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Application of Microfluidic Systems for Breast Cancer Research. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020152. [PMID: 35208277 PMCID: PMC8877872 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a disease in which cells in the body grow out of control; breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States. Due to early screening and advancements in therapeutic interventions, deaths from breast cancer have declined over time, although breast cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death among women. Most deaths are due to metastasis, as cancer cells from the primary tumor in the breast form secondary tumors in remote sites in distant organs. Over many years, the basic biological mechanisms of breast cancer initiation and progression, as well as the subsequent metastatic cascade, have been studied using cell cultures and animal models. These models, although extremely useful for delineating cellular mechanisms, are poor predictors of physiological responses, primarily due to lack of proper microenvironments. In the last decade, microfluidics has emerged as a technology that could lead to a paradigm shift in breast cancer research. With the introduction of the organ-on-a-chip concept, microfluidic-based systems have been developed to reconstitute the dominant functions of several organs. These systems enable the construction of 3D cellular co-cultures mimicking in vivo tissue-level microenvironments, including that of breast cancer. Several reviews have been presented focusing on breast cancer formation, growth and metastasis, including invasion, intravasation, and extravasation. In this review, realizing that breast cancer can recur decades following post-treatment disease-free survival, we expand the discussion to account for microfluidic applications in the important areas of breast cancer detection, dormancy, and therapeutic development. It appears that, in the future, the role of microfluidics will only increase in the effort to eradicate breast cancer.
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2
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Hazra RS, Kale N, Aland G, Qayyumi B, Mitra D, Jiang L, Bajwa D, Khandare J, Chaturvedi P, Quadir M. Cellulose Mediated Transferrin Nanocages for Enumeration of Circulating Tumor Cells for Head and Neck Cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10010. [PMID: 32561829 PMCID: PMC7305211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report a hierarchically organized, water-dispersible 'nanocage' composed of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), which are magnetically powered by iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) to capture circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood for head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. Capturing CTCs from peripheral blood is extremely challenging due to their low abundance and its account is clinically validated in progression-free survival of patients with HNC. Engaging multiple hydroxyl groups along the molecular backbone of CNC, we co-ordinated Fe3O4 NPs onto CNC scaffold, which was further modified by conjugation with a protein - transferrin (Tf) for targeted capture of CTCs. Owing to the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, these nanocages were magnetic in nature, and CTCs could be captured under the influence of a magnetic field. Tf-CNC-based nanocages were evaluated using HNC patients' blood sample and compared for the CTC capturing efficiency with clinically relevant Oncoviu platform. Conclusively, we observed that CNC-derived nanocages efficiently isolated CTCs from patient's blood at 85% of cell capture efficiency to that of the standard platform. Capture efficiency was found to vary with the concentration of Tf and Fe3O4 nanoparticles immobilized onto the CNC scaffold. We envision that, Tf-CNC platform has immense connotation in 'liquid biopsy' for isolation and enumeration of CTCs for early detection of metastasis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Shankar Hazra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58108, ND, USA
| | - Narendra Kale
- Maharashtra Institute of Technology-WPU, School of Pharmacy, Pune, India
| | | | - Burhanuddin Qayyumi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dipankar Mitra
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58108, ND, USA
| | - Long Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58108, ND, USA
| | - Dilpreet Bajwa
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717-3800, USA
| | - Jayant Khandare
- Maharashtra Institute of Technology-WPU, School of Pharmacy, Pune, India. .,Actorius Innovations and Research (AIR) Pvt. Ltd., Pune, India.
| | - Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohiuddin Quadir
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58108, ND, USA.
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3
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Huang W, Sunami Y, Kimura H, Zhang S. Applications of Nanosheets in Frontier Cellular Research. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E519. [PMID: 30002280 PMCID: PMC6070807 DOI: 10.3390/nano8070519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Several types of nanosheets, such as graphene oxide (GO) nanosheet, molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) and poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanosheets, have been developed and applied in vitro in cellular research over the past decade. Scientists have used nanosheet properties, such as ease of modification and flexibility, to develop new cell/protein sensing/imaging techniques and achieve regulation of specific cell functions. This review is divided into three main parts based on the application being examined: nanosheets as a substrate, nanosheets as a sensitive surface, and nanosheets in regenerative medicine. Furthermore, the applications of nanosheets are discussed, with two subsections in each section, based on their effects on cells and molecules. Finally, the application prospects of nanosheets in cellular research are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Huang
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-city, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan.
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Yuta Sunami
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-city, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-city, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-city, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-city, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan.
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-city, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan.
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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4
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Biglione C, Bergueiro J, Asadian-Birjand M, Weise C, Khobragade V, Chate G, Dongare M, Khandare J, Strumia MC, Calderón M. Optimizing Circulating Tumor Cells' Capture Efficiency of Magnetic Nanogels by Transferrin Decoration. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E174. [PMID: 30966210 PMCID: PMC6414968 DOI: 10.3390/polym10020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanogels (MNGs) are designed to have all the required features for their use as highly efficient trapping materials in the challenging task of selectively capturing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from the bloodstream. Advantageously, the discrimination of CTCs from hematological cells, which is a key factor in the capturing process, can be optimized by finely tuning the polymers used to link the targeting moiety to the MNG. We describe herein the relationship between the capturing efficiency of CTCs with overexpressed transferrin receptors and the different strategies on the polymer used as linker to decorate these MNGs with transferrin (Tf). Heterobifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers with different molecular weights were coupled to Tf in different ratios. Optimal values over 80% CTC capture efficiency were obtained when 3 PEG linkers with a length of 8 ethylene glycol (EG) units were used, which reveals the important role of the linker in the design of a CTC-sorting system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Biglione
- LAMAP Laboratorio de Materiales Poliméricos, IPQA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina.
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Julian Bergueiro
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mazdak Asadian-Birjand
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christoph Weise
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Vrushali Khobragade
- Actorius Innovations and Research, B 411, GO Square, Wakad Road, 411057 Pune, India.
- Surgical Oncologist, Manik Hospital and Research Center, Aurangabad 431001, India.
| | - Govind Chate
- MAEER's Maharashtra Institute of Pharmacy, Kothrud, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Manoj Dongare
- Actorius Innovations and Research, B 411, GO Square, Wakad Road, 411057 Pune, India.
- Surgical Oncologist, Manik Hospital and Research Center, Aurangabad 431001, India.
- MAEER's Maharashtra Institute of Pharmacy, Kothrud, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Jayant Khandare
- Actorius Innovations and Research, B 411, GO Square, Wakad Road, 411057 Pune, India.
- Surgical Oncologist, Manik Hospital and Research Center, Aurangabad 431001, India.
