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Ndlovu KS, Moloto MJ, Sekhosana KE, Nkambule TTI, Managa M. Porphyrins developed for photoinactivation of microbes in wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:11210-11225. [PMID: 36515881 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is extensively studied as a strategic method to inactivate pathogenic microbes in wastewater for addressing the limitations associated with chlorination, ozonation, and ultraviolet irradiation as disinfection methods, which generally promote the development of resistant genes and harmful by-products such as trihalomethanes. PACT is dependent on photons, oxygen, and a photosensitizer to induce cytotoxic effects on various microbes by generating reactive oxygen species. Photosensitizers such as porphyrins have demonstrated significant microbial inactivation through PACT, hence now explored for wastewater phototreatment. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of porphyrins and porphyrin-conjugates as photosensitizers for wastewater photoinactivation. Concerns relating to the application of photosensitizers in water treatment are also evaluated. This includes recovery and reuse of the photosensitizer when immobilized on solid supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knowledge Siyabonga Ndlovu
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), Florida Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa
| | - Makwena Justice Moloto
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), Florida Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa
| | - Kutloano Edward Sekhosana
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), Florida Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa
| | - Thabo Thokozani Innocent Nkambule
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), Florida Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa
| | - Muthumuni Managa
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), Florida Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa.
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Santos VSV, Pereira BB. Low toxicity and high efficacy in use of novel approaches to control Aedes aegypti. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2020; 23:243-254. [PMID: 32515686 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2020.1776655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses are a group of etiologic agents accounting for different incapacitating diseases that progress to severe and lethal forms in animal and human targets consequently representing a significant burden on public health and global economies. Although attempts were undertaken to combat Aedes aegypti, the primary urban mosquito vector of several life-threatening diseases, the misuse of chemical pesticides, development of resistance, and toxicity on non-target species still need to be overcome. In this context, it is imperative for development of long-lasting, novel approaches envisioning effective control of Aedes aegypti, mainly in endemic regions. Thus, the present review was undertaken to describe safe and eco-friendly approaches as potential weapons against Aedes aegypti. Accordingly, the findings discussed indicated that biological larvicides and genetic engineering technologies constitute noteworthy alternatives of future mosquito-borne arbovirus disease control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Santana Vieira Santos
- Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Environmental Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Santa Mônica Campus , Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Biotechnology, Umuarama Campus , Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Boscolli Barbosa Pereira
- Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Environmental Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Santa Mônica Campus , Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Biotechnology, Umuarama Campus , Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Venturini FP, de Souza LM, Garbuio M, Inada NM, de Souza JP, Kurachi C, de Oliveira KT, Bagnato VS. Environmental safety and mode of action of a novel curcumin-based photolarvicide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:29204-29217. [PMID: 32430723 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the vector of important diseases like dengue, zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. Vector control is pivotal in combating the spread of these mosquito-borne illnesses. Photoactivable larvicide curcumin obtained from Curcuma longa Linnaeus has shown high potential for Ae. aegypti larvae control. However, the toxicity of this photosensitizer (PS) might jeopardize non-target aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of this PS to Daphnia magna and Danio rerio, besides assessing its mode of action through larvae biochemical and histological studies. Three PS formulations were tested: PS in ethanol+DMSO, PS in sucrose, and PS in D-mannitol. The LC50 of PS in ethanol+DMSO to D. rerio was 5.9 mg L-1, while in D. magna the solvents were extremely toxic, and LC50 was not estimated. The PS formulations in sugars were not toxic to neither of the organisms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated in D. magna exposed to 50 mg L-1 of PS in D-mannitol, and D. rerio did not elicit this kind of response. D. magna feeding rates were not affected by the PS in D-mannitol. Concerning Ae. aegypti larvae, there were changes in reduced glutathione and protein levels, while catalase activity remained stable after exposure to PS in D-mannitol and sunlight. Histological changes were observed in larvae exposed to PS in sucrose and D-mannitol, most of them irreversible and deleterious. Our results show the feasibility of this photolarvicide use in Ae. aegypti larvae control and its safety to non-target organisms. These data are crucial to this original vector control approach implementation in public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Perri Venturini
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil.
