1
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Alam MS, Penedo M, Sumikama T, Miyazawa K, Hirahara K, Fukuma T. Revealing the Mechanism Underlying 3D-AFM Imaging of Suspended Structures by Experiments and Simulations. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400287. [PMID: 39031872 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The invention of 3D atomic force microscopy (3D-AFM) has enabled visualizing subnanoscale 3D hydration structures. Meanwhile, its applications to imaging flexible molecular chains have started to be experimentally explored. However, the validity and principle of such imaging have yet to be clarified by comparing experiments and simulations or cross-observations with an alternative technique. Such studies are impeded by the lack of an appropriate model. Here, this difficulty is overcome by fabricating 3D carbon nanotube (CNT) structures flexible enough for 3D-AFM, large enough for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and simple enough for simulations. SEM and 3D-AFM observations of the same model provide unambiguous evidence to support the possibility of imaging overlapped nanostructures, such as suspended CNT and underlying platinum (Pt) nanodots. Langevin dynamics simulations of such 3D-AFM imaging clarify the imaging mechanism, where the flexible CNT is laterally displaced to allow the AFM probe access to the underlying structures. These results consistently show that 3D-AFM images are affected by the friction between the CNT and AFM nanoprobe, yet it can be significantly suppressed by oscillating the cantilever. This study reinforces the theoretical basis of 3D-AFM for imaging various 3D self-organizing systems in diverse fields, from life sciences to interface sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shahidul Alam
- Division of Nano Life Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Marcos Penedo
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute for Bioengineering, Laboratory for Bio and Nanoinstrumentation, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Sumikama
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyazawa
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kaori Hirahara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- Division of Nano Life Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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2
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Cobeña-Reyes J, Ye T, Martini A. Simulations of Subnanometer Scale Image Contrast in Atomic Force Microscopy of Self-Assembled Monolayers in Water. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:147-156. [PMID: 37235190 PMCID: PMC10208375 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Achieving high-resolution images using dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM) requires understanding how chemical and structural features of the surface affect image contrast. This understanding is particularly challenging when imaging samples in water. An initial step is to determine how well-characterized surface features interact with the AFM tip in wet environments. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations of a model AFM tip apex oscillating in water above self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with different chain lengths and functional groups. The amplitude response of the tip is characterized across a range of vertical distances and amplitude set points. Then relative image contrast is quantified as the difference of the amplitude response of the tip when it is positioned directly above a SAM functional group vs positioned between two functional groups. Differences in contrast between SAMs with different lengths and functional groups are explained in terms of the vertical deflection of the SAMs due to interactions with the tip and water during dynamic imaging. The knowledge gained from simulations of these simple model systems may ultimately be used to guide selection of imaging parameters for more complex surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cobeña-Reyes
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Tao Ye
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
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3
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Sumaiya SA, Liu J, Baykara MZ. True Atomic-Resolution Surface Imaging and Manipulation under Ambient Conditions via Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20086-20093. [PMID: 36282597 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A great number of chemical and mechanical phenomena, ranging from catalysis to friction, are dictated by the atomic-scale structure and properties of material surfaces. Yet, the principal tools utilized to characterize surfaces at the atomic level rely on strict environmental conditions such as ultrahigh vacuum and low temperature. Results obtained under such well-controlled, pristine conditions bear little relevance to the great majority of processes and applications that often occur under ambient conditions. Here, we report true atomic-resolution surface imaging via conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) under ambient conditions, performed at high scanning speeds. Our approach delivers atomic-resolution maps on a variety of material surfaces that comprise defects including single atomic vacancies. We hypothesize that atomic resolution can be enabled by either a confined, electrically conductive pathway or an individual, atomically sharp asperity at the tip-sample contact. Using our method, we report the capability of in situ charge state manipulation of defects on MoS2 and the observation of an exotic electronic effect: room-temperature charge ordering in a thin transition metal carbide (TMC) crystal (i.e., an MXene), α-Mo2C. Our findings demonstrate that C-AFM can be utilized as a powerful tool for atomic-resolution imaging and manipulation of surface structure and electronics under ambient conditions, with wide-ranging applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima A Sumaiya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Merced, Merced, California95343United States
| | | | - Mehmet Z Baykara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Merced, Merced, California95343United States
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4
