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Zhang B, Liu X, Bodesheim D, Li W, Clausner A, Liu J, Jost B, Dianat A, Dong R, Feng X, Cuniberti G, Liao Z, Zschech E. Fracture Behavior of a 2D Imine-Based Polymer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2407017. [PMID: 39264281 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202407017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
2D polymers have emerged as a highly promising category of nanomaterials, owing to their exceptional properties. However, the understanding of their fracture behavior and failure mechanisms remains still limited, posing challenges to their durability in practical applications. This work presents an in-depth study of the fracture kinetics of a 2D polyimine film, utilizing in situ tensile testing within a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Employing meticulously optimized transferring and patterning techniques, an elastic strain of ≈6.5% is achieved, corresponding to an elastic modulus of (8.6 ± 2.5) GPa of polycrystalline 2D polyimine thin films. In step-by-step fractures, multiple cracking events uncover the initiation and development of side crack near the main crack tip which toughens the 2D film. Simultaneously captured strain evolution through digital image correlation (DIC) analysis and observation on the crack edge confirm the occurrence of transgranular fracture patterns apart from intergranular fracture. A preferred cleavage orientation in transgranular fracture is attributed to the difference in directional flexibility along distinct orientations, which is substantiated by density functional-based tight binding (DFTB) calculations. These findings construct a comprehensive understanding of intrinsic mechanical properties and fracture behavior of an imine-linked polymer and provide insights and implications for the rational design of 2D polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhang
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and System (IKTS), Maria-Reiche-Straße 2, 01109, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Bodesheim
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, Technical University of Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - André Clausner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and System (IKTS), Maria-Reiche-Straße 2, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jinxin Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Birgit Jost
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and System (IKTS), Maria-Reiche-Straße 2, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | - Arezoo Dianat
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, Technical University of Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, Technical University of Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS), Technical University of Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhongquan Liao
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and System (IKTS), Maria-Reiche-Straße 2, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ehrenfried Zschech
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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2
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Zhang B, Liu X, Li W, Clausner A, Conzendorf S, Liu J, Posseckardt J, Jost B, Dong R, Feng X, Liao Z, Zschech E. Patterning damage mechanisms for two-dimensional crystalline polymers and evaluation for a conjugated imine-based polymer. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:475301. [PMID: 39137799 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad6e8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
High-quality patterning determines the properties of patterned emerging two-dimensional (2D) conjugated polymers and is essential for potential applications in future electronic nanodevices. However, the most suitable patterning method for 2D polymers has yet to be determined because we still do not have a comprehensive understanding of their damage mechanisms by visualizing the structural modification that occurs during the patterning process. Here, the damage mechanisms during patterning of 2D polymers, induced by various patterning methods, are unveiled based on a systematic study of structural damage and edge morphology in an imine-based 2D polymer (polyimine). Patterning using a focused electron beam, focused ion beam (FIB) and mechanical carving is evaluated. The focused electron beam successively introduces a sputtering effect, knock-on displacement damage and massive radiolysis with increasing electron dose from9.46×107electrons nm-2to1.14×1010electrons nm-2. Successful patterning is enabled by knock-on damage but impeded by carbon contamination beyond a critical sample thickness. A FIB creates current-dependent edge morphologies and extensive damage from ion implantation caused by the tail of the unfocused beam. A precisely controlled tip can tear the polyimine film through grain boundaries and hence create a patterning edge with suitable edge roughness for certain application scenarios when beam damage is avoided. Taking structural damage and the resulting quantitative edge roughness into consideration, this study provides a detailed instruction on the proper patterning techniques for 2D crystalline polymers and paves the way for tailored intrinsic properties and device fabrication using these novel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhang
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and System (IKTS), 01109 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - André Clausner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and System (IKTS), 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylvia Conzendorf
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and System (IKTS), 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jinxin Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Juliane Posseckardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and System (IKTS), 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Birgit Jost
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and System (IKTS), 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhongquan Liao
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and System (IKTS), 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ehrenfried Zschech
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
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3
