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Hu T, Kumar AR, Luo Y, Tay A. Automating CAR-T Transfection with Micro and Nano-Technologies. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301300. [PMID: 38054597 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer poses a significant health challenge, with traditional treatments like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy often lacking in cell specificity and long-term curative potential. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy,utilizing genetically engineered T cells to target cancer cells, is a promising alternative. However, its high cost limits widespread application. CAR-T manufacturing process encompasses three stages: cell isolation and activation, transfection, and expansion.While the first and last stages have straightforward, commercially available automation technologies, the transfection stage lags behind. Current automated transfection relies on viral vectors or bulk electroporation, which have drawbacks such as limited cargo capacity and significant cell disturbance. Conversely, micro and nano-tool methods offer higher throughput and cargo flexibility, yet their automation remains underexplored.In this perspective, the progress in micro and nano-engineering tools for CAR-T transfection followed by a discussion to automate them is described. It is anticipated that this work can inspire the community working on micro and nano transfection techniques to examine how their protocols can be automated to align with the growing interest in automating CAR-T manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmu Hu
- Engineering Science Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Arun Rk Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Yikai Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Andy Tay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Tissue Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117510, Singapore
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2
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Bregigeon P, Rivière C, Franqueville L, Vollaire C, Marchalot J, Frénéa-Robin M. Integrated platform for culture, observation, and parallelized electroporation of spheroids. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2489-2501. [PMID: 35475509 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00074a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reversible electroporation is a method to introduce molecules into cells by increasing the permeability of their membranes, thanks to the application of pulsed electric fields. One of its main biomedical applications is electro-chemotherapy, where electroporation is used to deliver anticancer drugs into tumor tissues. To improve our understanding of the electroporation effect on tissues and select efficient treatments, in vitro tumor models are needed. Cell spheroids are relevant models as they can reproduce tumor microenvironment and cell-cell interactions better than 2D cell cultures. Various methods offering a relatively simple workflow are now available for their production. However, electroporation protocols usually require handling steps that may damage spheroids and result in random spacing, inducing variations in electric field distribution around spheroids and non-reproducible electroporation conditions. In addition, only a few microsystems allow the production and electroporation of spheroids, and the spheroids produced lack reproducibility in size and location. To overcome these issues, we developed a unique device enabling culture, monitoring, and electroporation of hundreds of regular spheroids in parallel, with a design ensuring that all spheroids are submitted to the same electric field conditions. It is comprised of a microfluidic chamber encompassing a micro-structured agarose gel, allowing easy medium exchange while avoiding spheroid handling. It also enables optical imaging of spheroids in situ, thanks to transparent electrodes. In this paper, we describe the fabrication and characterization of the developed microsystem and demonstrate its applicability to electroporation of a network of spheroids. We present a first successful application as an anticancer drug testing platform, by evaluating the bleomycin effect on HT29 colorectal cancer cell spheroids. This work opens new perspectives in the development of in vitro assays for the preclinical evaluation of electroporation-based treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Bregigeon
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ampère, UMR5005, 69130 Ecully, France.
| | - Charlotte Rivière
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
- Institut Convergence PLAsCAN, Centre de Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Laure Franqueville
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ampère, UMR5005, 69130 Ecully, France.
| | - Christian Vollaire
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ampère, UMR5005, 69130 Ecully, France.
| | - Julien Marchalot
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ampère, UMR5005, 69130 Ecully, France.
| | - Marie Frénéa-Robin
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Ampère, UMR5005, 69130 Ecully, France.
