Exploring the antileishmanial activity of N1,N2-disubstituted-benzoylguanidines: synthesis and molecular modeling studies

In this report, we describe the synthesis and evaluation of nine N¹,N²-disubstituted-benzoylguanidines against promastigotes and amastigotes forms of Leishmania amazonensis. The derivatives 2g and 2i showed low IC₅₀ values against promastigote form (90.8 ± 0.05 µM and 68.4 ± 0.03 µM, respectively), low cytotoxicity profile (CC₅₀ 396 ± 0.02 µM and 857.9 ± 0.06 µM) for peritoneal macrophages cells and SI of 5.5 and 12.5, respectively. Investigations about the mechanism of action of 2g and 2i showed that both compounds cause mitochondrial depolarization, increase in ROS levels, and generation of autophagic vacuoles on free promastigotes forms. These compounds were also capable of reducing the number of infected macrophages with amastigotes forms (59.5% ± 0.08% and 98.1% ± 0.46%) and the number of amastigotes/macrophages (79.80% ± 0.05% and 96.0% ± 0.16%), through increasing induction of microbicide molecule NO. Additionally, ADMET-Tox in silico predictions showed drug-like features and free of toxicological risks. The molecular docking studies with arginase and gp63 showed that relevant intermolecular interactions could explain the experimental results. Therefore, these results reinforce that benzoylguanidines could be a starting scaffold for the search for new antileishmanial drugs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

New ferrocene-integrated multifunctional guanidine surfactants: synthesis, spectroscopic elucidation, DNA interaction studies, and DFT calculations

Investigation of three new ferrocene appended guanidines as potential surfactants, antioxidants and DNA binders with DFT measurements.

A new and environmentally benign synthesis of aroylguanidines using iron trichloride

A new synthetic approach for the guanylation of aroylthioureas using iron trichloride is presented.

DNA/protein binding, DNA cleavage, cytotoxicity, superoxide radical scavenging and molecular docking studies of copper(ii) complexes containing N-benzyl-N′-aryl-N′′-benzoylguanidine ligands

Copper(ii) complexes containing trisubstituted guanidine ligands were prepared, characterized and evaluated for their biological applications.

Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Evaluation of the Biological Properties of Heteroleptic Palladium(II) Complexes

Five heteroleptic palladium(II) complexes of the general formula Pd(PR3)(tu)Cl2, where PR3 = triphenylphosphine (1), diphenyl-o-tolylphosphine (2), diphenyl-p-tolylphosphine (3), diphenyl-t-butylphosphine (4), and diphenyl-o-methoxyphenylphosphine (5), and tu = 1,3-bis(2-methoxyphenyl) thiourea. They all have been synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques (elemental analysis, FTIR, and (1)H NMR and the ligand 1,3-bis(2-methoxyphenyl) thiourea was synthesized by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique). The synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against four strains of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis). The antitumor potential was evaluated in terms of activity against brine shrimp eggs and DNA interaction. The mixed ligand complexes have exhibited moderate antibacterial activity and promising antitumor potential.

Preliminary investigation of anticancer activity by determining the DNA binding and antioxidant potency of new ferrocene incorporated N,N',N″-trisubstituted phenylguanidines

Six new bioactive ferrocene based phenylguanidines were successively synthesized and characterized by means of various analytical techniques like elemental analysis, FT-IR, multinuclear ((1)H and (13)C) NMR, UV-Vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The interaction of compounds with DNA was investigated by spectroscopic and cyclic voltammetric measurements. The interaction was found to be the electrostatic and the binding constants values were impressively larger. Compounds f-1, f-2, f-3 have slight larger binding constant values ranging from 0.8×10(5) to 2.4×10(5) as compared to g-1, g-2 and g-3 ranging from 7.6×10(4) to 1.1×10(5) which is most probably due to the presence of ferrocene at para position where the delocalization of electrons is maximum. Antioxidant activity was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometer by using DPPH as a free radical. All the compounds exhibit good antioxidant activity and the results so obtained support the structure activity relationship.

Novel approaches to screening guanidine derivatives

INTRODUCTION

Compounds containing guanidine moiety, originating both from natural and synthetic sources, have found potential applications in both synthetic and medicinal chemistry. Indeed, guanidine functionality can be found in many natural and pharmaceutical products as well as in cosmetic ingredients produced by synthetic methods.

AREAS COVERED

This review covers the latest developments in the research undertaken for the therapeutic application of newly synthesized guanidine derivatives including: small peptides and peptidomimetics. This article encompasses the selected literature published in the last three decades with a focus on the novel approaches for screening of lead drug candidates with their pharmacological action.

EXPERT OPINION

Guanidines, as they are both organically based and also hydrophilic in nature, have undergone a mammoth amount of screening and testing to discover promising lead structures with a CN3 core, appropriate for potential future drug development. The compounds have the potential to be neurodegenerative therapeutic options, as well as: anti-inflammatory, anti-protozoal, anti-HIV, chemotherapeutic, anti-diabetic agents and so on. It is true that guanidine-based compounds of natural sources also, like synthetic and virtually designed drugs, have been of significant interest and have the potential to be useful therapeutic options in the future. As for now, however, there is not sufficient data to support their use in a number of the suggested areas, and further studies are required.

Naked Eye DNA detection: synthesis, characterization and DNA binding studies of a novel azo-guanidine

A novel class of azo-guanidine compounds is introduced in this article. The novel compound 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(phenylamino)-3-(phenylimino)guanidine (AG) was synthesized and well characterized by using different analytical instrumental techniques like elemental analysis, FTIR, (1)H and (13)C NMR, UV-Visible spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The new compound was found interacting with DNA and shows clear color change in the solution. The AG-DNA complex was qualitatively and quantitatively characterized with UV-Visible spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Electrostatic mode of interaction, clear color change and moderate binding constant (K(b)=10(4)) indicate its potential use as DNA staining agent.