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Nasir T, Han Y, Blackman C, Beanland R, Hector AL. Zinc Oxide Nanostructure Deposition into Sub-5 nm Vertical Mesopores in Silica Hard Templates by Atomic Layer Deposition. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2272. [PMID: 38793341 PMCID: PMC11123318 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Nanostructures synthesised by hard-templating assisted methods are advantageous as they retain the size and morphology of the host templates which are vital characteristics for their intended applications. A number of techniques have been employed to deposit materials inside porous templates, such as electrodeposition, vapour deposition, lithography, melt and solution filling, but most of these efforts have been applied with pore sizes higher in the mesoporous regime or even larger. Here, we explore atomic layer deposition (ALD) as a method for nanostructure deposition into mesoporous hard templates consisting of mesoporous silica films with sub-5 nm pore diameters. The zinc oxide deposited into the films was characterised by small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauqir Nasir
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
| | - Yisong Han
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (Y.H.); (R.B.)
| | - Chris Blackman
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Richard Beanland
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (Y.H.); (R.B.)
| | - Andrew L. Hector
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
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Pulinthanathu Sree S, Breynaert E, Kirschhock CEA, Martens JA. Hierarchical COK-X Materials for Applications in Catalysis and Adsorptive Separation and Controlled Release. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.810443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, COK has developed a family of silicate materials and metal–organic framework hybrids with hierarchical porosity and functionality, coined zeogrids, zeotiles, and COK-x (stemming from the Flemish name of the laboratory “Centrum voor Oppervlaktechemie en Katalyse”). Several of these materials have unique features relevant to heterogeneous catalysis, molecular separation, and controlled release and found applications in the field of green chemistry, environmental protection, and pharmaceutical formulation. Discovery of a new material typically occurs by serendipity, but the research was always guided by hypothesis. This review provides insight in the process of tuning initial research hypotheses to match material properties to specific applications. This review describes the synthesis, structure, properties, and applications of 12 different materials. Some have simple synthesis protocols, facilitating upscaling and reproduction and rendering them attractive also in this respect.
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Vallaey B, Radhakrishnan S, Heylen S, Chandran CV, Taulelle F, Breynaert E, Martens JA. Reversible room temperature ammonia gas absorption in pore water of microporous silica-alumina for sensing applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:13528-13536. [PMID: 29726873 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01586d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microporous silica and silica-alumina powders exhibit a reversible uptake and release of ammonia gas from water vapor containing gas mixtures at ambient temperature, with capacities of 0.9 and 2.0 mmol g-1 in the presence of 100 ppm and 1000 ppm NH3, respectively. The ammonia trapping mechanism was revealed using a combination of direct excitation 1H MAS, 1H-1H EXSY and 1H DQ-SQ NMR spectroscopy, indicating that the major part of the captured ammonia is blended in the hydrogen bonded water network in the pores of the adsorbent. A small fraction is irreversibly bound as result of protonation and chemisorption. While common ammonia adsorbents need thermal regeneration, microporous silica-alumina can be regenerated by sweeping with dry gas at ambient temperature, desorbing the physisorbed fraction together with occluded water. As carbon dioxide does not interfere with the ammonia absorption process, this reversible absorption process of ammonia gas at ambient temperature is particularly attractive for sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecht Vallaey
- KU Leuven, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
| | - Sambhu Radhakrishnan
- KU Leuven, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
| | - Steven Heylen
- KU Leuven, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
| | - C Vinod Chandran
- KU Leuven, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
| | - Francis Taulelle
- KU Leuven, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
| | - Eric Breynaert
- KU Leuven, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
| | - Johan A Martens
- KU Leuven, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
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Perrotta A, García SJ, Michels JJ, Andringa AM, Creatore M. Analysis of Nanoporosity in Moisture Permeation Barrier Layers by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:15968-15977. [PMID: 26147606 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Water permeation in inorganic moisture permeation barriers occurs through macroscale defects/pinholes and nanopores, the latter with size approaching the water kinetic diameter (0.27 nm). Both permeation paths can be identified by the calcium test, i.e., a time-consuming and expensive optical method for determining the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) through barrier layers. Recently, we have shown that ellipsometric porosimetry (i.e., a combination of spectroscopic ellipsometry and isothermal adsorption studies) is a valid method to classify and quantify the nanoporosity and correlate it with the WVTR values. Nevertheless, no information is obtained about the macroscale defects or the kinetics of water permeation through the barrier, both essential in assessing the quality of the barrier layer. In this study, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is shown as a sensitive and versatile method to obtain information on nanoporosity and macroscale defects, water permeation, and diffusivity of moisture barrier layers, complementing the barrier property characterization obtained by means of EP and calcium test. EIS is performed on thin SiO2 barrier layers deposited by plasma enhanced-CVD. It allows the determination of the relative water uptake in the SiO2 layers, found to be in agreement with the nanoporosity content inferred by EP. Furthermore, the kinetics of water permeation is followed by EIS, and the diffusivity (D) is determined and found to be in accordance with literature values. Moreover, differently from EP, EIS data are shown to be sensitive to the presence of local macrodefects, correlated with the barrier failure during the calcium test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Perrotta