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3
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Hur J, Chung AJ. Microfluidic and Nanofluidic Intracellular Delivery. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2004595. [PMID: 34096197 PMCID: PMC8336510 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Innate cell function can be artificially engineered and reprogrammed by introducing biomolecules, such as DNAs, RNAs, plasmid DNAs, proteins, or nanomaterials, into the cytosol or nucleus. This process of delivering exogenous cargos into living cells is referred to as intracellular delivery. For instance, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 gene editing begins with internalizing Cas9 protein and guide RNA into cells, and chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cells are prepared by delivering CAR genes into T lymphocytes for cancer immunotherapies. To deliver external biomolecules into cells, tools, including viral vectors, and electroporation have been traditionally used; however, they are suboptimal for achieving high levels of intracellular delivery while preserving cell viability, phenotype, and function. Notably, as emerging solutions, microfluidic and nanofluidic approaches have shown remarkable potential for addressing this open challenge. This review provides an overview of recent advances in microfluidic and nanofluidic intracellular delivery strategies and discusses new opportunities and challenges for clinical applications. Furthermore, key considerations for future efforts to develop microfluidics- and nanofluidics-enabled next-generation intracellular delivery platforms are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsoo Hur
- School of Biomedical EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Aram J. Chung
- School of Biomedical EngineeringInterdisciplinary Program in Precision Public HealthKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
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4
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Morshedi Rad D, Alsadat Rad M, Razavi Bazaz S, Kashaninejad N, Jin D, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. A Comprehensive Review on Intracellular Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005363. [PMID: 33594744 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is considered an indispensable process for various studies, ranging from medical applications (cell-based therapy) to fundamental (genome-editing) and industrial (biomanufacture) approaches. Conventional macroscale delivery systems critically suffer from such issues as low cell viability, cytotoxicity, and inconsistent material delivery, which have opened up an interest in the development of more efficient intracellular delivery systems. In line with the advances in microfluidics and nanotechnology, intracellular delivery based on micro- and nanoengineered platforms has progressed rapidly and held great promises owing to their unique features. These approaches have been advanced to introduce a smorgasbord of diverse cargoes into various cell types with the maximum efficiency and the highest precision. This review differentiates macro-, micro-, and nanoengineered approaches for intracellular delivery. The macroengineered delivery platforms are first summarized and then each method is categorized based on whether it employs a carrier- or membrane-disruption-mediated mechanism to load cargoes inside the cells. Second, particular emphasis is placed on the micro- and nanoengineered advances in the delivery of biomolecules inside the cells. Furthermore, the applications and challenges of the established and emerging delivery approaches are summarized. The topic is concluded by evaluating the future perspective of intracellular delivery toward the micro- and nanoengineered approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Morshedi Rad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Maryam Alsadat Rad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Navid Kashaninejad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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5
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Brooks J, Minnick G, Mukherjee P, Jaberi A, Chang L, Espinosa HD, Yang R. High Throughput and Highly Controllable Methods for In Vitro Intracellular Delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2004917. [PMID: 33241661 PMCID: PMC8729875 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In vitro and ex vivo intracellular delivery methods hold the key for releasing the full potential of tissue engineering, drug development, and many other applications. In recent years, there has been significant progress in the design and implementation of intracellular delivery systems capable of delivery at the same scale as viral transfection and bulk electroporation but offering fewer adverse outcomes. This review strives to examine a variety of methods for in vitro and ex vivo intracellular delivery such as flow-through microfluidics, engineered substrates, and automated probe-based systems from the perspective of throughput and control. Special attention is paid to a particularly promising method of electroporation using micro/nanochannel based porous substrates, which expose small patches of cell membrane to permeabilizing electric field. Porous substrate electroporation parameters discussed include system design, cells and cargos used, transfection efficiency and cell viability, and the electric field and its effects on molecular transport. The review concludes with discussion of potential new innovations which can arise from specific aspects of porous substrate-based electroporation platforms and high throughput, high control methods in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Brooks
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Grayson Minnick
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Prithvijit Mukherjee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Arian Jaberi
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Lingqian Chang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Horacio D. Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ruiguo Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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6
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Zhou Y, Lu Y, Cheng J, Xu Y. Highly uniform in-situ cell electrotransfection of adherent cultures using grouped interdigitated electrodes. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 132:107435. [PMID: 31855831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell electrotransfection is an effective approach for transferring exogenous molecules into living cells by electric stimulation. The existing in-situ electrotransfection micro-devices for adherent cells exhibit the drawbacks of low transfection efficiency and low cell viability. An important reason for these drawbacks is the unequal exposure of cells to the electric field. It was found that cells growing directly below the energized electrodes experience a much lower electric field intensity when compared to the cells growing below the spacing area of the electrodes, resulting in low transfection with a strip-like pattern. Therefore, a new strategy for the in-situ electrotransfection of adherent cells growing in a standard 12-well plate is proposed in this study. By sequentially energizing electrodes arranged in a nested and non-contact manner, the cells were exposed to an overall equal intensity of the electric field, and thus a higher efficiency of transfection was achieved. The seven cell lines transfected using this method exhibited high transfection efficiency and high cell viability, demonstrating the potential for studying gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Precision Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Youchun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing 102206, China.