- MAEER's Maharashtra Institute of Pharmacy, Kothrud, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Miriam C Strumia
- LAMAP Laboratorio de Materiales Poliméricos, IPQA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood circulation holds immense promise as it predicts the overall probability of patient survival. Therefore, CTC-based technologies are gaining prominence as a "liquid biopsy" for cancer diagnostics and prognostics. Here, we describe the design and synthesis of two distinct multicomponent magnetic nanosystems for rapid capture and detection of CTCs. The multifunctional Magneto-Dendrimeric Nano System (MDNS) composed of an anchoring dendrimer that is conjugated to multiple agents such as near infrared (NIR) fluorescent cyanine 5 NHS (Cy5), glutathione (GSH), transferrin (Tf), and iron oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) for simultaneous tumor cell-specific affinity, multimodal high resolution confocal imaging, and cell isolation. The second nanosystem is a self-propelled microrocket that is composed of carbon nanotube (CNT), chemically conjugated with targeting ligand such as transferrin on the outer surface and Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the inner surface. The multicomponent nanosystems described here are highly efficient in targeting and isolating cancer cells thus benefiting early diagnosis and therapy of cancer.
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6
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Yeh PY, Chen YR, Wang CF, Chang YC. Promoting Multivalent Antibody–Antigen Interactions by Tethering Antibody Molecules on a PEGylated Dendrimer-Supported Lipid Bilayer. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:426-437. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ying Yeh
- Genomics Research
Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec 2, Academic Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yih-Ruey Chen
- Genomics Research
Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec 2, Academic Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Fang Wang
- Genomics Research
Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec 2, Academic Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chih Chang
- Genomics Research
Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec 2, Academic Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Chen K, Georgiev TZ, Sheng W, Zheng X, Varillas JI, Zhang J, Hugh Fan Z. Tumor cell capture patterns around aptamer-immobilized microposts in microfluidic devices. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:054110. [PMID: 29034054 PMCID: PMC5624804 DOI: 10.1063/1.5000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have shown potential for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Affinity-based CTC isolation methods have been proved to be efficient for CTC detection in clinical blood samples. One of the popular choices for affinity-based CTC isolation is to immobilize capture agents onto an array of microposts in microchannels, providing high CTC capture efficiency due to enhanced interactions between tumor cells and capture agents on the microposts. However, how the cells interact with microposts under different flow conditions and what kind of capture pattern results from the interactions have not been fully investigated; a full understanding of these interactions will help to design devices and choose experimental conditions for higher CTC capture effeciency. We report our study on their interaction and cell distribution patterns around microposts under different flow conditions. Human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM) were used as target cancer cells in this study, while the Sgc8 aptamer that has specific binding with CCRF-CEM cells was employed as a capture agent. We investigated the effects of flow rates and micropost shapes on the cell capture efficiency and capture patterns on microposts. While a higher flow rate decreased cell capture efficiency, we found that the capture pattern around microposts also changed, with much more cells captured in the front half of a micropost than at the back half. We also found the ratio of cells captured on microposts to the cells captured by both microposts and channel walls increased as a function of the flow rate. We compared circular microposts with an elliptical shape and found that the geometry affected the capture distribution around microposts. In addition, we have developed a theoretical model to simulate the interactions between tumor cells and micropost surfaces, and the simulation results are in agreement with our experimental observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangfu Chen
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Teodor Z Georgiev
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Weian Sheng
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Xiangjun Zheng
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Jose I Varillas
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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8
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Zuchowska A, Jastrzebska E, Chudy M, Dybko A, Brzozka Z. 3D lung spheroid cultures for evaluation of photodynamic therapy (PDT) procedures in microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip system. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 990:110-120. [PMID: 29029734 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present a fully integrated microchip for the evaluation of PDT procedures efficiency on 3D lung spheroid cultures. Human lung carcinoma A549 and non-malignant MRC-5 spheroids were utilized as culture models. Spheroid viability was evaluated 24 h after PDT treatment, in which 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) had been used as a precursor of a photosensitizer (protoporphyrin IX - PpIX). Moreover, spheroid viability over a long-term (10-day) culture was also examined. We showed that the proposed PDT treatment was toxic only for cancer spheroids. This could be because of a much-favoured enzymatic conversion of ALA to PpIX in cancer as opposed normal cells. Moreover, we showed that to obtain high effectiveness of ALA-PDT on lung cancer spheroids additional time of spheroid after light exposure was required. It was found that PDT had been effective 5 days after PDT treatment with 3 mM ALA. To the best of our knowledge this has been the first presentation of such research performed on a 3D lung spheroids culture in a microfluidic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zuchowska
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Jastrzebska
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland.
| | - Michal Chudy
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
| | - Artur Dybko
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Brzozka
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
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9
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Zhang J, Fan ZH. A universal tumor cell isolation method enabled by fibrin-coated microchannels. Analyst 2017; 141:563-6. [PMID: 26568434 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01783a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a simple but effective strategy to capture tumor cells using fibrin-immobilized microchannels. It is a universal method since it shows an ability to capture both epithelial and mesenchymal tumor cells. The cell capture efficiency is up to 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116250, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Z Hugh Fan
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116250, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. and J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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10
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Ansari A, Patel R, Schultheis K, Naumovski V, Imoukhuede PI. A Method of Targeted Cell Isolation via Glass Surface Functionalization. J Vis Exp 2016:54315. [PMID: 27684992 PMCID: PMC5092063 DOI: 10.3791/54315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the limiting factors to the adoption and advancement of personalized medicine is the inability to develop diagnostic tools to probe individual nuances in expression from patient to patient. Current methodologies that try to separate cells to fill this niche result in disruption of physiological expression, making the separation technique useless as a diagnostic tool. In this protocol, we describe the functionalization and optimization of a surface for the cellular capture and release. This functionalized surface integrates biotinylated antibodies with a glass surface functionalized with an aminosilane (APTES), desthiobiotin and streptavidin. Cell release is facilitated through the introduction of biotin, allowing the recollection and purification of cells captured by the surface. This release is done through the targeting of the secondary moiety desthiobiotin, which results in a much more gentle release paradigm. This reduction in harsh reagents and shear forces reduces changes in cellular expression. The functionalized surface captures up to 80% of cells in a single cell mixture and has demonstrated 50% capture in a dual-cell mixture. Applications of this technology to xenografts and cancer separation studies are investigated. Quantification techniques for surface verification such as plate reader and ImageJ analyses are described as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ansari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Reema Patel
- Department of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Kinsey Schultheis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Vesna Naumovski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology
| | - P I Imoukhuede
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign;
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11
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Abstract
Isolation and analysis of cancer cells from body fluids have significant implications in diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of cancers. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells circulating in the peripheral blood or spreading iatrogenically into blood vessels, which is an early step in the cascade of events leading to cancer metastasis. Therefore, CTCs can be used for diagnosing for therapeutic treatment, prognosing a given anticancer intervention, and estimating the risk of metastatic relapse. However, isolation of CTCs is a significant technological challenge due to their rarity and low recovery rate using traditional purification techniques. Recently microfluidic devices represent a promising platform for isolating cancer cells with high efficiency in processing complex cellular fluids, with simplicity, sensitivity, and throughput. This review summarizes recent methods of CTC isolation and analysis, as well as their applications in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - K Chen
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Z H Fan
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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12
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Gabriel MT, Calleja LR, Chalopin A, Ory B, Heymann D. Circulating Tumor Cells: A Review of Non–EpCAM-Based Approaches for Cell Enrichment and Isolation. Clin Chem 2016; 62:571-81. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.249706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are biomarkers for noninvasively measuring the evolution of tumor genotypes during treatment and disease progression. Recent technical progress has made it possible to detect and characterize CTCs at the single-cell level in blood.