- †Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- ‡Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Santiago J García
- §Delft University of Technology, Novel Aerospace Materials, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Michels
- ∥Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research (MPIP), Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne-Marije Andringa
- †Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mariadriana Creatore
- †Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- ⊥Solar Research SOLLIANCE, High Tech Campus 21, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Filez M, Poelman H, Ramachandran RK, Dendooven J, Devloo-Casier K, Fonda E, Detavernier C, Marin GB. In situ XAS and XRF study of nanoparticle nucleation during O3-based Pt deposition. Catal Today 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Sree SP, Dendooven J, Masschaele K, Hamed HM, Deng S, Bals S, Detavernier C, Martens JA. Synthesis of uniformly dispersed anatase nanoparticles inside mesoporous silica thin films via controlled breakup and crystallization of amorphous TiO2 deposited using atomic layer deposition. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:5001-5008. [PMID: 23636429 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr00594a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous titanium dioxide was introduced into the pores of mesoporous silica thin films with 75% porosity and 12 nm average pore diameter via Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) using alternating pulses of tetrakis(dimethylamino)titanium and water. Calcination provoked fragmentation of the deposited amorphous TiO2 phase and its crystallization into anatase nanoparticles inside the nanoporous film. The narrow particle size distribution of 4 ± 2 nm and the uniform dispersion of the particles over the mesoporous silica support were uniquely revealed using electron tomography. These anatase nanoparticle bearing films showed photocatalytic activity in methylene blue degradation. This new synthesis procedure of the anatase nanophase in mesoporous silica films using ALD is a convenient fabrication method of photocatalytic coatings amenable to application on very small as well as very large surfaces.
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Yebo NA, Sree SP, Levrau E, Detavernier C, Hens Z, Martens JA, Baets R. Selective and reversible ammonia gas detection with nanoporous film functionalized silicon photonic micro-ring resonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:11855-62. [PMID: 22714172 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.011855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Portable, low cost and real-time gas sensors have a considerable potential in various biomedical and industrial applications. For such applications, nano-photonic gas sensors based on standard silicon fabrication technology offer attractive opportunities. Deposition of high surface area nano-porous coatings on silicon photonic sensors is a means to achieve selective, highly sensitive and multiplexed gas detection on an optical chip. Here we demonstrate selective and reversible ammonia gas detection with functionalized silicon-on-insulator optical micro-ring resonators. The micro-ring resonators are coated with acidic nano-porous aluminosilicate films for specific ammonia sensing, which results in a reversible response to NH(3)with selectivity relative to CO(2). The ammonia detection limit is estimated at about 5 ppm. The detectors reach a steady response to NH(3) within 30 and return to their base level within 60 to 90 seconds. The work opens perspectives on development of nano-photonic sensors for real-time, non-invasive, low cost and light weight biomedical and industrial sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebiyu A Yebo
- Ghent University-IMEC, Photonics Research group, INTEC, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Dendooven J, Devloo-Casier K, Levrau E, Van Hove R, Sree SP, Baklanov MR, Martens JA, Detavernier C. In situ monitoring of atomic layer deposition in nanoporous thin films using ellipsometric porosimetry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:3852-3859. [PMID: 22304361 DOI: 10.1021/la300045z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ellipsometric porosimetry (EP) is a handy technique to characterize the porosity and pore size distribution of porous thin films with pore diameters in the range from below 1 nm up to 50 nm and for the characterization of porous low-k films especially. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) can be used to functionalize porous films and membranes, e.g., for the development of filtration and sensor devices and catalytic surfaces. In this work we report on the implementation of the EP technique onto an ALD reactor. This combination allowed us to employ EP for monitoring the modification of a porous thin film through ALD without removing the sample from the deposition setup. The potential of in situ EP for providing information about the effect of ALD coating on the accessible porosity, the pore radius distribution, the thickness, and mechanical properties of a porous film is demonstrated in the ALD of TiO(2) in a mesoporous silica film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Dendooven
- Department of Solid State Sciences, COCOON, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Detavernier C, Dendooven J, Pulinthanathu Sree S, Ludwig KF, Martens JA. Tailoring nanoporous materials by atomic layer deposition. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:5242-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15091j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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