- Optical Group, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Marila de Souza
- Optical Group, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
- PPG Biotec, Federal University of São Carlos, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Matheus Garbuio
- Optical Group, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
- PPG Biotec, Federal University of São Carlos, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Natalia Mayumi Inada
- Optical Group, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Pérola de Souza
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Cristina Kurachi
- Optical Group, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | | | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- Optical Group, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
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Light-Mediated Toxicity of Porphyrin-Like Pigments from a Marine Polychaeta. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18060302. [PMID: 32517206 PMCID: PMC7344449 DOI: 10.3390/md18060302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyrins and derivatives form one of the most abundant classes of biochromes. They result from the breakdown of heme and have crucial physiological functions. Bilins are well-known representatives of this group that, besides significant antioxidant and anti-mutagenic properties, are also photosensitizers for photodynamic therapies. Recently, we demonstrated that the Polychaeta Eulalia viridis, common in the Portuguese rocky intertidal, holds a high variety of novel greenish and yellowish porphyrinoid pigments, stored as granules in the chromocytes of several organs. On the follow-up of this study, we chemically characterized pigment extracts from the worm’s skin and proboscis using HPLC and evaluated their light and dark toxicity in vivo and ex vivo using Daphnia and mussel gill tissue as models, respectively. The findings showed that the skin and proboscis have distinct patterns of hydrophilic or even amphiphilic porphyrinoids, with some substances in common. The combination of the two bioassays demonstrated that the extracts from the skin exert higher dark toxicity, whereas those from the proboscis rapidly exert light toxicity, then becoming exhausted. One particular yellow pigment that is highly abundant in the proboscis shows highly promising properties as a natural photosensitizer, revealing that porphyrinoids from marine invertebrates are important sources of these high-prized bioproducts.
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Novel phthalocyanines activated by dim light for mosquito larva- and cell-inactivation with inference for their potential as broad-spectrum photodynamic insecticides. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217355. [PMID: 31141567 PMCID: PMC6541276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are significant vectors, responsible for transmitting serious infectious diseases, including the recent epidemics of global significance caused by, for example, Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya viruses. The chemical insecticides in use for mosquito control are toxic and ineffective due to the development of resistance to them. The new approach to reduce mosquito population by releasing genetically modified males to cause female infertility is still under environmental safety evaluation. Photodynamic insecticides (PDI) have long been known as a safe and effective alternative by using dyes as the photosensitizers (PS) for activation with light to generate insecticidal singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species. This approach warrants re-examination with advances in the chemical synthesis of novel PS, e.g. phthalocyanines (PC). Nine PC were compared with five porphyrin derivatives and two classic PS of halogenated fluoresceins, i.e. cyanosine and rose bengal experimentally for photodynamic treatment (PDT) of the larvae of laboratory-reared Aedes mosquitoes and their cell lines. Groups of 2nd instar larvae were first exposed overnight to graded concentrations of each PS in the dark followed by their exposure to dim light for up to 7 hours. Larvae of both experimental and control groups were examined hourly for viability based on their motility. Monolayers of mosquito cells were similarly PS-sensitized and exposed briefly to light at the PS-specific excitation wavelengths. Cell viability was assessed by MTT reduction assays. Of the 16 PS examined for photodynamic inactivation of the mosquito larvae, effective are three novel PC, i.e. amino-Si-PC1 and -PC2, anilinium Zn-PC3.4, pyridyloxy Si-PC14 and two porphyrin derivatives, i.e. TPPS2 and TMAP. Their EC50 values were determined, all falling in the nanomolar range lower than those of rose bengal and cyanosine. All PS effective in vivo were also found to dose-dependently inactivate mosquito cells photodynamically in vitro, providing cellular basis for their larvicidal activities. The present findings of novel PC with effective photodynamic larvicidal activities provide fresh impetus to the development of PDI with their established advantages in safety and efficacy. Toward that end, the insect cell lines are of value for rapid screening of new PC. The optimal excitability of PC with insect-invisible red light is inferred to have the potential to broaden the range of targetable insect pests.