CONTENT
Most current methods are based on epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) detection, but numerous studies have demonstrated that EpCAM is not a universal marker for CTC detection because it fails to detect both carcinoma cells that undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and CTCs of mesenchymal origin. Moreover, EpCAM expression has been found in patients with benign diseases. A large proportion of the current studies and reviews about CTCs describe EpCAM-based methods, but there is evidence that not all tumor cells can be detected using this marker. Here we describe the most recent EpCAM-independent methods for enriching, isolating, and characterizing CTCs on the basis of physical and biological characteristics and point out the main advantages and disadvantages of these methods.
SUMMARY
CTCs offer an opportunity to obtain key biological information required for the development of personalized medicine. However, there is no universal marker of these cells. To strengthen the clinical utility of CTCs, it is important to improve existing technologies and develop new, non–EpCAM-based systems to enrich and isolate CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tellez Gabriel
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Nantes, France
| | - Lidia Rodriguez Calleja
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Chalopin
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Benjamin Ory
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Sensitive and Specific Biomimetic Lipid Coated Microfluidics to Isolate Viable Circulating Tumor Cells and Microemboli for Cancer Detection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149633. [PMID: 26938471 PMCID: PMC4777486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we presented a simple and effective membrane mimetic microfluidic device with antibody conjugated supported lipid bilayer (SLB) "smart coating" to capture viable circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor microemboli (CTM) directly from whole blood of all stage clinical cancer patients. The non-covalently bound SLB was able to promote dynamic clustering of lipid-tethered antibodies to CTC antigens and minimized non-specific blood cells retention through its non-fouling nature. A gentle flow further flushed away loosely-bound blood cells to achieve high purity of CTCs, and a stream of air foam injected disintegrate the SLB assemblies to release intact and viable CTCs from the chip. Human blood spiked cancer cell line test showed the ~95% overall efficiency to recover both CTCs and CTMs. Live/dead assay showed that at least 86% of recovered cells maintain viability. By using 2 mL of peripheral blood, the CTCs and CTMs counts of 63 healthy and colorectal cancer donors were positively correlated with the cancer progression. In summary, a simple and effective strategy utilizing biomimetic principle was developed to retrieve viable CTCs for enumeration, molecular analysis, as well as ex vivo culture over weeks. Due to the high sensitivity and specificity, it is the first time to show the high detection rates and quantity of CTCs in non-metastatic cancer patients. This work offers the values in both early cancer detection and prognosis of CTC and provides an accurate non-invasive strategy for routine clinical investigation on CTCs.
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14
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Asadian-Birjand M, Biglione C, Bergueiro J, Cappelletti A, Rahane C, Chate G, Khandare J, Klemke B, Strumia MC, Calderón M. Transferrin Decorated Thermoresponsive Nanogels as Magnetic Trap Devices for Circulating Tumor Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 37:439-45. [PMID: 26691543 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A rational design of magnetic capturing nanodevices, based on a specific interaction with circulating tumor cells (CTCs), can advance the capturing efficiency and initiate the development of modern smart nanoformulations for rapid isolation and detection of these CTCs from the bloodstream. Therefore, the development and evaluation of magnetic nanogels (MNGs) based on magnetic nanoparticles and linear thermoresponsive polyglycerol for the capturing of CTCs with overexpressed transferrin (Tf(+) ) receptors has been presented in this study. The MNGs are synthesized using a strain-promoted "click" approach which has allowed the in situ surface decoration with Tf-polyethylene glycol (PEG) ligands of three different PEG chain lengths as targeting ligands. An optimal value of around 30% of cells captures is achieved with a linker of eight ethylene glycol units. This study shows the potential of MNGs for the capture of CTCs and the necessity of precise control over the linkage of the targeting moiety to the capturing device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazdak Asadian-Birjand
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Catalina Biglione
- LAMAP Laboratorio de Materiales Poliméricos, IMBIV-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Julian Bergueiro
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ariel Cappelletti
- LAMAP Laboratorio de Materiales Poliméricos, IMBIV-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Chinmay Rahane
- MAEER's Maharashtra Institute of Pharmacy, Kothrud, Pune, 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Govind Chate
- MAEER's Maharashtra Institute of Pharmacy, Kothrud, Pune, 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayant Khandare
- MAEER's Maharashtra Institute of Pharmacy, Kothrud, Pune, 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bastian Klemke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, D-14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam C Strumia
- LAMAP Laboratorio de Materiales Poliméricos, IMBIV-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Li YQ, Chandran BK, Lim CT, Chen X. Rational Design of Materials Interface for Efficient Capture of Circulating Tumor Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2015; 2:1500118. [PMID: 27980914 PMCID: PMC5115340 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Originating from primary tumors and penetrating into blood circulation, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play a vital role in understanding the biology of metastasis and have great potential for early cancer diagnosis, prognosis and personalized therapy. By exploiting the specific biophysical and biochemical properties of CTCs, various material interfaces have been developed for the capture and detection of CTCs from blood. However, due to the extremely low number of CTCs in peripheral blood, there exists a need to improve the efficiency and specificity of the CTC capture and detection. In this regard, a critical review of the numerous reports of advanced platforms for highly efficient and selective capture of CTCs, which have been spurred by recent advances in nanotechnology and microfabrication, is essential. This review gives an overview of unique biophysical and biochemical properties of CTCs, followed by a summary of the key material interfaces recently developed for improved CTC capture and detection, with focus on the use of microfluidics, nanostructured substrates, and miniaturized nuclear magnetic resonance-based systems. Challenges and future perspectives in the design of material interfaces for capture and detection of CTCs in clinical applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue SIngapore 639798 Singapore; School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Bevita K Chandran
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue SIngapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Mechanobiology Institute Centre for Advanced 2D Materials National University of Singapore 9 Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117575 Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue SIngapore 639798 Singapore
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16
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Brinkmann F, Hirtz M, Haller A, Gorges TM, Vellekoop MJ, Riethdorf S, Müller V, Pantel K, Fuchs H. A Versatile Microarray Platform for Capturing Rare Cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15342. [PMID: 26493176 PMCID: PMC4615978 DOI: 10.1038/srep15342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of rare events occurring at extremely low frequencies in body fluids are still challenging. We established a versatile microarray-based platform able to capture single target cells from large background populations. As use case we chose the challenging application of detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) – about one cell in a billion normal blood cells. After incubation with an antibody cocktail, targeted cells are extracted on a microarray in a microfluidic chip. The accessibility of our platform allows for subsequent recovery of targets for further analysis. The microarray facilitates exclusion of false positive capture events by co-localization allowing for detection without fluorescent labelling. Analyzing blood samples from cancer patients with our platform reached and partly outreached gold standard performance, demonstrating feasibility for clinical application. Clinical researchers free choice of antibody cocktail without need for altered chip manufacturing or incubation protocol, allows virtual arbitrary targeting of capture species and therefore wide spread applications in biomedical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Brinkmann
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany.,Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
| | - Anna Haller
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
| | - Tobias M Gorges
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Michael J Vellekoop
- Institute for Microsensors, -Actuators and -Systems, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Sabine Riethdorf
- Institute for Microsensors, -Actuators and -Systems, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Volkmar Müller
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Institute for Microsensors, -Actuators and -Systems, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany.,Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Germany
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17
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Automated Classification of Circulating Tumor Cells and the Impact of Interobsever Variability on Classifier Training and Performance. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:573165. [PMID: 26504857 PMCID: PMC4609523 DOI: 10.1155/2015/573165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of personalized medicine requires integration of different data to determine each patient's unique clinical constitution. The automated analysis of medical data is a growing field where different machine learning techniques are used to minimize the time-consuming task of manual analysis. The evaluation, and often training, of automated classifiers requires manually labelled data as ground truth. In many cases such labelling is not perfect, either because of the data being ambiguous even for a trained expert or because of mistakes. Here we investigated the interobserver variability of image data comprising fluorescently stained circulating tumor cells and its effect on the performance of two automated classifiers, a random forest and a support vector machine. We found that uncertainty in annotation between observers limited the performance of the automated classifiers, especially when it was included in the test set on which classifier performance was measured. The random forest classifier turned out to be resilient to uncertainty in the training data while the support vector machine's performance is highly dependent on the amount of uncertainty in the training data. We finally introduced the consensus data set as a possible solution for evaluation of automated classifiers that minimizes the penalty of interobserver variability.