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Dupertuis N, Tarun OB, Lütgebaucks C, Roke S. Three-Dimensional Confinement of Water: H 2O Exhibits Long-Range (>50 nm) Structure while D 2O Does Not. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7394-7400. [PMID: 36067223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water is the liquid of life thanks to its three-dimensional adaptive hydrogen (H)-bond network. Confinement of this network may lead to dramatic structural changes influencing chemical and physical transformations. Although confinement effects occur on a <1 nm length scale, the upper length scale limit is unknown. Here, we investigate 3D-confinement over lengths scales ranging from 58-140 nm. By confining water in zwitterionic liposomes of different sizes and measuring the change in H-bond network conformation using second harmonic scattering (SHS), we determined long-range confinement effects in light and heavy water. D2O displays no detectable 3D-confinement effects <58 nm (<3 × 106 D2O molecules). H2O is distinctly different. The vesicle enclosed inner H-bond network has a different conformation compared to the outside network and the SHS response scales with the volume of the confining space. H2O displays confinement effects over distances >100 nm (>2 × 107 H2O molecules).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Dupertuis
- Laboratory for Fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Orly B Tarun
- Laboratory for Fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cornelis Lütgebaucks
- Laboratory for Fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Roke
- Laboratory for Fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (IMX), School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Benaglia S, Uhlig MR, Hernández-Muñoz J, Chacón E, Tarazona P, Garcia R. Tip Charge Dependence of Three-Dimensional AFM Mapping of Concentrated Ionic Solutions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:196101. [PMID: 34797127 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.196101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A molecular scale understanding of the organization and structure of a liquid near a solid surface is currently a major challenge in surface science. It has implications across different fields from electrochemistry and energy storage to molecular biology. Three-dimensional AFM generates atomically resolved maps of solid-liquid interfaces. The imaging mechanism behind those maps is under debate, in particular, for concentrated ionic solutions. Theory predicts that the observed contrast should depend on the tip's charged state. Here, by using neutrally, negatively, and positively charged tips, we demonstrate that the 3D maps depend on the tip's polarization. A neutral tip will explore the total particle density distribution (water and ions) while a charged tip will reveal the charge density distribution. The experimental data reproduce the key findings of the theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Benaglia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Manuel R Uhlig
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Jose Hernández-Muñoz
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, IFIMAC Condensed Matter Physics Center, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Enrique Chacón
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Pedro Tarazona
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, IFIMAC Condensed Matter Physics Center, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Ricardo Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28049, Spain
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6
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Hashimoto K, Amano KI, Nishi N, Onishi H, Sakka T. Comparison of atomic force microscopy force curve and solvation structure studied by integral equation theory. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:164702. [PMID: 33940841 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy can observe structures of liquids (solvents) on solid surfaces as oscillating force curves. The oscillation originates from the solvation force, which is affected by the interaction between the probe, substrate, and solvents. To investigate the effects of the interactions on the force curve, we calculated the force curves by integral equation theory with various probe and substrate conditions. The probe solvophilicity affected the force curves more than the substrate solvophilicity in our calculation, and its reason is qualitatively explained by the amount of the desolvated solvents. We evaluated the probes and parameters in terms of the qualitative estimation of the number density distribution of the solvent on the wall. The negative of the force curve's derivative with respect to the surface separation reflected the number density distribution better than the force curve. This parameter is based on the method that is proposed previously by Amano et al. [Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 15534 (2016)]. The normalized frequency shift can also be used for the qualitative estimation of the number density distribution if the cantilever amplitude is small. Solvophobic probes reflected the number density distribution better than the solvophilic probes. Solvophilic probes resulted in larger oscillation amplitudes than solvophobic probes and are suitable for measurements with a high S/N ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Hashimoto
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Amano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Naoya Nishi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Onishi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sakka
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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7
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Subnanometer-scale imaging of nanobio-interfaces by frequency modulation atomic force microscopy. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:1675-1682. [PMID: 32779720 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there have been significant advancements in dynamic-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) for biological applications. With frequency modulation AFM (FM-AFM), subnanometer-scale surface structures of biomolecules such as secondary structures of proteins, phosphate groups of DNAs, and lipid-ion complexes have been directly visualized. In addition, three-dimensional AFM (3D-AFM) has been developed by combining a high-resolution AFM technique with a 3D tip scanning method. This method enabled visualization of 3D distributions of water (i.e. hydration structures) with subnanometer-scale resolution on various biological molecules such as lipids, proteins, and DNAs. Furthermore, 3D-AFM also allows visualization of subnanometer-scale 3D distributions of flexible surface structures such as thermally fluctuating lipid headgroups. Such a direct local information at nano-bio interfaces can play a critical role in determining the atomic- or molecular-scale model to explain interfacial structures and functions. Here, we present an overview of these recent advancements in the dynamic-mode AFM techniques and their biological applications.
