1
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Mazahir F, Alam MI, Yadav AK. Development of nanomedicines for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Raison d'être, strategies, challenges and regulatory aspects. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 98:102318. [PMID: 38705362 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of memory. Presently, AD is challenging to treat with current drug therapy as their delivery to the brain is restricted by the presence of the blood-brain barrier. Nanomedicines, due to their size, high surface volume ratio, and ease of tailoring drug release characteristics, showed their potential to treat AD. The nanotechnology-based formulations for brain targeting are expected to enter the market in the near future. So, regulatory frameworks are required to ensure the quality, safety, and effectiveness of the nanomedicines to treat AD. In this review, we discuss different strategies, in-vitro blood-brain permeation models, in-vivo permeation assessment, and regulatory aspects for the development of nanomedicine to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Mazahir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - Md Imtiyaz Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - Awesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India.
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2
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Moreira DA, Santos SD, Leiro V, Pêgo AP. Dendrimers and Derivatives as Multifunctional Nanotherapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041054. [PMID: 37111540 PMCID: PMC10140951 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia. It affects more than 30 million people worldwide and costs over US$ 1.3 trillion annually. AD is characterized by the brain accumulation of amyloid β peptide in fibrillar structures and the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates in neurons, both leading to toxicity and neuronal death. At present, there are only seven drugs approved for the treatment of AD, of which only two can slow down cognitive decline. Moreover, their use is only recommended for the early stages of AD, meaning that the major portion of AD patients still have no disease-modifying treatment options. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop efficient therapies for AD. In this context, nanobiomaterials, and dendrimers in particular, offer the possibility of developing multifunctional and multitargeted therapies. Due to their intrinsic characteristics, dendrimers are first-in-class macromolecules for drug delivery. They have a globular, well-defined, and hyperbranched structure, controllable nanosize and multivalency, which allows them to act as efficient and versatile nanocarriers of different therapeutic molecules. In addition, different types of dendrimers display antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-prion, and most importantly for the AD field, anti-amyloidogenic properties. Therefore, dendrimers can not only be excellent nanocarriers, but also be used as drugs per se. Here, the outstanding properties of dendrimers and derivatives that make them excellent AD nanotherapeutics are reviewed and critically discussed. The biological properties of several dendritic structures (dendrimers, derivatives, and dendrimer-like polymers) that enable them to be used as drugs for AD treatment will be pointed out and the chemical and structural characteristics behind those properties will be analysed. The reported use of these nanomaterials as nanocarriers in AD preclinical research is also presented. Finally, future perspectives and challenges that need to be overcome to make their use in the clinic a reality are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora A Moreira
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FEUP-Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia D Santos
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Victoria Leiro
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P Pêgo
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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3
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Arbez-Gindre C, Steele BR, Micha-Screttas M. Dendrimers in Alzheimer’s Disease: Recent Approaches in Multi-Targeting Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030898. [PMID: 36986759 PMCID: PMC10059864 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials play an increasingly important role in current medicinal practice. As one of the most significant causes of human mortality, and one that is increasing year by year, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been the subject of a very great body of research and is an area in which nanomedicinal approaches show great promise. Dendrimers are a class of multivalent nanomaterials which can accommodate a wide range of modifications that enable them to be used as drug delivery systems. By means of suitable design, they can incorporate multiple functionalities to enable transport across the blood–brain barrier and subsequently target the diseased areas of the brain. In addition, a number of dendrimers by themselves often display therapeutic potential for AD. In this review, the various hypotheses relating to the development of AD and the proposed therapeutic interventions involving dendrimer–base systems are outlined. Special attention is focused on more recent results and on the importance of aspects such as oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in approaches to the design of new treatments.