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18
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Ansari A, Lee-Montiel FT, Amos JR, Imoukhuede PI. Secondary anchor targeted cell release. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2214-27. [PMID: 26010879 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Personalized medicine offers the promise of tailoring therapy to patients, based on their cellular biomarkers. To achieve this goal, cellular profiling systems are needed that can quickly and efficiently isolate specific cell types without disrupting cellular biomarkers. Here we describe the development of a unique platform that facilitates gentle cell capture via a secondary, surface-anchoring moiety, and cell release. The cellular capture system consists of a glass surface functionalized with APTES, d-desthiobiotin, and streptavidin. Biotinylated mCD11b and hIgG antibodies are used to capture mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) and human breast cancer (MCF7-GFP) cell lines, respectively. The surface functionalization is optimized by altering assay components, such as streptavidin, d-desthiobiotin, and APTES, to achieve cell capture on 80% of the functionalized surface and cell release upon biotin treatment. We also demonstrate an ability to capture 50% of target cells within a dual-cell mixture. This engineering advancement is a critical step towards achieving cell isolation platforms for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer R Amos
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
| | - P I Imoukhuede
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801.
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19
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Banerjee SS, Jalota-Badhwar A, Zope KR, Todkar KJ, Mascarenhas RR, Chate GP, Khutale GV, Bharde A, Calderon M, Khandare JJ. Self-propelled carbon nanotube based microrockets for rapid capture and isolation of circulating tumor cells. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:8684-8688. [PMID: 25902947 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01797a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a non-invasive strategy for isolating cancer cells by autonomously propelled carbon nanotube (CNT) microrockets. H2O2-driven oxygen (O2) bubble-propelled microrockets were synthesized using CNT and Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the inner surface and covalently conjugating transferrin on the outer surface. Results show that self-propellant microrockets can specifically capture cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwat S Banerjee
- Actorius Innovations and Research (AIR), 100 NCL Innovation Park, Pune-411008, India.
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20
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Li S, Ding X, Mao Z, Chen Y, Nama N, Guo F, Li P, Wang L, Cameron CE, Huang TJ. Standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW)-based cell washing. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:331-8. [PMID: 25372273 PMCID: PMC4442640 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00903g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell/bead washing is an indispensable sample preparation procedure used in various cell studies and analytical processes. In this article, we report a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW)-based microfluidic device for cell and bead washing in a continuous flow. In our approach, the acoustic radiation force generated in a SSAW field is utilized to actively extract cells or beads from their original medium. A unique configuration of tilted-angle standing surface acoustic wave (taSSAW) is employed in our device, enabling us to wash beads with >98% recovery rate and >97% washing efficiency. We also demonstrate the functionality of our device by preparing high-purity (>97%) white blood cells from lysed blood samples through cell washing. Our SSAW-based cell/bead washing device has the advantages of label-free manipulation, simplicity, high biocompatibility, high recovery rate, and high washing efficiency. It can be useful for many lab-on-a-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixing Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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21
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Murlidhar V, Zeinali M, Grabauskiene S, Ghannad-Rezaie M, Wicha MS, Simeone DM, Ramnath N, Reddy RM, Nagrath S. A radial flow microfluidic device for ultra-high-throughput affinity-based isolation of circulating tumor cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:4895-904. [PMID: 25074448 PMCID: PMC4455044 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are believed to play an important role in metastasis, a process responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths. But their rarity in the bloodstream makes microfluidic isolation complex and time-consuming. Additionally the low processing speeds can be a hindrance to obtaining higher yields of CTCs, limiting their potential use as biomarkers for early diagnosis. Here, a high throughput microfluidic technology, the OncoBean Chip, is reported. It employs radial flow that introduces a varying shear profile across the device, enabling efficient cell capture by affinity at high flow rates. The recovery from whole blood is validated with cancer cell lines H1650 and MCF7, achieving a mean efficiency >80% at a throughput of 10 mL h(-1) in contrast to a flow rate of 1 mL h(-1) standardly reported with other microfluidic devices. Cells are recovered with a viability rate of 93% at these high speeds, increasing the ability to use captured CTCs for downstream analysis. Broad clinical application is demonstrated using comparable flow rates from blood specimens obtained from breast, pancreatic, and lung cancer patients. Comparable CTC numbers are recovered in all the samples at the two flow rates, demonstrating the ability of the technology to perform at high throughputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Murlidhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 3074 H.H. Dow 2300 Hayward St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mina Zeinali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 3074 H.H. Dow 2300 Hayward St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Svetlana Grabauskiene
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr. Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Max S. Wicha
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Diane M. Simeone
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr. Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Nithya Ramnath
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Rishindra M. Reddy
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr. Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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22
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Lai JM, Shao HJ, Wu JC, Lu SH, Chang YC. Efficient elusion of viable adhesive cells from a microfluidic system by air foam. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:052001. [PMID: 25332725 PMCID: PMC4189394 DOI: 10.1063/1.4893348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We developed a new method for releasing viable cells from affinity-based microfluidic devices. The lumen of a microchannel with a U-shape and user-designed microstructures was coated with supported lipid bilayers functionalized by epithelial cell adhesion molecule antibodies to capture circulating epithelial cells of influx solution. After the capturing process, air foam was introduced into channels for releasing target cells and then carrying them to a small area of membrane. The results show that when the air foam is driven at linear velocity of 4.2 mm/s for more than 20 min or at linear velocity of 8.4 mm/s for more than 10 min, the cell releasing efficiency approaches 100%. This flow-induced shear stress is much less than the physiological level (15 dyn/cm(2)), which is necessary to maintain the intactness of released cells. Combining the design of microstructures of the microfluidic system, the cell recovery on the membrane exceeds 90%. Importantly, we demonstrate that the cells released by air foam are viable and could be cultured in vitro. This novel method for releasing cells could power the microfluidic platform for isolating and identifying circulating tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jr-Ming Lai
- Genomics Research Center , Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec 2, Academic Rd., Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Shao
- Genomics Research Center , Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec 2, Academic Rd., Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chia Wu
- Genomics Research Center , Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec 2, Academic Rd., Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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23
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Gupta AS. Nanotechnology applications in diagnosis and treatment of metastasis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:1517-29. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lethality of solid tumors is in large part dependent on their ability to metastasize through hematologic and lymphatic transport pathways. The dissemination of cancer cells from the primary tumor to undergo transport, their ability to survive in transit and then to subsequently form metastatic colonies, is facilitated by a complex concert of signaling pathways and cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions. Elucidating these mechanistic components is highly valuable to guide the development of technologies for efficiently detecting and treating metastasis. To this end, in recent years nanotechnology approaches have provided several unique detection, characterization and treatment strategies. The current article will review these approaches to discuss their promise and challenges, specifically in metastatic cancer, above and beyond the usual nanomedicine applications in cancer therapy.
