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Ebrahimi S, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Stummer W, Gorji A. Enhancing 5-ALA-PDT efficacy against resistant tumor cells: Strategies and advances. Life Sci 2024; 351:122808. [PMID: 38852796 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
As a precursor of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), an endogenous pro-apoptotic and fluorescent molecule, 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) has gained substantial attention for its potential in fluorescence-guided surgery as well as photodynamic therapy (PDT). Moreover, 5-ALA-PDT has been suggested as a promising chemo-radio sensitization therapy for various cancers. However, insufficient 5-ALA-induced PpIX fluorescence and the induction of multiple resistance mechanisms may hinder the 5-ALA-PDT clinical outcome. Reduced efficacy and resistance to 5-ALA-PDT can result from genomic alterations, tumor heterogeneity, hypoxia, activation of pathways related to cell surveillance, production of nitric oxide, and most importantly, deregulated 5-ALA transporter proteins and heme biosynthesis enzymes. Understanding the resistance regulatory mechanisms of 5-ALA-PDT may allow the development of effective personalized cancer therapy. Here, we described the mechanisms underlying resistance to 5-ALA-PTD across various tumor types and explored potential strategies to overcome this resistance. Furthermore, we discussed future approaches that may enhance the efficacy of treatments using 5-ALA-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safieh Ebrahimi
- Epilepsy Research Center, Münster University, 48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 1996835911, Iran
| | | | - Walter Stummer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Münster University, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ali Gorji
- Epilepsy Research Center, Münster University, 48149 Münster, Germany; Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 1996835911, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9177948564 Mashhad, Iran.
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Wu R, Yuen J, Cheung E, Huang Z, Chu E. Review of three-dimensional spheroid culture models of gynecological cancers for photodynamic therapy research. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 45:103975. [PMID: 38237651 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.103975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a specific cancer treatment with minimal side effects. However, it remains challenging to apply PDT clinically, partially due to the difficulty of translating research findings to clinical settings as the conventional 2D cell models used for in vitro research are accepted as less physiologically relevant to a solid tumour. 3D spheroids offer a better model for testing PDT mechanisms and efficacy, particularly on photosensitizer uptake, cellular and subcellular distribution and interaction with cellular oxygen consumption. 3D spheroids are usually generated by scaffold-free and scaffold-based methods and are accepted as physiologically relevant models for PDT anticancer research. Scaffold-free methods offer researchers advantages including high efficiency, reproducible, and controlled microenvironment. While the scaffold-based methods offer an extracellular matrix-like 3D scaffold with the necessary architecture and chemical mediators to support the spheroid formation, the natural scaffold used may limit its usage because of low reproducibility due to patch-to-patch variation. Many studies show that the 3D spheroids do offer advantages to gynceologcial cancer PDT investigation. This article will provide a review of the applications of 3D spheroid culture models for the PDT research of gynaecological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rwk Wu
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Jwm Yuen
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Eyw Cheung
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Z Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Photonics Science and Technology for Medicine, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Esm Chu
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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Lai HW, Tani Y, Sukatta U, Rugthaworn P, Thepyos A, Yamamoto S, Fukuhara H, Inoue K, Yuasa H, Nakamura H, Ogura SI. Mangostin enhances efficacy of aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy against cancer through inhibition of ABCG2 activity. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103798. [PMID: 37696317 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) is gaining attention as a potential method for treating select cancers due to its high specificity and low side effect feature. ALA enters cancer cells and accumulate as protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), which will then trigger phototoxicity following light irradiation. However, it is reported that some cancer cells have reduced efficacy of ALA-PDT due to high expression of ABCG2, a transporter involved in the PpIX efflux. In this study, we evaluated the effect of mangostin, a natural compound containing anti-tumor property, on the efficacy of ALA-PDT against cancer and the mechanism involved. METHODS We utilized TMK1 gastric cancer cell line, which has high ABCG2 expression, to evaluate the PpIX accumulation and phototoxicity exerted by ALA and mangostin co-addition. RESULTS We found that co-addition of ALA and mangostin significantly increase the phototoxicity and PpIX accumulation in TMK1 cells. We also investigated the effect of mangostin on porphyrin-heme pathway enzymes and ABCG2 and found that the addition of mangostin reduce the activity of ABCG2, reducing PpIX efflux. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that mangostin enhances the efficacy of ALA-PDT in cancer through inhibition of ABCG2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Wei Lai
- Center for Photodynamic Medicine, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Yukitaka Tani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501 Japan
| | - Udomlak Sukatta
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute (KAPI), Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand.
| | - Prapassorn Rugthaworn
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute (KAPI), Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Asada Thepyos
- Quality Plus Biomedtech Co., Ltd. Headquarter: fl. 25, Jasmine International Tower, Chaeng Wattana road, Pak Kret district, Nonthaburi 11120 Thailand
| | - Shinkuro Yamamoto
- Department of Urology, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Hideo Fukuhara
- Center for Photodynamic Medicine, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan; Department of Urology, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Keiji Inoue
- Center for Photodynamic Medicine, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan; Department of Urology, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505 Japan
| | - Hideya Yuasa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Shun-Ichiro Ogura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501 Japan.
