoactive Systems, NAIST-CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011, 29 rue Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, 29 rue Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takuya Nakashima
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawai
- International
Collaborative Laboratory for Supraphotoactive Systems, NAIST-CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011, 29 rue Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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21
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Olejniczak J, Chan M, Almutairi A. Light-Triggered Intramolecular Cyclization in Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-Based Polymers for Controlled Degradation. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Olejniczak
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and §Departments of Bioengineering, NanoEngineering, and Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Minnie Chan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and §Departments of Bioengineering, NanoEngineering, and Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Adah Almutairi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and §Departments of Bioengineering, NanoEngineering, and Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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22
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Hansen MJ, Velema WA, Lerch MM, Szymanski W, Feringa BL. Wavelength-selective cleavage of photoprotecting groups: strategies and applications in dynamic systems. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:3358-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00118h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wavelength-selective deprotection is an attractive method to control multiple functions in one system using light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickel J. Hansen
- Centre for Systems Chemistry
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Willem A. Velema
- Centre for Systems Chemistry
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Michael M. Lerch
- Centre for Systems Chemistry
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
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23
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Piloto AM, Costa SP, Gonçalves MST. Wavelength-selective cleavage of o-nitrobenzyl and polyheteroaromatic benzyl protecting groups. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Fournier L, Aujard I, Le Saux T, Maurin S, Beaupierre S, Baudin J, Jullien L. Coumarinylmethyl Caging Groups with Redshifted Absorption. Chemistry 2013; 19:17494-507. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Fournier
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Chimie, UMR CNRS‐ENS‐UPMC, Paris 06 8640 PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05 (France)
| | - Isabelle Aujard
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Chimie, UMR CNRS‐ENS‐UPMC, Paris 06 8640 PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05 (France)
| | - Thomas Le Saux
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Chimie, UMR CNRS‐ENS‐UPMC, Paris 06 8640 PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05 (France)
- UPMC Paris 06, 4, Place Jussieu, 75232 Paris Cedex 05 (France)
| | - Sylvie Maurin
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Chimie, UMR CNRS‐ENS‐UPMC, Paris 06 8640 PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05 (France)
| | - Sandra Beaupierre
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Chimie, UMR CNRS‐ENS‐UPMC, Paris 06 8640 PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05 (France)
| | - Jean‐Bernard Baudin
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Chimie, UMR CNRS‐ENS‐UPMC, Paris 06 8640 PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05 (France)
| | - Ludovic Jullien
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Chimie, UMR CNRS‐ENS‐UPMC, Paris 06 8640 PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05 (France)
- UPMC Paris 06, 4, Place Jussieu, 75232 Paris Cedex 05 (France)
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25
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Olson JP, Kwon HB, Takasaki KT, Chiu CQ, Higley MJ, Sabatini BL, Ellis-Davies GCR. Optically selective two-photon uncaging of glutamate at 900 nm. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5954-7. [PMID: 23577752 DOI: 10.1021/ja4019379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have synthesized a 7-diethylaminocoumarin (DEAC) derivative that allows wavelength-selective two-photon uncaging at 900 nm versus 720 nm. This new caging chromophore, called DEAC450, has an extended π-electron moiety at the 3-position that shifts the absorption spectrum maximum of DEAC from 375 to 450 nm. Two-photon excitation at 900 nm was more than 60-fold greater than at 720 nm. Two-photon uncaging of DEAC450-Glu at 900 nm at spine heads on pyramidal neurons in acutely isolated brain slices generated postsynaptic responses that were similar to spontaneous postsynaptic excitatory miniature currents, whereas significantly higher energies at 720 nm evoked no currents. Since many nitroaromatic caged compounds are two-photon active at 720 nm, optically selective uncaging of DEAC450-caged biomolecules at 900 nm may allow facile two-color optical interrogation of bimodal signaling pathways in living tissue with high resolution for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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26
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Klán P, Šolomek T, Bochet CG, Blanc A, Givens R, Rubina M, Popik V, Kostikov A, Wirz J. Photoremovable protecting groups in chemistry and biology: reaction mechanisms and efficacy. Chem Rev 2013; 113:119-91. [PMID: 23256727 PMCID: PMC3557858 DOI: 10.1021/cr300177k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1229] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Klán
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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27
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Griffin DR, Kasko AM. Photo-selective delivery of model therapeutics from hydrogels. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:1330-1334. [PMID: 25285242 DOI: 10.1021/mz300366s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are commonly used in biomedical applications to sequester and release therapeutics. Covalently tethering therapeutic agents to a hydrogel through a degradable linkage allows their controlled release, but temporally separating the release of multiple therapeutics from a single hydrogel remains a major challenge. In this report, we use of a series of photodegradable ortho-nitrobenzyl (o-NB) groups with varying structures to link model therapeutic agents (fluorescein, rhodamine and aminomethylcoumarin acetate) to poly(ethylene glycol) macromers. We polymerized the macromers into hydrogel networks via redox polymerization and quantified the apparent rate constants of degradation (kapp) of each of the photoreleasable compounds. By exploiting differences in reactivity of the different o-NB groups, we are able to create complex, multi-stage release profiles. We demonstrate the ability to switch between concurrent and biased release of model therapeutics simply by switching wavelengths. We also demonstrate a complex four-stage release profile in which the release of three separate model therapeutics is controlled by varying wavelength, intensity and exposure time. This is the first report of photo-selective release of therapeutics from a hydrogel, allowing user-dictated real-time spatial and temporal control over multiple chemical signals in a cell microenvironment in 2D and 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R. Griffin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California—Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Eng V, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Andrea M. Kasko
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California—Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Eng V, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
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28
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Griffin DR, Kasko AM. Photodegradable macromers and hydrogels for live cell encapsulation and release. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13103-7. [PMID: 22765384 PMCID: PMC4180708 DOI: 10.1021/ja305280w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel scaffolds are commonly used as 3D carriers for cells because their properties can be tailored to match natural extracellular matrix. Hydrogels may be used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to deliver therapeutic cells to injured or diseased tissue through controlled degradation. Hydrolysis and enzymolysis are the two most common mechanisms employed for hydrogel degradation, but neither allows sequential or staged release of cells. In contrast, photodegradation allows external real-time spatial and temporal control over hydrogel degradation, and allows for staged and sequential release of cells. We synthesized and characterized a series of macromers incorporating photodegradbale ortho-nitrobenzyl (o-NB) groups in the macromer backbone. We formed hydrogels from these macromers via redox polymerization and quantified the apparent rate constants of degradation (kapp) of each via photorheology at 370 nm, 10 mW/cm(2). Decreasing the number of aryl ethers on the o-NB group increases kapp, and changing the functionality from primary to seconday at the benzylic site dramatically increases kapp. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) survive encapsulation in the hydrogels (90% viability postencapsulation). By exploiting the differences in reactivity of two different o-NB linkers, we quantitatively demonstrate the biased release of one stem cell population (green-fluoroescent protein expressing hMSCs) over another (red-fluorescent protein expressing hMSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R. Griffin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Eng V, Los Angeles, CA 90095 United States
| | - Andrea M. Kasko
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Eng V, Los Angeles, CA 90095 United States
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