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24
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Chen TJ, Wu JK, Chang YC, Fu CY, Wang TP, Lin CY, Chang HY, Chieng CC, Tzeng CY, Tseng FG. High-efficiency rare cell identification on a high-density self-assembled cell arrangement chip. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:036501. [PMID: 24926391 PMCID: PMC4032428 DOI: 10.1063/1.4874716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Detection of individual target cells among a large amount of blood cells is a major challenge in clinical diagnosis and laboratory protocols. Many researches show that two dimensional cells array technology can be incorporated into routine laboratory procedures for continuously and quantitatively measuring the dynamic behaviours of large number of living cells in parallel, while allowing other manipulations such as staining, rinsing, and even retrieval of targeted cells. In this study, we present a high-density cell self-assembly technology capable of quickly spreading over 300 000 cells to form a dense mono- to triple-layer cell arrangement in 5 min with minimal stacking of cells by the gentle incorporation of gravity and peripheral micro flow. With this self-assembled cell arrangement (SACA) chip technology, common fluorescent microscopy and immunofluorescence can be utilized for detecting and analyzing target cells after immuno-staining. Validated by experiments with real human peripheral blood samples, the SACA chip is suitable for detecting rare cells in blood samples with a ratio lower than 1/100 000. The identified cells can be isolated and further cultured in-situ on a chip for follow-on research and analysis. Furthermore, this technology does not require external mechanical devices, such as pump and valves, which simplifies operation and reduces system complexity and cost. The SACA chip offers a high-efficient, economical, yet simple scheme for identification and analysis of rare cells. Therefore, potentially SACA chip may provide a feasible and economical platform for rare cell detection in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ju Chen
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Kuei Wu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chang
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Fu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Pao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hwan-You Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Chieng
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chung-Yuh Tzeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan ; Academia Sinica, National Tsing Hua University, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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25
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Svensson CM, Krusekopf S, Lücke J, Thilo Figge M. Automated detection of circulating tumor cells with naive Bayesian classifiers. Cytometry A 2014; 85:501-11. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Magnus Svensson
- Applied Systems Biology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI); Jena Germany
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Goethe-University Frankfurt; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | | | - Jörg Lücke
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Goethe-University Frankfurt; Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all and Department of Medical Physics and Acoustics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Oldenburg; Germany
- Faculty for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Technical University Berlin; Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Applied Systems Biology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI); Jena Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
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26
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Grover PK, Cummins AG, Price TJ, Roberts-Thomson IC, Hardingham JE. Circulating tumour cells: the evolving concept and the inadequacy of their enrichment by EpCAM-based methodology for basic and clinical cancer research. Ann Oncol 2014; 25:1506-16. [PMID: 24651410 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are responsible for metastatic relapse and this has fuelled interest in their detection and quantification. Although numerous methods have been developed for the enrichment and detection of CTCs, none has yet reached the 'gold' standard. Since epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-based enrichment of CTCs offers several advantages, it is one of the most commonly used and has been adapted for high-throughput technology. However, emerging evidence suggests that CTCs are highly heterogeneous: they consist of epithelial tumour cells, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) cells, hybrid (epithelial/EMT(+)) tumour cells, irreversible EMT(+) tumour cells, and circulating tumour stem cells (CTSCs). The EpCAM-based approach does not detect CTCs expressing low levels of EpCAM and non-epithelial phenotypes such as CTSCs and those that have undergone EMT and no longer express EpCAM. Thus, the approach may lead to underestimation of the significance of CTCs, in general, and CTSCs and EMT(+) tumour cells, in particular, in cancer dissemination. Here, we provide a critical review of research literature on the evolving concept of CTCs and the inadequacy of their enrichment by EpCAM-based technology for basic and clinical cancer research. The review also outlines future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T J Price
- Haematology-Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia
| | | | - J E Hardingham
- Haematology-Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia
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27
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Zheng X, Jiang L, Schroeder J, Stopeck A, Zohar Y. Isolation of viable cancer cells in antibody-functionalized microfluidic devices. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:024119. [PMID: 24803968 PMCID: PMC4008759 DOI: 10.1063/1.4873956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices functionalized with EpCAM antibodies were utilized for the capture of target cancer cells representing circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The fraction of cancer cells captured from homogeneous suspensions is mainly a function of flow shear rate, and can be described by an exponential function. A characteristic shear rate emerges as the most dominant parameter affecting the cell attachment ratio. Utilizing this characteristic shear rate as a scaling factor, all attachment ratio results for various combinations of receptor and ligand densities collapsed onto a single curve described by the empirical formula. The characteristic shear rate increases with both cell-receptor and surface-ligand densities, and empirical formulae featuring a product of two independent cumulative distributions described well these relationships. The minimum detection limit in isolation of target cancer cells from binary mixtures was experimentally explored utilizing microchannel arrays that allow high-throughput processing of suspensions about 0.5 ml in volume, which are clinically relevant, within a short time. Under a two-step attachment/detachment flow rate, both high sensitivity (almost 1.0) and high specificity (about 0.985) can be achieved in isolating target cancer cells from binary mixtures even for the lowest target/non-target cell concentration ratio of 1:100 000; this is a realistic ratio between CTCs and white blood cells in blood of cancer patients. Detection of CTCs from blood samples was also demonstrated using whole blood from healthy donors spiked with cancer cells. Finally, the viability of target cancer cells released after capture was confirmed by observing continuous cell growth in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Zheng
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Linan Jiang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA ; College of Optical Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Joyce Schroeder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA ; Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA ; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Alison Stopeck
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Yitshak Zohar