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8
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Imai M, Yokota Y, Tanabe I, Inagaki K, Morikawa Y, Fukui KI. Correlation between mobility and the hydrogen bonding network of water at an electrified-graphite electrode using molecular dynamics simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:1767-1773. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06013h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mobility and hydrogen bonding network of water at a graphite electrode: effects of dissolved ions and applied potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Imai
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yokota
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory
- RIKEN
- Saitama 351-0198
- Japan
| | - Ichiro Tanabe
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Kouji Inagaki
- Department of Precision Science and Technology
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- 2-1 Yamada-oka
- Suita
| | - Yoshitada Morikawa
- Department of Precision Science and Technology
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- 2-1 Yamada-oka
- Suita
| | - Ken-ichi Fukui
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
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9
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Umeda K, Kobayashi K, Minato T, Yamada H. Atomic-Level Viscosity Distribution in the Hydration Layer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:116001. [PMID: 30951327 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.116001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The viscosity of solvation structures is crucial for the development of energy-efficient biofunctional and electrochemical devices. Elucidating their subnanoscale distributions can cause the formation of a sustainable energy society. Here, we visualize the site-specific three-dimensional damping distribution on a CaCO_{3} surface composed of binary ion species using ultra-low-noise frequency modulation atomic force microscopy. With the support from molecular dynamics simulation, we found a strikingly large damping at the calcium sites, which demonstrates the capability of this methodology to visualize atomic-scale viscosity in the hydration layers. Our finding will expedite the evolutions of various functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Umeda
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Department of Advanced Material Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
- Nano Life Science Institute, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kei Kobayashi
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Minato
- Office of Society-Academia Collaboration for Innovation, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamada
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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10
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Rice PS, Mao Y, Guo C, Hu P. Interconversion of hydrated protons at the interface between liquid water and platinum. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:5932-5940. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07511e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The free energy barriers for hydrogen transfer at the H2O/Pt(111) interface calculated usingab initiomolecular dynamics and umbrella sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Rice
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- The Queen's University of Belfast
- Belfast BT9 5AG
- UK
| | - Yu Mao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- The Queen's University of Belfast
- Belfast BT9 5AG
- UK
| | - Chenxi Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- The Queen's University of Belfast
- Belfast BT9 5AG
- UK
| | - P. Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- The Queen's University of Belfast
- Belfast BT9 5AG
- UK
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11
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Fukuma T, Garcia R. Atomic- and Molecular-Resolution Mapping of Solid-Liquid Interfaces by 3D Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS NANO 2018; 12:11785-11797. [PMID: 30422619 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hydration layers are ubiquitous in life and technology. Hence, interfacial aqueous layers have a central role in a wide range of phenomena from materials science to molecular and cell biology. A complete understanding of those processes requires, among other things, the development of very-sensitive and high-resolution instruments. Three-dimensional atomic force microscopy (3D-AFM) represents the latest and most successful attempt to generate atomically resolved three-dimensional images of solid-liquid interfaces. This review provides an overview of the 3D-AFM operating principles and its underlying physics. We illustrate and explain the capability of the instrument to resolve atomic defects on crystalline surfaces immersed in liquid. We also illustrate some of its applications to imaging the hydration structures on DNA or proteins. In the last section, we discuss some perspectives on emerging applications in materials science and molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fukuma
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa 920-1192 , Japan
| | - Ricardo Garcia
- Materials Science Factory , Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM) , 28049 Madrid , Spain
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12
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Zhang Z, Ryu S, Ahn Y, Jang J. Molecular features of hydration layers probed by atomic force microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:30492-30501. [PMID: 30511076 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06126b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Structurally-ordered layers of water are universally formed on a solid surface in aqueous solution or under ambient conditions. Although such hydration layers are commonly probed via atomic force microscopy (AFM), the current understanding on how the hydration layers manifest themselves in an AFM experiment is far from complete. By using molecular dynamics simulation, we investigate the hydration layers on a hydrophilic or hydrophobic surface probed by a nanoscale tip. We study the density and molecular orientation of water, the free energy, and the force on the tip by varying the tip-surface distance. The force-distance curve oscillates due to the transition between the mono-, bi-, and tri-layers of water confined between the tip and the surface. If both the tip and the surface are hydrophobic, water confined between the tip and the surface evaporates due to the dewetting transition, giving a hydrophobic force without oscillation. The periodicity of oscillation in the force differs from the structural periodicity of water. With a close proximity of the tip, the molecular dipoles align parallel to the surface, regardless of whether the tip and the surface are hydrophilic or hydrophobic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqing Zhang