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4
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Palan F, Chatterjee B. Dendrimers in the context of targeting central nervous system disorders. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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Pilkington E, Lai M, Ge X, Stanley WJ, Wang B, Wang M, Kakinen A, Sani MA, Whittaker MR, Gurzov EN, Ding F, Quinn JF, Davis TP, Ke PC. Star Polymers Reduce Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Toxicity via Accelerated Amyloid Aggregation. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:4249-4260. [PMID: 29035554 PMCID: PMC5729549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregation into amyloid fibrils is a ubiquitous phenomenon across the spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders and type 2 diabetes. A common strategy against amyloidogenesis is to minimize the populations of toxic oligomers and protofibrils by inhibiting protein aggregation with small molecules or nanoparticles. However, melanin synthesis in nature is realized by accelerated protein fibrillation to circumvent accumulation of toxic intermediates. Accordingly, we designed and demonstrated the use of star-shaped poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) nanostructures for promoting aggregation while ameliorating the toxicity of human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), the peptide involved in glycemic control and the pathology of type 2 diabetes. The binding of PHEA elevated the β-sheet content in IAPP aggregates while rendering a new morphology of "stelliform" amyloids originating from the polymers. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the PHEA arms served as rodlike scaffolds for IAPP binding and subsequently accelerated IAPP aggregation by increased local peptide concentration. The tertiary structure of the star nanoparticles was found to be essential for driving the specific interactions required to impel the accelerated IAPP aggregation. This study sheds new light on the structure-toxicity relationship of IAPP and points to the potential of exploiting star polymers as a new class of therapeutic agents against amyloidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily
H. Pilkington
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - May Lai
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Xinwei Ge
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - William J. Stanley
- St
Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department
of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bo Wang
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Miaoyi Wang
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Aleksandr Kakinen
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Marc-Antonie Sani
- School of
Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University
of Melbourne, 30 Flemington
Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michael R. Whittaker
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Esteban N. Gurzov
- St
Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department
of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Feng Ding
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - John F. Quinn
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Pu Chun Ke
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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6
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Mignani S, Bryszewska M, Zablocka M, Klajnert-Maculewicz B, Cladera J, Shcharbin D, Majoral JP. Can dendrimer based nanoparticles fight neurodegenerative diseases? Current situation versus other established approaches. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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7
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Nguyen PT, Sharma R, Rej R, De Carufel CA, Roy R, Bourgault S. Low generation anionic dendrimers modulate islet amyloid polypeptide self-assembly and inhibit pancreatic β-cell toxicity. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15373a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly and cytotoxicity of the amyloidogenic peptide IAPP can be controlled with low generation anionic dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry
- Pharmaqam
- University of Québec in Montreal
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - Rishi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Pharmaqam
- University of Québec in Montreal
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - Rabindra Rej
- Department of Chemistry
- Pharmaqam
- University of Québec in Montreal
- Montreal
- Canada
| | | | - René Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- Pharmaqam
- University of Québec in Montreal
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - Steve Bourgault
- Department of Chemistry
- Pharmaqam
- University of Québec in Montreal
- Montreal
- Canada
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8
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Moreno S, Ortega P, de la Mata FJ, Ottaviani MF, Cangiotti M, Fattori A, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Gómez R. Bifunctional Chelating Agents Based on Ionic Carbosilane Dendrons with DO3A at the Focal Point and Their Complexation Behavior with Copper(II). Inorg Chem 2015; 54:8943-56. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Moreno
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Edificio de Farmacia 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Spain/Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor s/n 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Ortega
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Edificio de Farmacia 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Spain/Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor s/n 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier de la Mata
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Edificio de Farmacia 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Spain/Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor s/n 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria Francesca. Ottaviani
- Departments
of Earth, Life and Environment Sciences, University of Urbino, Via Ca’ le Suore 2/4, Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Michela Cangiotti
- Departments
of Earth, Life and Environment Sciences, University of Urbino, Via Ca’ le Suore 2/4, Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Alberto Fattori
- Departments
of Earth, Life and Environment Sciences, University of Urbino, Via Ca’ le Suore 2/4, Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratorio
de Inmunobiologia Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain
- Spain/Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor s/n 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Edificio de Farmacia 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Spain/Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor s/n 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
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9
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Enabling nanomaterial, nanofabrication and cellular technologies for nanoneuromedicines. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:715-29. [PMID: 25652894 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticulate delivery systems represent an area of particular promise for nanoneuromedicines. They possess significant potential for desperately needed therapies designed to combat a range of disorders associated with aging. As such, the field was selected as the focus for the 2014 meeting of the American Society for Nanomedicine. Regenerative, protective, immune modulatory, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory products, or imaging agents are readily encapsulated in or conjugated to nanoparticles and as such facilitate the delivery of drug payloads to specific action sites across the blood-brain barrier. Diagnostic imaging serves to precisely monitor disease onset and progression while neural stem cell replacement can regenerate damaged tissue through control of stem cell fates. These, taken together, can improve disease burden and limit systemic toxicities. Such enabling technologies serve to protect the nervous system against a broad range of degenerative, traumatic, metabolic, infectious and immune disorders. From the clinical editor: Nanoneuromedicine is a branch of nanomedicine that specifically looks at the nervous system. In the clinical setting, a fundamental hurdle in nervous system disorders is due to an inherent inability of nerve cells to regenerate after damage. Nanotechnology can offer new approaches to overcome these challenges. This review describes recent developments in nanomedicine delivery systems that would affect stem cell repair and regeneration in the nervous system.