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA ; Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA ; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Sheng W, Ogunwobi OO, Chen T, Zhang J, George TJ, Liu C, Fan ZH. Capture, release and culture of circulating tumor cells from pancreatic cancer patients using an enhanced mixing chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:89-98. [PMID: 24220648 PMCID: PMC3918168 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51017d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from peripheral blood hold important information for cancer diagnosis and disease monitoring. Analysis of this "liquid biopsy" holds the promise to usher in a new era of personalized therapeutic treatments and real-time monitoring for cancer patients. But the extreme rarity of CTCs in blood makes their isolation and characterization technologically challenging. This paper reports the development of a geometrically enhanced mixing (GEM) chip for high-efficiency and high-purity tumor cell capture. We also successfully demonstrated the release and culture of the captured tumor cells, as well as the isolation of CTCs from cancer patients. The high-performance microchip is based on geometrically optimized micromixer structures, which enhance the transverse flow and flow folding, maximizing the interaction between CTCs and antibody-coated surfaces. With the optimized channel geometry and flow rate, the capture efficiency reached >90% with a purity of >84% when capturing spiked tumor cells in buffer. The system was further validated by isolating a wide range of spiked tumor cells (50-50,000) in 1 mL of lysed blood and whole blood. With the combination of trypsinization and high flow rate washing, captured tumor cells were efficiently released. The released cells were viable and able to proliferate, and showed no difference compared with intact cells that were not subjected to the capture and release process. Furthermore, we applied the device for detecting CTCs from metastatic pancreatic cancer patients' blood; and CTCs were found from 17 out of 18 samples (>94%). We also tested the potential utility of the device in monitoring the response to anti-cancer drug treatment in pancreatic cancer patients, and the CTC numbers correlated with the clinical computed tomograms (CT scans) of tumors. The presented technology shows great promise for accurate CTC enumeration, biological studies of CTCs and cancer metastasis, as well as for cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weian Sheng
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Olorunseun O. Ogunwobi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100275, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Thomas J. George
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100278, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. Fax: 1-352-392-7303; phone: 1-352-846-3021; (Z.H.F.). (C.L.). (T.J.G)
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100275, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. Fax: 1-352-392-7303; phone: 1-352-846-3021; (Z.H.F.). (C.L.). (T.J.G)
| | - Z. Hugh Fan
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. Fax: 1-352-392-7303; phone: 1-352-846-3021; (Z.H.F.). (C.L.). (T.J.G)
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Esmaeilsabzali H, Beischlag TV, Cox ME, Parameswaran AM, Park EJ. Detection and isolation of circulating tumor cells: principles and methods. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1063-84. [PMID: 23999357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to improve the clinical management of several cancers include finding better methods for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). However, detection and isolation of CTCs from the blood circulation is not a trivial task given their scarcity and the lack of reliable markers to identify these cells. With a variety of emerging technologies, a thorough review of the exploited principles and techniques as well as the trends observed in the development of these technologies can assist researchers to recognize the potential improvements and alternative approaches. To help better understand the related biological concepts, a simplified framework explaining cancer formation and its spread to other organs as well as how CTCs contribute to this process has been presented first. Then, based on their basic working-principles, the existing methods for detection and isolation of CTCs have been classified and reviewed as nucleic acid-based, physical properties-based and antibody-based methods. The review of literature suggests that antibody-based methods, particularly in conjunction with a microfluidic lab-on-a-chip setting, offer the highest overall performance for detection and isolation of CTCs. Further biological and engineering-related research is required to improve the existing methods. These include finding more specific markers for CTCs as well as enhancing the throughput, sensitivity, and analytic functionality of current devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Esmaeilsabzali
- School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, 250-13450 102nd Avenue, Surrey, V3T 0A3, BC, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, BC, Canada; School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, BC, Canada
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31
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Sheng W, Chen T, Tan W, Fan ZH. Multivalent DNA nanospheres for enhanced capture of cancer cells in microfluidic devices. ACS NANO 2013; 7:7067-76. [PMID: 23837646 PMCID: PMC3785240 DOI: 10.1021/nn4023747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from peripheral blood or cancer cells from bone marrow has significant applications in cancer diagnosis, therapy monitoring, and drug development. CTCs are cancer cells shed from primary tumors; they circulate in the bloodstream, leading to metastasis. The extraordinary rarity of CTCs in the bloodstream makes their isolation a significant technological challenge. Herein, we report the development of a platform combining multivalent DNA aptamer nanospheres with microfluidic devices for efficient isolation of cancer cells from blood. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used as an efficient platform for assembling a number of aptamers for high-efficiency cell capture. Up to 95 aptamers were attached onto each AuNP, resulting in enhanced molecular recognition capability. An increase of 39-fold in binding affinity was confirmed by flow cytometry for AuNP-aptamer conjugates (AuNP-aptamer) when compared with aptamer alone. With a laminar flow flat channel microfluidic device, the capture efficiency of human acute leukemia cells from a cell mixture in buffer increased from 49% using aptamer alone to 92% using AuNP-aptamer. We also employed AuNP-aptamer in a microfluidic device with herringbone mixing microstructures for isolation of leukemia cells in whole blood. The cell capture efficiency was also significantly increased with the AuNP-aptamer over aptamer alone, especially at high flow rates. Our results show that the platform combining DNA nanostructures with microfluidics has a great potential for sensitive isolation of CTCs and is promising for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weian Sheng
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Weihong Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Z. Hugh Fan
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116250, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Abstract
Despite significant advances in surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy to treat prostate cancer (CaP), many patients die of secondary disease (metastases). Current therapeutic approaches are limited, and there is no cure for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM, also known as CD326) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is highly expressed in rapidly proliferating carcinomas and plays an important role in the prevention of cell-cell adhesion, cell signalling, migration, proliferation and differentiation. Stably and highly expressed EpCAM has been found in primary CaP tissues, effusions and CaP metastases, making it an ideal candidate of tumour-associated antigen to detect metastasis of CaP cells in the circulation as well as a promising therapeutic target to control metastatic CRPC disease. In this review, we discuss the implications of the newly identified roles of EpCAM in terms of its diagnostic and metastatic relevance to CaP. We also summarize EpCAM expression in human CaP and EpCAM-mediated signalling pathways in cancer metastasis. Finally, emerging and innovative approaches to the management of the disease and expanding potential therapeutic applications of EpCAM for targeted strategies in future CaP therapy will be explored.