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7
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Madison AC, Royal MW, Vigneault F, Chen L, Griffin PB, Horowitz M, Church GM, Fair RB. Scalable Device for Automated Microbial Electroporation in a Digital Microfluidic Platform. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:1701-1709. [PMID: 28569062 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWD) digital microfluidic laboratory-on-a-chip platforms demonstrate excellent performance in automating labor-intensive protocols. When coupled with an on-chip electroporation capability, these systems hold promise for streamlining cumbersome processes such as multiplex automated genome engineering (MAGE). We integrated a single Ti:Au electroporation electrode into an otherwise standard parallel-plate EWD geometry to enable high-efficiency transformation of Escherichia coli with reporter plasmid DNA in a 200 nL droplet. Test devices exhibited robust operation with more than 10 transformation experiments performed per device without cross-contamination or failure. Despite intrinsic electric-field nonuniformity present in the EP/EWD device, the peak on-chip transformation efficiency was measured to be 8.6 ± 1.0 × 108 cfu·μg-1 for an average applied electric field strength of 2.25 ± 0.50 kV·mm-1. Cell survival and transformation fractions at this electroporation pulse strength were found to be 1.5 ± 0.3 and 2.3 ± 0.1%, respectively. Our work expands the EWD toolkit to include on-chip microbial electroporation and opens the possibility of scaling advanced genome engineering methods, like MAGE, into the submicroliter regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Madison
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Matthew W. Royal
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Frederic Vigneault
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Liji Chen
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Peter B. Griffin
- Stanford
Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | | | - George M. Church
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Richard B. Fair
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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8
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Zhou J, Jiang D, Chen HY. Nanoelectrochemical architectures for high-spatial-resolution single cell analysis. Sci China Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-017-9109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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9
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Abstract
Here, we present a review of recent advances in electroporation for the delivery of nanomedicine as intracellular carriers by electroporation (NICE) in a drug format with functional nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin 17104
- Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gu Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin 17104
- Republic of Korea
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10
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Micro- and Nanoscale Technologies for Delivery into Adherent Cells. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:665-678. [PMID: 27287927 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several recent micro- and nanotechnologies have provided novel methods for biological studies of adherent cells because the small features of these new biotools provide unique capabilities for accessing cells without the need for suspension or lysis. These novel approaches have enabled gentle but effective delivery of molecules into specific adhered target cells, with unprecedented spatial resolution. We review here recent progress in the development of these technologies with an emphasis on in vitro delivery into adherent cells utilizing mechanical penetration or electroporation. We discuss the major advantages and limitations of these approaches and propose possible strategies for improvements. Finally, we discuss the impact of these technologies on biological research concerning cell-specific temporal studies, for example non-destructive sampling and analysis of intracellular molecules.
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11
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Electroporation on microchips: the harmful effects of pH changes and scaling down. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17817. [PMID: 26658168 PMCID: PMC4677314 DOI: 10.1038/srep17817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroporation has been widely used in delivering foreign biomolecules into cells, but there is still much room for improvement, such as cell viability and integrity. In this manuscript, we investigate the distribution and the toxicity of pH changes during electroporation, which significantly decreases cell viability. A localized pH gradient forms between anode and cathode leading to a localized distribution of cell death near the electrodes, especially cathodes. The toxicity of hydroxyl ions is severe and acute due to their effect in the decomposition of phospholipid bilayer membrane. On the other hand, the electric field used for electroporation aggravates the toxicity of hydroxyl because the electropermeabilization of cell membrane makes bilayer structure more loosen and vulnerable. We also investigate the side effects during scaling down the size of electrodes in electroporation microchips. Higher percentage of cells is damaged when the size of electrodes is smaller. At last, we propose an effective strategy to constrain the change of pH by modifying the composition of electroporation buffer. The modified buffer decreases the changes of pH, thus enables high cell viability even when the electric pulse duration exceeds several milliseconds. This ability has potential advantage in some applications that require long-time electric pulse stimulation.