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
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13
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Yokota Y, Miyamoto H, Imanishi A, Inagaki K, Morikawa Y, Fukui KI. Structural and dynamic properties of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide/mica and graphite interfaces revealed by molecular dynamics simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:6668-6676. [PMID: 29457158 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07313e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been observed that the properties of room temperature ionic liquids near solid substrates are different from those of bulk liquids, and these properties play an important role in the development of catalysts, lubricants, and electrochemical devices. In this paper, we report microscopic studies of ionic liquid/solid interfaces performed using molecular dynamics simulations. The structural and dynamic properties of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (BMIM-TFSI) on mica and graphite interfaces were thoroughly investigated to elucidate the microscopic origins of the formation of layered structures at the interfaces. Our investigation included the observation of structural and orientational changes of ions as a function of distance from the surfaces, and contour mappings of ions parallel and perpendicular to the surfaces. By virtue of such detailed analyses, we found that, during the 5 ns simulation, the closest layer of BMIM-TFSI behaves as a two-dimensional ionic crystal on mica and as a liquid or liquid crystal on graphite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yokota
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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14
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Martin-Jimenez D, Garcia R. Identification of Single Adsorbed Cations on Mica-Liquid Interfaces by 3D Force Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5707-5711. [PMID: 29120643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Force microscope provides atomically resolved images of surfaces immersed in a liquid. The presence of different chemical species in the interface (cations, anions, water, neutral atoms) complicates the adscription of the observed features to a given species. We develop a 3D atomic force microscopy method to identify the cations adsorbed on a mica surface from a potassium chloride solution. The method is based on measuring the peak value of the attractive force within the Stern layer. The maximum of the attractive force shows site-specific variations. The positions with the highest attractive force values are associated with the presence of adsorbed potassium ions, while the other positions are associated with a local depletion of the hydration layer. This criterion provides a surface coverage of K cations that is consistent with the one reported by other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martin-Jimenez
- Materials Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC , c/Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Garcia
- Materials Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC , c/Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Huang X, Wu J, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Feng X, Lu X. Flow-resistance analysis of nano-confined fluids inspired from liquid nano-lubrication: A review. Chin J Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Miyazawa K, Watkins M, Shluger AL, Fukuma T. Influence of ions on two-dimensional and three-dimensional atomic force microscopy at fluorite-water interfaces. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:245701. [PMID: 28481216 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa7188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancement in liquid-environment atomic force microscopy (AFM) has enabled us to visualize three-dimensional (3D) hydration structures as well as two-dimensional (2D) surface structures with subnanometer-scale resolution at solid-water interfaces. However, the influence of ions present in solution on the 2D- and 3D-AFM measurements has not been well understood. In this study, we perform atomic-scale 2D- and 3D-AFM measurements at fluorite-water interfaces in pure water and a supersaturated solution of fluorite. The images obtained in these two environments are compared to understand the influence of the ions in solution on these measurements. In the 2D images, we found clear difference in the nanoscale structures but no significant difference in the atomic-scale contrasts. However, the 3D force images show clear difference in the subnanometer-scale contrasts. The force contrasts measured in pure water largely agree with those expected from the molecular dynamics simulation and the solvent tip approximation model. In the supersaturated solution, an additional force peak is observed over the negatively charged fluorine ion site. This location suggests that the observed force peak may originate from cations adsorbed on the fluorite surface. These results demonstrate that the ions can significantly alter the subnanometer-scale force contrasts in the 3D-AFM images.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Miyazawa
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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17
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Reischl B, Raiteri P, Gale JD, Rohl AL. Can Point Defects in Surfaces in Solution be Atomically Resolved by Atomic Force Microscopy? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:226101. [PMID: 27925727 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.226101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While the atomic force microscope (AFM) is able to image mineral surfaces in solution with atomic resolution, so far, it has been a matter of debate whether imaging point defects is also possible under these conditions. The difficulties stem from the limited knowledge of what types of defects may be stable in the presence of an AFM tip, as well as from the complicated imaging mechanism involving interactions between hydration layers over the surface and around the tip apex. Here, we present atomistic molecular dynamics and free energy calculations of the AFM imaging of vacancies and ionic substitutions in the calcite (101[over ¯]4) surface in water, using a new silica AFM tip model. Our results indicate that both calcium and carbonate vacancies, as well as a magnesium substitution, could be resolved in an AFM experiment, albeit with different imaging mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Reischl
- Curtin Institute for Computation and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Paolo Raiteri
- Curtin Institute for Computation and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Julian D Gale
- Curtin Institute for Computation and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Andrew L Rohl