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Arya SK, Lim B, Rahman ARA. Enrichment, detection and clinical significance of circulating tumor cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:1995-2027. [PMID: 23625167 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc00009e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) are shed from primary or secondary tumors into blood circulation. Accessing and analyzing these cells provides a non-invasive alternative to tissue biopsy. CTCs are estimated to be as few as 1 cell among a few million WBCs and few billion RBCs in 1 ml of patient blood and are rarely found in healthy individuals. CTCs are FDA approved for prognosis of the major cancers, namely, Breast, Colon and Prostate. Currently, more than 400 clinical trials are ongoing to establish their clinical significance beyond prognosis, such as, therapy selection and companion diagnostics. Understanding the clinical relevance of CTCs typically involves isolation, detection and molecular characterization of cells, ideally at single cell level. The need for highly reliable, standardized and robust methodologies for isolating and analyzing CTCs has been widely expressed by clinical thought leaders. In the last decade, numerous academic and commercial technology platforms for isolation and analysis of CTCs have been reported. A recent market report highlighted the presence of more than 100 companies offering products and services related to CTCs. This review aims to capture the state of the art and examines the technical merits and limitations of contemporary technologies for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Arya
- Bioelectronics Programme, Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117685.
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Banerjee SS, Jalota‐Badhwar A, Satavalekar SD, Bhansali SG, Aher ND, Mascarenhas RR, Paul D, Sharma S, Khandare JJ. Transferrin-mediated rapid targeting, isolation, and detection of circulating tumor cells by multifunctional magneto-dendritic nanosystem. Adv Healthc Mater 2013. [PMID: 23184885 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A multicomponent magneto-dendritic nanosystem (MDNS) is designed for rapid tumor cell targeting, isolation, and high-resolution imaging by a facile bioconjugation approach. The highly efficient and rapid-acting MDNS provides a convenient platform for simultaneous isolation and high-resolution imaging of tumor cells, potentially leading towards an early diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwat S. Banerjee
- NCE‐Polymer Chemistry Group, Piramal Healthcare Ltd., Goregaon, Mumbai‐400063, India
| | | | - Sneha D. Satavalekar
- NCE‐Polymer Chemistry Group, Piramal Healthcare Ltd., Goregaon, Mumbai‐400063, India
| | - Sujit G. Bhansali
- NCE‐Polymer Chemistry Group, Piramal Healthcare Ltd., Goregaon, Mumbai‐400063, India
| | - Naval D. Aher
- NCE‐Polymer Chemistry Group, Piramal Healthcare Ltd., Goregaon, Mumbai‐400063, India
| | - Russel R. Mascarenhas
- NCE‐Polymer Chemistry Group, Piramal Healthcare Ltd., Goregaon, Mumbai‐400063, India
| | - Debjani Paul
- NCE‐Polymer Chemistry Group, Piramal Healthcare Ltd., Goregaon, Mumbai‐400063, India
| | - Somesh Sharma
- NCE‐Polymer Chemistry Group, Piramal Healthcare Ltd., Goregaon, Mumbai‐400063, India
| | - Jayant J. Khandare
- NCE‐Polymer Chemistry Group, Piramal Healthcare Ltd., Goregaon, Mumbai‐400063, India
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Song Y, Zhu Z, An Y, Zhang W, Zhang H, Liu D, Yu C, Duan W, Yang CJ. Selection of DNA aptamers against epithelial cell adhesion molecule for cancer cell imaging and circulating tumor cell capture. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4141-9. [PMID: 23480100 DOI: 10.1021/ac400366b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is overexpressed in most solid cancers and is an ideal antigen for clinical applications in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, imaging, and therapy. Currently, most of the EpCAM-based diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies rely on the anti-EpCAM antibody. However, the use of EpCAM antibody is restricted due to its large size and instability. In this study, we have successfully identified DNA aptamers that selectively bind human recombinant EpCAM protein. The aptamers can specifically recognize a number of live human cancer cells derived from breast, colorectal, and gastric cancers that express EpCAM but not bind to EpCAM-negative cells. Among the aptamer sequences identified, a hairpin-structured sequence SYL3 was optimized in length, resulting in aptamer sequence SYL3C. The Kd values of the SYL3C aptamer against breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and gastric cancer cell line Kato III were found to be 38 ± 9 and 67 ± 8 nM, respectively, which are better than that of the full-length SYL3 aptamer. Flow cytometry analysis results indicated that the SYL3C aptamer was able to recognize target cancer cells from mixed cells in cell media. When used to capture cancer cells, up to 63% cancer cell capture efficiency was achieved with about 80% purity. With the advantages of small size, easy synthesis, good stability, high binding affinity, and selectivity, the DNA aptamers reported here against cancer biomarker EpCAM will facilitate the development of novel targeted cancer therapy, cancer cell imaging, and circulating tumor cell detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Song
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
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Arya SK, Wang KY, Wong CC, Rahman ARA. Anti-EpCAM modified LC-SPDP monolayer on gold microelectrode based electrochemical biosensor for MCF-7 cells detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 41:446-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Cima I, Wen Yee C, Iliescu FS, Phyo WM, Lim KH, Iliescu C, Tan MH. Label-free isolation of circulating tumor cells in microfluidic devices: Current research and perspectives. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:11810. [PMID: 24403992 PMCID: PMC3568085 DOI: 10.1063/1.4780062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This review will cover the recent advances in label-free approaches to isolate and manipulate circulating tumor cells (CTCs). In essence, label-free approaches do not rely on antibodies or biological markers for labeling the cells of interest, but enrich them using the differential physical properties intrinsic to cancer and blood cells. We will discuss technologies that isolate cells based on their biomechanical and electrical properties. Label-free approaches to analyze CTCs have been recently invoked as a valid alternative to "marker-based" techniques, because classical epithelial and tumor markers are lost on some CTC populations and there is no comprehensive phenotypic definition for CTCs. We will highlight the advantages and drawbacks of these technologies and the status on their implementation in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Cima
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos #04-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Chay Wen Yee
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610
| | | | - Wai Min Phyo
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos #04-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Kiat Hon Lim
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608
| | - Ciprian Iliescu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos #04-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Min Han Tan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos #04-01, Singapore 138669 ; National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610
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Zheng W, Zhang W, Jiang X. Precise control of cell adhesion by combination of surface chemistry and soft lithography. Adv Healthc Mater 2013. [PMID: 23184447 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion of cells on an extracellular matrix (ECM) (in vivo) or the surfaces of materials (in vitro) is a prerequisite for most cells to survive. The rapid growth of nano/microfabrication and biomaterial technologies has provided new materials with excellent surfaces with specific, desirable biological interactions with their surroundings. On one hand, the chemical and physical properties of material surfaces exert an extensive influence on cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. On the other hand, material surfaces are useful for fundamental cell biology research and tissue engineering. In this Review, an overview will be given of the chemical and physical properties of newly developed material surfaces and their biological effects, as well as soft lithographic techniques and their applications in cell biology research. Recent advances in the manipulation of cell adhesion by the combination of surface chemistry and soft lithography will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfu Zheng
- National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing, China
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39
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Zhang Y, Li J, Cao L, Xu W, Yin Z. Circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma: detection techniques, clinical implications, and future perspectives. Semin Oncol 2012; 39:449-60. [PMID: 22846862 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver cancer with a huge challenge in terms of its complex etiology and its management. The fact that the most common site of early tumor recurrence in liver transplantation for HCC is the transplanted allograft strongly suggests that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are really an active source of HCC metastasis or recurrence. In the past decade, with the tremendous progress in the technology of CTC detection, there is convincing evidence that CTCs have great potential as a marker for metastatic disease and poor prognosis in patients with a malignancy. Currently some interesting and encouraging results have been achieved in HCC CTC detection, although the knowledge about its clinical relevance in HCC is lagging behind other major tumor types. Here we will review existing and developing methodologies for CTC detection, discuss future perspectives, and describe the potential clinical impact of the identification and molecular characterization of CTC subset or circulating cancer stem cells in HCC patients. Particular attention is given to the results based on the HCC CTC study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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40
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Arya SK, Lee KC, Bin Dah'alan D, Rahman ARA. Breast tumor cell detection at single cell resolution using an electrochemical impedance technique. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:2362-8. [PMID: 22513827 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc21174b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gold micro-electrodes with various diameters (25, 50, 75, 100 and 250 μm) were manufactured using standard micro-fabrication techniques and optimized for counting of MCF-7 cells (breast tumor cells) with single cell resolution. For specific cell capture, anti-EpCAM was immobilized on 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA)-3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA) mixed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) modified gold surface of micro-electrodes. Electrodes were characterized using optical, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) techniques. Cell capture response recorded using EIS suggested that optimum electrode dimensions should be analogous to desired cell size. For MCF-7 cells with an average diameter of 18 ± 2 μm, an electrode with 25 μm diameter was established as the optimum electrode size for precise single cell recognition and enumeration. In EIS investigation, the 25 μm electrode exhibited an impedance change of ~2.2 × 10(7) Ω in response to a single tumor cell captured on its surface. On the other hand other electrodes (250, 100, 75 and 50 μm) showed much less response for a single tumor cell. In future, the use of high density arrays of such electrodes with surface modifications will result in miniaturized lab on a chip devices for precise counting of MCF-7 cells with single cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Arya
- Bioelectronics Programme, Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore.