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10
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Buczkowski A, Urbaniak P, Belica S, Sekowski S, Bryszewska M, Palecz B. Formation of complexes between PAMAM-NH2 G4 dendrimer and L-α-tryptophan and L-α-tyrosine in water. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 128:647-652. [PMID: 24704481 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between electromagnetic radiation and the side substituents of aromatic amino acids are widely used in the biochemical studies on proteins and their interactions with ligand molecules. That is why the aim of our study was to characterize the formation of complexes between PAMAM-NH2 G4 dendrimer and L-α-tryptophan and L-α-tyrosine in water. The number of L-α-tryptophan and L-α-tyrosine molecules attached to the macromolecule of PAMAM-NH2 G4 dendrimer and the formation constants of the supramolecular complexes formed have been determined. The macromolecule of PAMAM-NH2 G4 can reversibly attach about 25 L-α-tryptophan molecules with equilibrium constant K equal to 130±30 and 24±6 L-α-tyrosine molecules. This characterization was deduced on the basis of the solubility measurements of the amino acids in aqueous dendrimer solutions, the (1)H NMR and 2D-NOESY measurements of the dendrimer solutions with the amino acids, the equilibrium dialysis and the circular dichroism measurements of the dendrimer aqueous solutions with L-α-tryptophan. Our date confirmed the interactions of L-α-tryptophan and L-α-tyrosine with the dendrimer in aqueous solution and indicated a reversible character of the formed complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Buczkowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 165, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Pawel Urbaniak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Belica
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 165, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Szymon Sekowski
- Department of General Biophysics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Bryszewska
- Department of General Biophysics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartlomiej Palecz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 165, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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11
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Klementieva O, Aso E, Filippini D, Benseny-Cases N, Carmona M, Juvés S, Appelhans D, Cladera J, Ferrer I. Effect of Poly(propylene imine) Glycodendrimers on β-Amyloid Aggregation in Vitro and in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice, as a Model of Brain Amyloid Deposition and Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3570-80. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400948z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Klementieva
- Institute of Neuropathology,
Pathologic Anatomy Service, IDIBELL-University Hospital Bellvitge, Feixa Llarga
sn, 08907 L’Hospitalet
de Llobregat, Spain
| | - E. Aso
- Institute of Neuropathology,
Pathologic Anatomy Service, IDIBELL-University Hospital Bellvitge, Feixa Llarga
sn, 08907 L’Hospitalet
de Llobregat, Spain
| | - D. Filippini
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - N. Benseny-Cases
- Polygone
Scientifique Louis Néel, ESRF, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - M. Carmona
- Institute of Neuropathology,
Pathologic Anatomy Service, IDIBELL-University Hospital Bellvitge, Feixa Llarga
sn, 08907 L’Hospitalet
de Llobregat, Spain
| | - S. Juvés
- Institute of Neuropathology,
Pathologic Anatomy Service, IDIBELL-University Hospital Bellvitge, Feixa Llarga
sn, 08907 L’Hospitalet
de Llobregat, Spain
| | - D. Appelhans
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - J. Cladera
- Biophysics Unit
and Center of Studies in Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - I. Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology,
Pathologic Anatomy Service, IDIBELL-University Hospital Bellvitge, Feixa Llarga
sn, 08907 L’Hospitalet
de Llobregat, Spain
- Department
of Pathology and Experimental Therapy, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet
de Llobregat, Spain
- CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Tu CK, Chen K, Tian WD, Ma YQ. Computational Investigations of a Peptide-Modified Dendrimer Interacting with Lipid Membranes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 34:1237-42. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-kun Tu
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research; Soochow University Suzhou 215006 China
| | - Kang Chen
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research; Soochow University Suzhou 215006 China
| | - Wen-de Tian
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research; Soochow University Suzhou 215006 China
| | - Yu-qiang Ma
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research; Soochow University Suzhou 215006 China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics; Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- James M McCarthy
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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