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12
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Xing X, Yobas L. Dielectrophoretic isolation of cells using 3D microelectrodes featuring castellated blocks. Analyst 2015; 140:3397-405. [PMID: 25857455 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00167f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present 3D microelectrodes featuring castellated blocks for dielectrophoretically isolating cells. These electrodes provide a more effective dielectrophoretic force field than thin-film surface electrodes and yet immobilize cells near stagnation points across a parabolic flow profile for enhanced cell viability and separation efficiency. Unlike known volumetric electrodes with linear profiles, the electrodes with structural variations introduced along their depth scale are versatile for constructing monolithic structures with readily integrated fluidic paths. This is exemplified here in the design of an interdigitated comb array wherein electrodes with castellated surfaces serve as building blocks and form digits with an array of fluidic pores. Activation of the design with low-voltage oscillations (±5 Vp, 400 kHz) is found adequate for retaining most viable cells (90.2% ± 3.5%) while removing nonviable cells (88.5% ± 5%) at an increased throughput (5 × 10(5) cells h(-1)). The electrodes, despite their intricate profile, are structured into single-crystal silicon through a self-aligned etching process without a precision layer-by-layer assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Xing
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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13
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Cai D, Xiao M, Xu P, Xu YC, Du W. An integrated microfluidic device utilizing dielectrophoresis and multiplex array PCR for point-of-care detection of pathogens. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3917-3924. [PMID: 25082458 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00669k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The early identification of causative pathogens in clinical specimens that require no cultivation is essential for directing evidence-based antimicrobial treatments in resource limited settings. Here, we describe an integrated microfluidic device for the rapid identification of pathogens in complex physiological matrices such as blood. The device was designed and fabricated using SlipChip technologies, which integrated four channels processing independent samples and identifying up to twenty different pathogens. Briefly, diluted whole human blood samples were directly injected into the device for analysis. The pathogens were extracted from the blood by dielectrophoresis, retained in an array of grooves, and identified by multiplex array PCR in nanoliter volumes with end-point fluorescence detection. The universality of the dielectrophoretic separation of pathogens from physiological fluids was evaluated with a panel of clinical isolates covering predominant bacterial and fungal species. Using this system, we simultaneously identified Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 within 3 h. In addition to the prompt diagnosis of bloodstream infections, this method may also be utilized for differentiating microorganisms in contaminated water and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.
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14
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Takahashi D, Sasaki M, Nagamine K, Torimitsu K, Nishizawa M. Electroporation of Adherent Cells by Direct Lamination of Hydrogel-based Microelectrode Substrates. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.131083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
| | - Masato Sasaki
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
| | - Kuniaki Nagamine
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
| | - Keiichi Torimitsu
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
| | - Matsuhiko Nishizawa
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
- JST-CREST
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15
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Park S, Bassat DB, Yossifon G. Individually addressable multi-chamber electroporation platform with dielectrophoresis and alternating-current-electro-osmosis assisted cell positioning. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:024117. [PMID: 24803966 PMCID: PMC4000404 DOI: 10.1063/1.4873439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A multi-functional microfluidic platform was fabricated to demonstrate the feasibility of on-chip electroporation integrated with dielectrophoresis (DEP) and alternating-current-electro-osmosis (ACEO) assisted cell/particle manipulation. A spatial gradient of electroporation parameters was generated within a microchamber array and validated using normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells and red fluorescent protein-expressing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (RFP-HUVECs) with various fluorescent indicators. The edge of the bottom electrode, coinciding with the microchamber entrance, may act as an on-demand gate, functioning under either positive or negative DEP. In addition, at sufficiently low activation frequencies, ACEO vortices can complement the DEP to contribute to a rapid trapping/alignment of particles. As such, results clearly indicate that the microfluidic platform has the potential to achieve high-throughput screening for electroporation with spatial control and uniformity, assisted by DEP and ACEO manipulation/trapping of particles/cells into individual microchambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinwook Park