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Pelizaro BI, Braga FC, Crispim BDA, de Barros LGML, Pessatto LR, Oliveira EJT, Vani JM, de Souza AP, Grisolia AB, Antoniolli-Silva ACMB, de Lima DP, Dos Santos Jaques JA, Beatriz A, Oliveira RJ. Assessment of acute toxicity and cytotoxicity of fluorescent markers produced by cardanol and glycerol, which are industrial waste, to different biological models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:9193-9202. [PMID: 30719661 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The amphyphylic triazoanilines recently synthesized 1-(4-(3-aminophenyl)-1H-1,2,3- triazole-1-yl)-3-(3-pentadecylphenoxy)propan-2-ol (1) and 1-(4-(4-aminophenyl)-1H- 1,2,3-triazole-1-yl)-3-(3-pentadecylphenoxy)propan-2-ol (2), synthesized from cardanol and glycerol, have photophysical properties which allow their use in the development of fluorescent biomarkers with applicability in the biodiesel quality control. Based on this, the present research evaluated the toxic effects of both compounds in different biological models through the investigation of survival and mortality percentages as a measure of acute toxicity on Daphnia similis and Oreochromis niloticus, larvicidal assay against Aedes aegypti, and cytotoxic activity on mammary cells. Results demonstrate that these triazoanilines 1 and 2 have shown low acute toxicity to the biological models investigated in this study up to the following concentrations: 4.0 mg L-1 (D. similis), 4.0 mg L-1 (A. aegypti larvae), 1.0 mg L-1 (O. niloticus), and 1.0 mg mL-1 (mammary cells). This fact suggests the potential for safe use of compounds 1 and 2 as fluorescent markers for the monitoring of biodiesel quality, even in the case of environmental exposure. Besides all of that, the reuse of cardanol and glycerol, both industrial wastes, favors the maintenance of environmental health and is in agreement with the assumptions of green chemistry. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ivo Pelizaro
- Stem Cell, Cell Therapy and Toxicological Genetics Research Centre (CeTroGen), "Maria Aparecida Pedrossian" University Hospital, Brazilian Hospital Services Company (EBSERH), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Master's Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition - FACFAN, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Felipe Camargo Braga
- Chemistry Institute - INQUI, SINTMOL Laboratory, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Avenue Senador Filinto Müller, 1555 - Universitário, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Bruno do Amaral Crispim
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicity (LECOGEN), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences - FCBA, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luiz Guilherme Maiolino Lacerda de Barros
- Laboratory of Environmental Quality, Faculty of Engineering Architecture and Urbanism and Geography - FAENG, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lucas Roberto Pessatto
- Stem Cell, Cell Therapy and Toxicological Genetics Research Centre (CeTroGen), "Maria Aparecida Pedrossian" University Hospital, Brazilian Hospital Services Company (EBSERH), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of General Biology, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Edwin José Torres Oliveira
- Stem Cell, Cell Therapy and Toxicological Genetics Research Centre (CeTroGen), "Maria Aparecida Pedrossian" University Hospital, Brazilian Hospital Services Company (EBSERH), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of General Biology, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Juliana Miron Vani
- Graduate Programme in Health and Development in the Central-West Region, School of Medicine (FAMED) "Dr. Hélio Mandetta", Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, S/N., Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio Pancrácio de Souza
- Biosciences Institute- INBIO, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alexeia Barufatti Grisolia
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicity (LECOGEN), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences - FCBA, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andréia Conceição Milan Brochado Antoniolli-Silva
- Stem Cell, Cell Therapy and Toxicological Genetics Research Centre (CeTroGen), "Maria Aparecida Pedrossian" University Hospital, Brazilian Hospital Services Company (EBSERH), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Graduate Programme in Health and Development in the Central-West Region, School of Medicine (FAMED) "Dr. Hélio Mandetta", Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, S/N., Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Dênis Pires de Lima
- Chemistry Institute - INQUI, SINTMOL Laboratory, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Avenue Senador Filinto Müller, 1555 - Universitário, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Jeandre Augusto Dos Santos Jaques
- Master's Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition - FACFAN, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Adilson Beatriz
- Chemistry Institute - INQUI, SINTMOL Laboratory, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Avenue Senador Filinto Müller, 1555 - Universitário, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79074-460, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Juliano Oliveira
- Stem Cell, Cell Therapy and Toxicological Genetics Research Centre (CeTroGen), "Maria Aparecida Pedrossian" University Hospital, Brazilian Hospital Services Company (EBSERH), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
- Graduate Programme in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of General Biology, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
- Graduate Programme in Health and Development in the Central-West Region, School of Medicine (FAMED) "Dr. Hélio Mandetta", Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, S/N., Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil.