- Curtin Institute for Computation and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
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18
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Tracey J, Miyazawa K, Spijker P, Miyata K, Reischl B, Canova FF, Rohl AL, Fukuma T, Foster AS. Understanding 2D atomic resolution imaging of the calcite surface in water by frequency modulation atomic force microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:415709. [PMID: 27609045 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/41/415709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) experiments were performed on the calcite (10[Formula: see text]4) surface in pure water, and a detailed analysis was made of the 2D images at a variety of frequency setpoints. We observed eight different contrast patterns that reproducibly appeared in different experiments and with different measurement parameters. We then performed systematic free energy calculations of the same system using atomistic molecular dynamics to obtain an effective force field for the tip-surface interaction. By using this force field in a virtual AFM simulation we found that each experimental contrast could be reproduced in our simulations by changing the setpoint, regardless of the experimental parameters. This approach offers a generic method for understanding the wide variety of contrast patterns seen on the calcite surface in water, and is generally applicable to AFM imaging in liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tracey
- COMP Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Helsinki FI-00076, Finland
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19
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Amano KI, Liang Y, Miyazawa K, Kobayashi K, Hashimoto K, Fukami K, Nishi N, Sakka T, Onishi H, Fukuma T. Number density distribution of solvent molecules on a substrate: a transform theory for atomic force microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:15534-44. [PMID: 27080590 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00769d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) in liquids can measure a force curve between a probe and a buried substrate. The shape of the measured force curve is related to hydration structure on the substrate. However, until now, there has been no practical theory that can transform the force curve into the hydration structure, because treatment of the liquid confined between the probe and the substrate is a difficult problem. Here, we propose a robust and practical transform theory, which can generate the number density distribution of solvent molecules on a substrate from the force curve. As an example, we analyzed a force curve measured by using our high-resolution AFM with a newly fabricated ultrashort cantilever. It is demonstrated that the hydration structure on muscovite mica (001) surface can be reproduced from the force curve by using the transform theory. The transform theory will enhance AFM's ability and support structural analyses of solid/liquid interfaces. By using the transform theory, the effective diameter of a real probe apex is also obtained. This result will be important for designing a model probe of molecular scale simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Amano
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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20
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Kobayashi K, Liang Y, Amano KI, Murata S, Matsuoka T, Takahashi S, Nishi N, Sakka T. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Atomic Force Microscopy at the Water-Muscovite Interface: Hydration Layer Structure and Force Analysis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:3608-3616. [PMID: 27018633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With the development of atomic force microscopy (AFM), it is now possible to detect the buried liquid-solid interfacial structure in three dimensions at the atomic scale. One of the model surfaces used for AFM is the muscovite surface because it is atomically flat after cleavage along the basal plane. Although it is considered that force profiles obtained by AFM reflect the interfacial structures (e.g., muscovite surface and water structure), the force profiles are not straightforward because of the lack of a quantitative relationship between the force and the interfacial structure. In the present study, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the relationship between the muscovite-water interfacial structure and the measured AFM force using a capped carbon nanotube (CNT) AFM tip. We provide divided force profiles, where the force contributions from each water layer at the interface are shown. They reveal that the first hydration layer is dominant in the total force from water even after destruction of the layer. Moreover, the lateral structure of the first hydration layer transcribes the muscovite surface structure. It resembles the experimentally resolved surface structure of muscovite in previous AFM studies. The local density profile of water between the tip and the surface provides further insight into the relationship between the water structure and the detected force structure. The detected force structure reflects the basic features of the atomic structure for the local hydration layers. However, details including the peak-peak distance in the force profile (force-distance curve) differ from those in the density profile (density-distance curve) because of disturbance by the tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kobayashi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Kyoto University , Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Environment and Resource System Engineering, Kyoto University , Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Yunfeng Liang
- Environment and Resource System Engineering, Kyoto University , Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Amano
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Kyoto University , Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Sumihiko Murata
- Environment and Resource System Engineering, Kyoto University , Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Matsuoka
- Environment and Resource System Engineering, Kyoto University , Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC), Chiba 261-0025, Japan
| | - Naoya Nishi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Kyoto University , Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sakka
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Kyoto University , Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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21