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Lang
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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42
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Autebert J, Coudert B, Bidard FC, Pierga JY, Descroix S, Malaquin L, Viovy JL. Microfluidic: An innovative tool for efficient cell sorting. Methods 2012; 57:297-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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43
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Chen J, Li J, Sun Y. Microfluidic approaches for cancer cell detection, characterization, and separation. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1753-67. [PMID: 22437479 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc21273k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the recent developments in microfluidic technologies for in vitro cancer diagnosis. We summarize the working principles and experimental results of key microfluidic platforms for cancer cell detection, characterization, and separation based on cell-affinity micro-chromatography, magnetic activated micro-sorting, and cellular biophysics (e.g., cell size and mechanical and electrical properties). We examine the advantages and limitations of each technique and discuss future research opportunities for improving device throughput and purity, and for enabling on-chip analysis of captured cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
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44
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Simone G, Neuzil P, Perozziello G, Francardi M, Malara N, Di Fabrizio E, Manz A. A facile in situ microfluidic method for creating multivalent surfaces: toward functional glycomics. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1500-1507. [PMID: 22402593 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc21217j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An in situ method of modifying the chemistry and topology of microfluidic surfaces in order to mimic the cellular environment is described. The binding of functionalised microbeads to microfluidic channels allows the surface-to-volume ratio of the system, and thus the number of biomolecules available for reaction, to be vastly increased, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of biochemical analyses. The sensitivity and specificity of the technique were first investigated via the study of carbohydrate-protein interactions. Beads featuring hydrazide moieties were adhered to the channel surface, after which carbohydrates (galactose and mannose) were bound to the beads in situ and reacted with fluorescently labelled proteins. Results showed a six-fold increase in fluorescent signal compared to the same process performed on a glass surface without the presence of beads, thereby demonstrating the increase in valence afforded by the method. In a subsequent study, beads, modified with galactose moieties via the in situ functionalisation technique, were used to perform studies of colon tumour cells from a cell sample. Here, the carcinoma cells exhibited superior adhesion than the normal cells due to an increased expression of active galactose receptors, thereby demonstrating the success of the biofunctionalisation method for investigating cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Simone
- KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E7 1, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
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45
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Launiere C, Gaskill M, Czaplewski G, Myung JH, Hong S, Eddington DT. Channel surface patterning of alternating biomimetic protein combinations for enhanced microfluidic tumor cell isolation. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4022-8. [PMID: 22482510 DOI: 10.1021/ac2033408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a new method for multicomponent protein patterning in a microchannel and also a technique for improving immunoaffinity-based circulating tumor cell (CTC) capture by patterning regions of alternating adhesive proteins using the new method. The first of two proteins, antiepithelial cell adhesion molecule (anti-EpCAM), provides the specificity for CTC capture. The second, E-selectin, increases CTC capture under shear. Patterning regions with and without E-selectin allows captured leukocytes, which also bind E-selectin and are unwanted impurities in CTC isolation, to roll a short distance and detach from the capture surface. This reduces leukocyte capture by up to 82%. The patterning is combined with a leukocyte elution step in which a calcium chelating buffer effectively deactivates E-selectin so that leukocytes may be rinsed away 60% more efficiently than with a buffer containing calcium. The alternating patterning of this biomimetic protein combination, used in conjunction with the elution step, reduces capture of leukocytes while maintaining a high tumor cell capture efficiency that is up to 1.9 times higher than the tumor cell capture efficiency of a surface with only anti-EpCAM. The new patterning technique described here does not require mask alignment and can be used to spatially control the immobilization of any two proteins or protein mixtures inside a sealed microfluidic channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cari Launiere
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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46
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Zheng X, Cheung LSL, Schroeder JA, Jiang L, Zohar Y. Cell receptor and surface ligand density effects on dynamic states of adhering circulating tumor cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:3431-9. [PMID: 21853194 PMCID: PMC6765388 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20455f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic states of cancer cells moving under shear flow in an antibody-functionalized microchannel are investigated experimentally and theoretically. The cell motion is analyzed with the aid of a simplified physical model featuring a receptor-coated rigid sphere moving above a solid surface with immobilized ligands. The motion of the sphere is described by the Langevin equation accounting for the hydrodynamic loadings, gravitational force, receptor-ligand bindings, and thermal fluctuations; the receptor-ligand bonds are modeled as linear springs. Depending on the applied shear flow rate, three dynamic states of cell motion have been identified: (i) free motion, (ii) rolling adhesion, and (iii) firm adhesion. Of particular interest is the fraction of captured circulating tumor cells, defined as the capture ratio, via specific receptor-ligand bonds. The cell capture ratio decreases with increasing shear flow rate with a characteristic rate. Based on both experimental and theoretical results, the characteristic flow rate increases monotonically with increasing either cell-receptor or surface-ligand density within certain ranges. Utilizing it as a scaling parameter, flow-rate dependent capture ratios for various cell-surface combinations collapse onto a single curve described by an exponential formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Zheng
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Luthur Siu Lun Cheung
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Joyce A. Schroeder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Arizona Cancer Center, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Innstitute, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Linan Jiang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- College of Optical Science, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yitshak Zohar
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Arizona Cancer Center, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Innstitute, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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