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Leroy-Lhez S, Rezazgui O, Issawi M, Elhabiri M, Calliste CA, Riou C. Why are the anionic porphyrins so efficient to induce plant cell death? A structure-activity relationship study to solve the puzzle. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Rezazgui O, Marchand G, Trouillas P, Siegler B, Leroy-Lhez S. Synthesis and Studies of New Fluorescein-Porphyrin Dyads: A Theoretical and Experimental Approach. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Rezazgui
- PEIRENE - EA7500; Univ. Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas; 87060 Limoges France
| | - Guillaume Marchand
- PEIRENE - EA7500; Univ. Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas; 87060 Limoges France
| | - Patrick Trouillas
- INSERM UMR 1248; Univ. Limoges, Faculté de Pharmacie, Bât CBRS, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland; 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Department of Physical Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Palacký University, tř. 17 listopadu 12; 771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic
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Dąbrowski JM, Pucelik B, Regiel-Futyra A, Brindell M, Mazuryk O, Kyzioł A, Stochel G, Macyk W, Arnaut LG. Engineering of relevant photodynamic processes through structural modifications of metallotetrapyrrolic photosensitizers. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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dos Santos KF, da Silva RJ, Romio KB, Souto PC, Silva JR, de Souza NC. Spray layer-by-layer films for photodynamic inactivation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 15:197-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Rezazgui O, Trouillas P, Qiu SH, Siegler B, Gierschner J, Leroy-Lhez S. Synthesis and conformation of a novel fluorescein–Zn-porphyrin dyad and intramolecular energy transfer. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02901e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modulations of the optical properties of a new porphyrin–fluorescein dyad were elucidated using experimental and theoretical techniques, with conformational rearrangements being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Trouillas
- INSERM UMR 850
- Univ. Limoges
- School of Pharmacy
- 87025 Limoges Cedex
- France
| | | | | | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies – IMDEA Nanoscience
- Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco
- E-28049 Madrid
- Spain
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Häder DP, Schmidl J, Hilbig R, Oberle M, Wedekind H, Richter PR. Treatment of ichthyophthiriasis with photodynamically active chlorophyllin. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:1509-17. [PMID: 26693716 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble chlorophyll (chlorophyllin) exerts pronounced photodynamic activity on fish parasites. In order to determine its potential as a remedy against ectoparasites in fish carps were incubated in water with defined concentrations of chlorophyllin. The main focus of the experiments was on the ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouquet) which is responsible for considerable losses in livestock in aquaculture. As malachite green, which in the past efficiently cured infected fishes, is banned because of its possible carcinogenicity; no effective remedy is presently available in aquaculture to treat ichthyophthiriasis. Using chlorophyllin, the number of trophonts was significantly reduced (more than 50 %) after 3 h incubation of infested fish at 2 and 4 mg/L and subsequent irradiation with simulated solar radiation. The lack of reinfection after light treatment indicates that also the remaining parasites have lost their multiplication capacity. In the controls (no chlorophyllin and no light, light but no chlorophyllin, or chlorophyllin but no light), no reduction of the I. multifiliis infection was observed. We propose that chlorophyllin (or other photodynamic substances) is a possible effective countermeasure against I. multifiliis and other ectoparasites in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-P Häder
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, FAU, Neue Straße 9, Möhrendorf, Germany.