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Miyazawa K, Kobayashi N, Watkins M, Shluger AL, Amano KI, Fukuma T. A relationship between three-dimensional surface hydration structures and force distribution measured by atomic force microscopy. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:7334-42. [PMID: 26980273 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08092d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydration plays important roles in various solid-liquid interfacial phenomena. Very recently, three-dimensional scanning force microscopy (3D-SFM) has been proposed as a tool to visualise solvated surfaces and their hydration structures with lateral and vertical (sub) molecular resolution. However, the relationship between the 3D force map obtained and the equilibrium water density, ρ(r), distribution above the surface remains an open question. Here, we investigate this relationship at an interface of an inorganic mineral, fluorite, and water. The force maps measured in pure water are directly compared to force maps generated using the solvent tip approximation (STA) model and from explicit molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that the simulated STA force map describes the major features of the experimentally obtained force image. The agreement between the STA data and the experiment establishes the correspondence between the water density used as an input to the STA model and the experimental hydration structure and thus provides a tool to bridge the experimental force data and atomistic solvation structures. Further applications of this method should improve the accuracy and reliability of both interpretation of 3D-SFM force maps and atomistic simulations in a wide range of solid-liquid interfacial phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Miyazawa
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Naritaka Kobayashi
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Matthew Watkins
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Alexander L Shluger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ken-ichi Amano
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan. and ACT-C, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honcho 4-1-9, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
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22
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Liu F, Zhao C, Mugele F, van den Ende D. Amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy, is acoustic driving in liquid quantitatively reliable? NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:385703. [PMID: 26335613 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/38/385703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Measuring quantitative tip-sample interaction forces in dynamic atomic force microscopy in fluids is challenging because of the strong damping of the ambient viscous medium and the fluid-mediated driving forces. This holds in particular for the commonly used acoustic excitation of the cantilever oscillation. Here we present measurements of tip-sample interactions due to conservative DLVO and hydration forces and viscous dissipation forces in aqueous electrolytes using tips with radii varying from typical 20 nm for the DLVO and hydration forces, to 1 μm for the viscous dissipation. The measurements are analyzed using a simple harmonic oscillator model, continuous beam theory with fluid-mediated excitation and thermal noise spectroscopy (TNS). In all cases consistent conservative forces, deviating less than 40% from each other, are obtained for all three approaches. The DLVO forces are even within 5% of the theoretical expectations for all approaches. Accurate measurements of dissipative forces within 15% of the predictions of macroscopic fluid dynamics require the use of TNS or continuous beam theory including fluid-mediated driving. Taking this into account, acoustic driving in liquid is quantitatively reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Physics of Complex Fluids, MESA Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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23
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Arai T, Koshioka M, Abe K, Tomitori M, Kokawa R, Ohta M, Yamada H, Kobayashi K, Oyabu N. Atom-resolved analysis of an ionic KBr(001) crystal surface covered with a thin water layer by frequency modulation atomic force microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:3876-3883. [PMID: 25790119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An ionic KBr(001) crystal surface covered with a thin water layer was observed with a frequency modulation atomic force microscope (FM-AFM) with atomic resolution. By immersing only the tip apex of the AFM cantilever in the thin water layer, the Q-factor of the cantilever in probing the solid-liquid interface can be maintained as high as that of FM-AFM operation in air, leading to improvement of the minimum detection of a differential force determined by the noise. Two types of images with atom-resolved contrast were observed, possibly owing to the different types of ions (K(+) or Br(-)) adsorbed on the tip apex that incorporated into the hydration layers on the tip and on the sample surface. The force-distance characteristics at the solid-water interface were analyzed by taking spatial variation maps of the resonant frequency shift of the AFM cantilever with the high Q-factor. The oscillatory frequency shift-distance curves exhibited atomic site dependence. The roles of hydration and the ions on the tip and on the sample surface in the measurements were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoko Arai
- †Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masashi Koshioka
- †Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kouhei Abe
- †Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tomitori
- ‡School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
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24
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Yokota Y, Hara H, Morino Y, Bando KI, Imanishi A, Uemura T, Takeya J, Fukui KI. Molecularly clean ionic liquid/rubrene single-crystal interfaces revealed by frequency modulation atomic force microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:6794-800. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp06041e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Frequency modulation atomic force microscopy was employed to show a molecularly clean interface between an ionic liquid and a rubrene single crystal for possible applications to electric double-layer field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yokota
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Hisaya Hara
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Yusuke Morino
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Bando
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Akihito Imanishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Takafumi Uemura
- Department of Advanced Materials Science
- Graduate School of Frontier Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Chiba 277-8561
- Japan
| | - Jun Takeya
- Department of Advanced Materials Science
- Graduate School of Frontier Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Chiba 277-8561
- Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Fukui