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Denk J, Liao X, Knolle W, Kahnt A, Greiner A, Schafföner S, Agarwal S, Motz G. Novel multifibrillar carbon and oxidation-stable carbon/ceramic hybrid fibers consisting of thousands of individual nanofibers with high tensile strength. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18143. [PMID: 39103502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68794-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, multifibrillar carbon and carbon/ceramic (C/SiCON) fibers consisting of thousands of single nanofibers are continuously manufactured. The process starts with electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and PAN/oligosilazane precursors resulting in poorly aligned polymer fibers. Subsequent stretching leads to parallel aligned multifibrillar fibers, which are continuously stabilized and pyrolyzed to C or C/SiCON hybrid fibers. The multifibrillar carbon fibers show a high tensile strength of 911 MPa and Young's modulus of 154 GPa, whereas the multifibrillar C/SiCON fibers initially have only tensile strengths of 407 MPa and Young's modulus of 77 GPa, due to sticking of the nanofibers during the stabilization in air. Additional curing with electron beam radiation, results in a remarkable increase in tensile strength of 707 MPa and Young's modulus of 98 GPa. The good mechanical properties are highlighted by the low linear density of the multifibrillar C/SiCON fibers (~ 1 tex) compared to conventional C and SiC fiber bundles (~ 200 tex). In combination with the large surface area of the fibers better mechanical properties of respective composites with a reduced fiber content can be achieved. In addition, the developed approach offers high potential to produce advanced endless multifibrillar carbon and C/SiCON nanofibers in an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Denk
- Chair of Ceramic Materials Engineering, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Xiaojian Liao
- Macromolecular Chemistry 2 and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Knolle
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Kahnt
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Macromolecular Chemistry 2 and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stefan Schafföner
- Chair of Ceramic Materials Engineering, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Seema Agarwal
- Macromolecular Chemistry 2 and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
- Bavarian Center for Battery Technology (BayBatt), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Günter Motz
- Chair of Ceramic Materials Engineering, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
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Cachaneski-Lopes JP, Batagin-Neto A. Effects of Mechanical Deformation on the Opto-Electronic Responses, Reactivity, and Performance of Conjugated Polymers: A DFT Study. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071354. [PMID: 35406228 PMCID: PMC9002523 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of polymers for optoelectronic applications is an important research area; however, a deeper understanding of the effects induced by mechanical deformations on their intrinsic properties is needed to expand their applicability and improve their durability. Despite the number of recent studies on the mechanochemistry of organic materials, the basic knowledge and applicability of such concepts in these materials are far from those for their inorganic counterparts. To bring light to this, here we employ molecular modeling techniques to evaluate the effects of mechanical deformations on the structural, optoelectronic, and reactivity properties of traditional semiconducting polymers, such as polyaniline (PANI), polythiophene (PT), poly (p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV), and polypyrrole (PPy). For this purpose, density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations were conducted for the distinct systems at varied stretching levels in order to identify the influence of structural deformations on the electronic structure of the systems. In general, it is noticed that the elongation process leads to an increase in electronic gaps, hypsochromic effects in the optical absorption spectrum, and small changes in local reactivities. Such changes can influence the performance of polymer-based devices, allowing us to establish significant structure deformation response relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Augusto Batagin-Neto
- POSMAT, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil;
- Institute of Science and Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Itapeva 18409-010, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(15)-3524-9100 (ext. 9159)
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5
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Samira R, Vakahi A, Eliasy R, Sherman D, Lachman N. Mechanical and Compositional Implications of Gallium Ion Milling on Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162640. [PMID: 34451179 PMCID: PMC8398473 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Focused Ion Beam (FIB) is one of the most common methods for nanodevice fabrication. However, its implications on mechanical properties of polymers have only been speculated. In the current study, we demonstrated flexural bending of FIB-milled epoxy nanobeam, examined in situ under a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Controllable displacement was applied, while real-time TEM videos were gathered to produce morphological data. EDS and EELS were used to characterize the compositions of the resultant structure, and a computational model was used, together with the quantitative results of the in situ bending, to mechanically characterize the effect of Ga+ ions irradiation. The damaged layer was measured at 30 nm, with high content of gallium (40%). Examination of the fracture revealed crack propagation within the elastic region and rapid crack growth up to fracture, attesting to enhanced brittleness. Importantly, the nanoscale epoxy exhibited a robust increase in flexural strength, associated with chemical tempering and ion-induced peening effects, stiffening the outer surface. Young’s modulus of the stiffened layer was calculated via the finite element analysis (FEA) simulation, according to the measurement of 30 nm thickness in the STEM and resulted in a modulus range of 30–100 GPa. The current findings, now established in direct measurements, pave the way to improved applications of polymers in nanoscale devices to include soft materials, such as polymer-based composites and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raz Samira
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Atzmon Vakahi
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
| | - Rami Eliasy
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
| | - Dov Sherman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
| | - Noa Lachman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (N.L.)