| | - J Schmidl
- Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - R Hilbig
- Zoological Institute, University Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Oberle
- Bavarian State Research Centre for Agriculture, Institute for Fisheries, Starnberg, Germany
| | - H Wedekind
- Bavarian State Research Centre for Agriculture, Institute for Fisheries, Starnberg, Germany
| | - P R Richter
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Alves E, Faustino MA, Neves MG, Cunha Â, Nadais H, Almeida A. Potential applications of porphyrins in photodynamic inactivation beyond the medical scope. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Fabris C, Ouédraogo RK, Coppellotti O, Dabiré RK, Diabaté A, Di Martino P, Guidolin L, Jori G, Lucantoni L, Lupidi G, Martena V, Sawadogo SP, Soncin M, Habluetzel A. Efficacy of sunlight-activatable porphyrin formulates on larvae of Anopheles gambiae M and S molecular forms and An. arabiensis: a potential novel biolarvicide for integrated malaria vector control. Acta Trop 2012; 123:239-43. [PMID: 22668835 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Biolarvicides, such as microbial formulations based on Bacillus thuringiensis and B. sphaericus, have been found to be highly effective against mosquito larvae and are currently employed as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides for vector control. Recently, a porphyrin of natural origin has been suggested as a sunlight-activatable larvicide against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti. In order to validate the approach for the control of the malaria vector, we tested the photo-larvicidal activity of a novel porphyrin, namely meso-tri(N-methyl-pyridyl), mono(N-dodecyl-pyridyl)porphine, C12, associated with two specifically selected carriers, against Anopheles gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis larvae, both laboratory reared and collected from malaria endemic sites in Burkina Faso. Both C12-porphyrin formulates, when administered to larvae at a 50μM porphyrin dose, were accumulated in the alimentary canal. Subsequent exposure of the porphyrin-loaded larvae to sunlight for short times (0.5-3h) led to a complete mortality. The high efficacy exhibited by a "foodstuff" porphyrin formulate also in the presence of typical larval food particles opens promising perspectives for the development of an effective photocidal larvicide.
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Novel, meso-substituted cationic porphyrin molecule for photo-mediated larval control of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1434. [PMID: 22206031 PMCID: PMC3243718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control of the mosquito vector population is the most effective strategy currently available for the prevention of dengue fever and the containment of outbreaks. Photo-activated oxidants may represent promising tools for developing effective, safe and ecofriendly novel larvicides. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of the synthetic meso-substituted porphyrin meso-tri(N-methylpyridyl), meso-mono(N-tetradecylpyridyl)porphine (C14) as a photoactivatable larvicide against the dengue vector Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti. METHODOLOGY The photophysical and photochemical properties of the C14 molecule were assessed spectrophotometrically. Photomediated larvicidal efficacy, route of intake and site of action were determined on Ae. aegypti larvae by laboratory bioassays and fluorescence microscopy. Using powdered food pellet for laboratory rodents (a common larval food used in the laboratory) as a carrier for C14, loading-release dynamics, larvicidal efficacy and residual activity of the C14-carrier complex were investigated. MAIN FINDINGS The C14 molecule was found to exert a potent photosensitizing activity on Ae. aegypti larvae. At irradiation intervals of 12 h and 1 h, at a light intensity of 4.0 mW/cm(2), which is 50-100 times lower than that of natural sunlight, LC(50) values of 0.1 µM (0.15 mg/l) and 0.5 µM (0.77 mg/l) were obtained, respectively. The molecule was active after ingestion by the larvae and caused irreversible, lethal damage to the midgut and caecal epithelia. The amphiphilic nature of C14 allowed a formulate to be produced that not only was as active against the larvae as C14 in solution, but also possessed a residual activity of at least two weeks, in laboratory conditions. CONCLUSIONS The meso-substituted synthetic porphyrin C14, thanks to its photo-sensitizing properties represents an attractive candidate for the development of novel photolarvicides for dengue vector control.
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