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
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25
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Juhl KMS, Pedersen CS, Bovet N, Dalby KN, Hassenkam T, Andersson MP, Okhrimenko D, Stipp SLS. Adhesion of alkane as a functional group on muscovite and quartz: dependence on pH and contact time. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:14476-14485. [PMID: 25390823 DOI: 10.1021/la5024967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between mineral surfaces and organic molecules in water control many processes in nature and in the production of modern materials. To improve the understanding of fluid-surface interactions, we investigated the interface behavior of quartz and muscovite, a model for clay minerals, in aqueous solutions where the pH and composition were controlled. We used atomic force microscopy (AFM) in chemical force mapping (CFM) mode to measure adhesion using tips functionalized with alkyl, -CH3. By combining adhesion forces measured as a function of pH, with data from streaming potential experiments and DLVO calculations, we were able to determine the surface charge density. We observed increased adhesion between the mineral surface and the hydrophobic tips as the contact time increased from 7 ms to ∼2 s. The diffusion of dissolved ions takes time, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations did not indicate a strong hydration of the mineral surfaces. Therefore, we interpret that the loss of ions from the confined space between the tip and sample is a likely explanation of the correlation between the dwell time and adhesion. The maximum adhesion increase with dwell time for muscovite, i.e., 400 ± 77 pN, was considerably larger than for quartz, 84 ± 15 pN, which fits with the different surface structure and composition of the two minerals. We propose two mechanisms to explain these results: (1) cations that are structured in the solution and on the surface remain associated at the tip-sample interface initially but diffuse away during extended contact time and (2) adventitious carbon, the organic material that comes spontaneously from air and solution, can diffuse to the tip-sample interface during contact. This material decreases the surface energy by aggregating near the alkyl tip and increases adhesion between the tip and sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M S Juhl
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Amano KI, Suzuki K, Fukuma T, Takahashi O, Onishi H. The relationship between local liquid density and force applied on a tip of atomic force microscope: a theoretical analysis for simple liquids. J Chem Phys 2014; 139:224710. [PMID: 24329085 DOI: 10.1063/1.4839775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The density of a liquid is not uniform when placed on a solid. The structured liquid pushes or pulls a probe employed in atomic force microscopy, as demonstrated in a number of experimental studies. In the present study, the relation between the force on a probe and the local density of a liquid is derived based on the statistical mechanics of simple liquids. When the probe is identical to a solvent molecule, the strength of the force is shown to be proportional to the vertical gradient of ln(ρDS) with the local liquid's density on a solid surface being ρDS. The intrinsic liquid's density on a solid is numerically calculated and compared with the density reconstructed from the force on a probe that is identical or not identical to the solvent molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Amano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- Bio-AFM Frontier Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ohgi Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Onishi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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27
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Juhl KMS, Bovet N, Hassenkam T, Dideriksen K, Pedersen CS, Jensen CM, Okhrimenko DV, Stipp SLS. Change in organic molecule adhesion on α-alumina (sapphire) with change in NaCl and CaCl2 solution salinity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:8741-8750. [PMID: 24988276 DOI: 10.1021/la500791m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the adhesion of two functional groups to α-alumina as a model for the adsorption of organic molecules on clay minerals. Interactions between organic compounds and clay minerals play an important role in processes such as drinking water treatment, remediation of contaminated soil, oil recovery, and fabricating complicated nanomaterials, and there have been claims that organic compound-clay mineral interaction created the ordering that is necessary for the genesis of life. In many organisms, interaction between organic molecules and biominerals makes it possible to control the growth of bones, teeth, and shells. Adhesion of carboxylic acid, -COO(H), and pyridine, -C5H5N(H(+)), on the {0001} plane of α-alumina wafers has been investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) in chemical force mapping (CFM) mode. Both functional groups adhered to α-alumina in deionized water at pH < 5, and adhesion decreased as NaCl or CaCl2 concentration increased. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that Na(+) and Ca(2+) adsorbed to the α-alumina surface at pH < 5, decreasing surface interaction with the carboxylic acid and pyridine groups. We interpret the results as evidence that the tips adhere to alumina through hydrogen bonding when only water is present. In solutions containing NaCl and CaCl2, cations are adsorbed but Cl(-) is not. When NaCl solutions are replaced by CaCl2, Ca(2+) replaces Na(+), but rinsing with ultrapure deionized water (pH 5.6) could not restore the original protonated surface. The results demonstrate that the alumina surface at pH 3 has a higher affinity for inorganic cations than for -COO(H) or -C5H5N(H(+)), in spite of the known positive surface charge of α-alumina {0001} wafers. These results demonstrate that solution salinity plays an important role in surface properties, controlling surface tension (i.e., contact angle) and adsorption affinity on α-alumina and, by analogy, on clay minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M S Juhl
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Watkins M, Reischl B. A simple approximation for forces exerted on an AFM tip in liquid. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:154703. [PMID: 23614432 DOI: 10.1063/1.4800770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical quantity in understanding imaging using an atomic force microscope is the force the sample exerts on the tip. We put forward a simple one-to-one force to water density relationship, explain exactly how it occurs, and in which circumstances it holds. We argue that two wide classes of atomic force microscope (AFM) tip should lead to at least qualitative agreement with our model and represent a significant fraction of AFM tips as currently prepared. This connection between the short-range force and the unperturbed equilibrium water density removes the need to perform simulations for each tip location, conservatively speeding up simulations by around three orders of magnitude compared to current methods that explicitly calculate the force on a tip model at each point in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Watkins