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - Dana Ben Bassat
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
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16
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Chuang CH, Huang YW. Multistep manipulations of poly(methyl-methacrylate) submicron particles using dielectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3111-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsin Chuang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology; Tainan Taiwan
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17
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Abstract
Electroporation is a simple yet powerful technique for breaching the cell membrane barrier. The applications of electroporation can be generally divided into two categories: the release of intracellular proteins, nucleic acids and other metabolites for analysis and the delivery of exogenous reagents such as genes, drugs and nanoparticles with therapeutic purposes or for cellular manipulation. In this review, we go over the basic physics associated with cell electroporation and highlight recent technological advances on microfluidic platforms for conducting electroporation. Within the context of its working mechanism, we summarize the accumulated knowledge on how the parameters of electroporation affect its performance for various tasks. We discuss various strategies and designs for conducting electroporation at the microscale and then focus on analysis of intracellular contents and delivery of exogenous agents as two major applications of the technique. Finally, an outlook for future applications of microfluidic electroporation in increasingly diverse utilities is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Geng
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chang Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. Fax: +1-540-231-5022; Tel: +1-540-231-8681
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Poudel I, Menter DE, Lim JY. Directing cell function and fate via micropatterning: Role of cell patterning size, shape, and interconnectivity. Biomed Eng Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13534-012-0045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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19
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Xu Y, Xie F, Qiu T, Xie L, Xing W, Cheng J. Rapid fabrication of a microdevice with concave microwells and its application in embryoid body formation. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:16504-1650411. [PMID: 22662100 PMCID: PMC3365352 DOI: 10.1063/1.3687399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a novel method for the fabrication of polydimethylsiloxane microdevices with complicated 3-D structures, such as concave and crater shapes, using an easily machined polymethyl methacrylate mold combined with a one-step molding process. The procedure presented here enables rapid preparation of complex 3-D microstructures varying in shape and dimensions. To regulate embryoid body (EB) formation, we fabricated a microfluidic device with an array of concave microwells and found that EBs growing in microwells maintained their shape, viability, and a high degree of homogeneity. We believe that this novel method provides an alternative for rapid prototyping, especially in fabricating devices with curved 3-D microstructures.
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Cheng P, Barrett MJ, Oliver PM, Cetin D, Vezenov D. Dielectrophoretic tweezers as a platform for molecular force spectroscopy in a highly parallel format. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:4248-59. [PMID: 22051576 PMCID: PMC3383857 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20627c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated the application of a simple electrode geometry for dielectrophoresis (DEP) on colloidal probes as a form of molecular force spectroscopy in a highly parallel format. The electric field between parallel plates is perturbed with dielectric microstructures, generating uniform DEP forces on colloidal probes in the range of several hundred piconewtons across a macroscopic sample area. We determined the approximate crossover frequency between negative and positive DEP using electrodes without dielectric microstructures-a simplification over standard experimental methods involving quadrupoles or optical trapping. 2D and 3D simulations of the electric field distributions validated the experimental behavior of several of our DEP tweezers geometries and provided insight into potential improvements. We applied the DEP tweezers to the stretching of a short DNA oligomer and detected its extension using total-internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. The combination of a simple cell fabrication, a uniform distribution of high axial forces, and a facile optical detection of our DEP tweezers makes this form of molecular force spectroscopy ideal for highly parallel detection of stretching or unbinding kinetics of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cheng
- Lehigh University, Department of Chemistry, 6 E. Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Michael J. Barrett
- Lehigh University, Department of Chemistry, 6 E. Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Piercen M. Oliver
- Lehigh University, Department of Chemistry, 6 E. Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Deniz Cetin
- Lehigh University, Department of Chemistry, 6 E. Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Dmitri Vezenov
- Lehigh University, Department of Chemistry, 6 E. Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
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