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6
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Vos Y, Lane RI, Peddie CJ, Wolters AHG, Hoogenboom JP. Retarding Field Integrated Fluorescence and Electron Microscope. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:109-120. [PMID: 33349285 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620024745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The authors present the application of a retarding field between the electron objective lens and sample in an integrated fluorescence and electron microscope. The retarding field enhances signal collection and signal strength in the electron microscope. This is beneficial for samples prepared for integrated fluorescence and electron microscopy as the amount of staining material added to enhance electron microscopy signal is typically lower compared to conventional samples in order to preserve fluorescence. We demonstrate signal enhancement through the applied retarding field for both 80-nm post-embedding immunolabeled sections and 100-nm in-resin preserved fluorescence sections. Moreover, we show that tuning the electron landing energy particularly improves imaging conditions for ultra-thin (50 nm) sections, where optimization of both retarding field and interaction volume contribute to the signal improvement. Finally, we show that our integrated retarding field setup allows landing energies down to a few electron volts with 0.3 eV dispersion, which opens new prospects for assessing electron beam induced damage by in situ quantification of the observed bleaching of the fluorescence following irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Vos
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft2628CJ, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan I Lane
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft2628CJ, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J Peddie
- Electron Microscopy STP, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, LondonNW1 1AT, UK
| | - Anouk H G Wolters
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob P Hoogenboom
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft2628CJ, The Netherlands
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7
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Humidity Controlled Mechanical Properties of Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Fibers. FIBERS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/fib8100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Processing parameters in electrospinning allow us to control the properties of fibers on a molecular level and are able to tailor them for specific applications. In this study, we investigate how relative humidity (RH) affects the mechanical properties of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The mechanical properties of single fibers were carried out using a specialized tensile stage. The results from tensile tests were additionally correlated with high-resolution imaging showing the behavior of individual fibers under tensile stress. The mechanical characteristic is strongly dependent on the crystallinity, chain orientation, and fiber diameter of electrospun PVDF fibers. Our results show the importance of controlling RH during electrospinning as the mechanical properties are significantly affected. At low RH = 30% PVDF fibers are 400% stiffer than their counterparts prepared at high RH = 60%. Moreover, the vast differences in the strain at failure were observed, namely 310% compared to 75% for 60% and 30% RH, respectively. Our results prove that humidity is a crucial parameter in electrospinning able to control the mechanical properties of polymer fibers.
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8
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Liu J, Zhang Y, Xia T, Zhang Q, Wang S, Wang R, Yang J. One-dimensional hollow FePt nanochains: applications in hydrolysis of NaBH 4 and structural stability under Ga + ion irradiation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:185704. [PMID: 31986508 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab7042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pt-based one-dimensional hollow nanostructures are promising catalysts in fuel cells with excellent activity. Herein, one-dimensional hollow FePt nanochains were shown to be efficient nanocatalysts in the hydrolysis of NaBH4. The characterization of composition, structure and morphology identifies an ultrathin shell (∼3 nm) with uniformly distributed Fe30Pt70 constituents. The H2 generation rate of hollow Fe30Pt70 nanochains achieves 16.9 l/(min · g) at room temperature, while the activation energy is as low as 17.6 kJ mol-1 based on the fitting over the whole reaction time span. After the catalysis of NaBH4 hydrolysis, the morphology and composition of hollow FePt nanochains remain unchanged. Furthermore, the structural stability of hollow FePt nanochains under Ga+ ion irradiation is clarified. Theoretical simulation indicates that the stopping range of such a Fe30Pt70 shell is 7.7 keV, which offers a prediction that structure evolves diversely under Ga+ ions below and above such energy. The Ga+ ion irradiation experiments show a consistent trend with the simulation, where Ga+ ions with kinetic energy of 30 keV make the hollow architecture subside and sputter away, while Ga+ ions with kinetic energy of 5 keV only etch the top and lead to an eggshell structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China. Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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9
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Yeo S, Cho WJ, Kim DS, Lee CY, Hwang YS, Suk JK, Kim C, Ha JM. A mechanism of surface hardness enhancement for H + irradiated polycarbonate. RSC Adv 2020; 10:28603-28607. [PMID: 35520065 PMCID: PMC9055866 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05073c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
H+ irradiation increases the surface hardness of polycarbonate. Nano indentation measurement shows that the hardness increases up to 3.7 GPa at the dose of 5 × 1016 # cm−2 and at the irradiation energy of 150 keV. In addition, the hardness increases with the dose and the energy of H+ irradiation. In accordance with the nano indentation measurement, the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) depends on the dose and energy of H+ irradiation. The peak at ∼1500 cm−1 for the aromatic ring and the peak at ∼1770 cm−1 for the C
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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O stretch decrease with increasing dose and energy, while the increase of the dose and energy develops a new CO stretch vibration at ∼1700 cm−1 and forms aromatic hydrocarbons at ∼1600 cm−1. X-ray diffraction experiments are also consistent with the nano indentation measurement and FTIR spectra. Based on the experiments, we discuss a possible mechanism of the surface hardness enhancements by ion beam irradiation. H+ irradiation increases the surface hardness of polycarbonate.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmog Yeo
- Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
- Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Je Cho
- Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
- Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Kim
- Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
- Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Lee
- Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Hwang
- Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwon Suk
- Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
- Republic of Korea
| | - Chorong Kim
- Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Mok Ha
- Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
- Republic of Korea
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10
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Tiddia M, Seah MP, Shard AG, Mula G, Havelund R, Gilmore IS. Argon cluster cleaning of Ga
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FIB‐milled sections of organic and hybrid materials. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariavitalia Tiddia
- Dipartimento di FisicaUniversità degli Studi di Cagliari S. P. 8 Km 0.700 09042 Monserrato Italy
- National Physical Laboratory Hampton Road Teddington TW11 0LW UK
| | - Martin P. Seah
- National Physical Laboratory Hampton Road Teddington TW11 0LW UK
| | - Alex G. Shard
- National Physical Laboratory Hampton Road Teddington TW11 0LW UK
| | - Guido Mula
- Dipartimento di FisicaUniversità degli Studi di Cagliari S. P. 8 Km 0.700 09042 Monserrato Italy
| | - Rasmus Havelund
- National Physical Laboratory Hampton Road Teddington TW11 0LW UK
| | - Ian S. Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory Hampton Road Teddington TW11 0LW UK
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11
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Heinzl C, Ossiander T, Gleich S, Scheu C. Transmission electron microscopy study of silica reinforced polybenzimidazole membranes. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Faber E, Vellinga WP, De Hosson JTM. FIB-etching of polymer/metal laminates and its effect on mechanical performance. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:1826-1834. [PMID: 25381755 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614013531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the adhesive interface in a polymer/metal (polyethylene terephthalate/steel) laminate that is subjected to uniaxial strain. Cross-sections perpendicular to such interfaces were created with a focused ion beam and imaged with scanning electron microscopy during straining in the electron microscope. During in situ straining, glide steps formed by the steel caused traction at the interface and initiated crazes in the polyethylene terephthalate (PET). These crazes readily propagated along the free surface of the PET layer. Similar crazing has not been previously encountered in laminates that were pre-strained or in numerical calculations. The impact of focused ion beam treatments on mechanical properties of the polymer/metal laminate system was therefore investigated. It was found that mechanical properties such as toughness of PET are dramatically influenced by focused ion beam etching. It was also found that this change in mechanical properties has a different effect on the pre-strained and in situ strained samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enne Faber
- Materials innovation institute M2i,Department of Applied Physics,University of Groningen,Nijenborgh 4,9747 AG Groningen,the Netherlands
| | - Willem P Vellinga
- Materials innovation institute M2i,Department of Applied Physics,University of Groningen,Nijenborgh 4,9747 AG Groningen,the Netherlands
| | - Jeff T M De Hosson
- Materials innovation institute M2i,Department of Applied Physics,University of Groningen,Nijenborgh 4,9747 AG Groningen,the Netherlands
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13
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Orthacker A, Schmied R, Chernev B, Fröch JE, Winkler R, Hobisch J, Trimmel G, Plank H. Chemical degradation and morphological instabilities during focused ion beam prototyping of polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:1658-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54037e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Plank H, Haber T, Gspan C, Kothleitner G, Hofer F. Chemical tuning of PtC nanostructures fabricated via focused electron beam induced deposition. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:175305. [PMID: 23571599 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/17/175305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental dependence between process parameters during focused electron beam induced deposition and the chemistry of functional PtC nanostructures have been studied via a multi-technique approach using SEM, (S)TEM, EELS, AFM, and EFM. The study reveals that the highest Pt contents can only be achieved by an ideal balance between potentially dissociating electrons and available precursor molecules on the surface. For precursor regimes apart from this situation, an unwanted increase of carbon is observed which originates from completely different mechanisms: (1) an excess of electrons leads to polymerization of precursor fragments whereas (2) a lack of electrons leads to incompletely dissociated precursor molecules incorporated into the nanostructures. While the former represents an unwanted class of carbon, the latter condition maximizes the volume growth rates and allows for post-growth curing strategies which can strongly increase the functionality. Furthermore, the study gives an explanation of why growing deposits can dynamically change their chemistry and provides a straightforward guide towards more controlled fabrication conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Plank
- Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, Graz, Austria.
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15
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Bubner P, Plank H, Nidetzky B. Visualizing cellulase activity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:1529-49. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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LEE C, PROUST G, ALICI G, SPINKS G, CAIRNEY J. Three-dimensional nanofabrication of polystyrene by focused ion beam. J Microsc 2012; 248:129-39. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2012.03656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Schmied R, Chernev B, Trimmel G, Plank H. New possibilities for soft matter applications: eliminating technically induced thermal stress during FIB processing. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21025h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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