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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29
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Imada H, Kimura K, Onishi H. Water and 2-propanol structured on calcite (104) probed by frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:10744-51. [PMID: 23945021 DOI: 10.1021/la402090w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The structure of liquid water and 2-propanol on the (104) surface of calcite (CaCO3) was probed by frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy. The microscope tip scanned each liquid to record the tip-surface force perturbed by the liquid structure at the interface. In water, the force distribution on planes cross-sectional to the surface presents a 0.5-nm-thick checkerboard-like pattern matching the corrugated topography of the calcite surface. This provides evidence that the local water density was laterally and vertically modulated. With 2-propanol, a laterally uniform, vertically layered structure was found between the first laterally structured layer and the bulk liquid. These results are consistent with the density distributions of water and ethanol proposed in earlier X-ray and simulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotake Imada
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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30
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Hiasa T, Onishi H. Competitive adsorption on graphite investigated using frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy: interfacial liquid structure controlled by the competition of adsorbed species. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:5801-5805. [PMID: 23581529 DOI: 10.1021/la400591r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The competitive adsorption of long-chain (C18 and C24) carboxylic acids versus n-decanol on graphite was investigated using frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy. A long-range-ordered monolayer of the solute (stearic acid or lignoceric acid) developed in saturated decanol solution, whereas an ordered decanol monolayer was deposited from dilute solutions. The piconewton-order tip-surface force was observed in solutions as a function of the vertical and lateral coordinates, together with the topography of the monolayers. The tip-surface force was periodically modulated, which was interpreted with a solution structure commensurate with the ordered assembly of adsorbed monolayers. These results show that the solution structure at the interface was controlled by the competitively adsorbed species and thus was sensitive to the composition of the bulk solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Hiasa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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31
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Yokota Y, Hara H, Harada T, Imanishi A, Uemura T, Takeya J, Fukui KI. Structural investigation of ionic liquid/rubrene single crystal interfaces by using frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:10596-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45338c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Reischl B, Watkins M, Foster AS. Free Energy Approaches for Modeling Atomic Force Microscopy in Liquids. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 9:600-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ct3008342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Reischl
- Tampere University
of Technology,
Department of Physics, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
- COMP Centre of Excellence, Aalto
University School of Science, Department of Applied Physics, P.O.
Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto,
Finland
| | - Matthew Watkins
- London Centre for
Nanotechnology
and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London,
Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Adam S. Foster
- COMP Centre of Excellence, Aalto
University School of Science, Department of Applied Physics, P.O.
Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto,
Finland
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33
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Carrasco J, Hodgson A, Michaelides A. A molecular perspective of water at metal interfaces. NATURE MATERIALS 2012; 11:667-74. [PMID: 22825022 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Water/solid interfaces are relevant to a broad range of physicochemical phenomena and technological processes such as corrosion, lubrication, heterogeneous catalysis and electrochemistry. Although many fields have contributed to rapid progress in the fundamental knowledge of water at interfaces, detailed molecular-level understanding of water/solid interfaces comes mainly from studies on flat metal substrates. These studies have recently shown that a remarkably rich variety of structures form at the interface between water and even seemingly simple flat surfaces. In this Review we discuss the most exciting work in this area, in particular the emerging physical insight and general concepts about how water binds to metal surfaces. We also provide a perspective on outstanding problems, challenges and open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carrasco
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, Marie Curie 2, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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Hiasa T, Kimura K, Onishi H. Hydration of hydrophilic thiolate monolayers visualized by atomic force microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:8419-24. [PMID: 22509496 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40252a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monolayers of mercaptoundecanol and mercaptoundecanoic acid were prepared on Au(111) films, immersed in aqueous solutions, and probed by frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy. The pN-order tip-surface force was observed over the monolayers as a function of vertical and lateral coordinates, together with the topography of the monolayers. The observed force distribution was modulated between adjacent OH endgroups in the mercaptoundecanol monolayer, as opposed to on top of COOH and COO(-) endgroups in the mercaptoundecanoic acid monolayer. Models of the interfacial hydrogen bond between water and the endgroups were proposed. The force distribution was insensitive to the electrolyte composition. There was no qualitative sign of tip-induced confinement of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Hiasa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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