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Pierfelice TV, Lazarevic M, Mitic D, Nikolic N, Radunovic M, Iezzi G, Piattelli A, Milasin J. Red Light and 5% Aminolaevulinic Acid (5%) Inhibit Proliferation and Migration of Dysplastic Oral Keratinocytes via ROS Production: An In Vitro Study. Gels 2023; 9:604. [PMID: 37623059 PMCID: PMC10453269 DOI: 10.3390/gels9080604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Undiagnosed and untreated oral precancerous lesions often progress into malignancies. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) might be a minimally invasive alternative to conventional treatments. 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is one of the most commonly used photosensitizers in PDT, and it is effective on many cancer types. However, its hydrophilic characteristic limits cell membrane crossing. In the present study, the effect of a newly formulated gel containing 5% 5-ALA in combination with red light (ALAD-PDT) on a premalignant oral mucosa cell line was investigated. The dysplastic oral keratinocyte (DOK) cells were incubated with ALAD at different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM) at two different times, 45 min or 4 h, and then irradiated for 7 min with a 630 nm LED (25 J/cm2). MTT assay, flow cytometry, wound healing assay, and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were performed. ALAD-PDT exerted inhibitory effects on the proliferation and migration of DOK cells by inducing ROS and necrosis. mRNA analysis showed modulation of apoptosis-related genes' expression (TP53, Bcl-2, survivin, caspase-3, and caspase-9). Furthermore, there was no difference between the shorter and longer incubation times. In conclusion, the inhibitory effect of the ALAD-PDT protocol observed in this study suggests that ALAD-PDT could be a promising novel treatment for oral precancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Vanessa Pierfelice
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (T.V.P.); (G.I.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milos Lazarevic
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.L.); (D.M.); (N.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Dijana Mitic
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.L.); (D.M.); (N.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Nadja Nikolic
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.L.); (D.M.); (N.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Milena Radunovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Giovanna Iezzi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (T.V.P.); (G.I.)
| | - Adriano Piattelli
- School of Dentistry, Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy
- Facultad de Medicina, UCAM Universidad Catolica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Jelena Milasin
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.L.); (D.M.); (N.N.); (J.M.)
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Gustalik J, Aebisher D, Bartusik-Aebisher D. Photodynamic therapy in breast cancer treatment. J Appl Biomed 2022; 20:98-105. [PMID: 36218130 DOI: 10.32725/jab.2022.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a serious public problem in modern society. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is increasingly used in modern medicine. Currently, PDT is an innovative method of treating breast cancer. Irreversible damage to neoplastic tissues is associated with the use of physicochemical processes. Generating cytotoxic reactive oxygen species [singlet oxygen (1O2)] is leading to tumor cell death. At the same time, valuable information can be extracted from breast cancer cells. Photogenerated 1O2 is the major factor responsible for cell necrosis during PDT. 1O2 can react rapidly intracellularly with all organic substances. The use of photodynamic therapy on tissues in vitro creates conditions for testing various types of solutions and implementing them in in vivo treatment. This article is a review of recent advances in PDT for treatment of breast cancer. PDT is a novel cancer diagnostic and cancer treatment therapy. Therefore, an understanding of the possibility to generate a toxic form of 1O2 is necessary. The knowledge gained from the basics of PDT in vitro can be useful in biomedical applications in vivo. The current literature mentions PDT in the treatment of cancers located very deep within the human body. Therefore, the development of agents used to deliver 1O2 to the deep cancerous tissue is a new challenge which can have an efficient impact on this discipline. This review covers the literature between 2000-2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gustalik
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical College of The University of Rzeszow, University of Rzeszow, Poland
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of The University of Rzeszow, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow Poland
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of The University of Rzeszow, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
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Liu X, Lv H, Shen H. Vitamin D enhances the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to the combination therapy of photodynamic therapy and paclitaxel. Tissue Cell 2022; 77:101815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yildiz-Ozturk E, Saglam-Metiner P, Yesil-Celiktas O. Lung carcinoma spheroids embedded in a microfluidic platform. Cytotechnology 2021; 73:457-471. [PMID: 34149177 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-021-00470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cell cultures are excellent models used in cancer biology research and drug screening. The objective of this study was to develop a lung carcinoma spheroid based microfluidic platform with perfusion function to mimic lung cancer pathology and investigate the effect of a potential drug molecule, panaxatriol. Spheroids were successfully formed on agar microtissue molds at the end of 10 days, reaching an average diameter of about 317.18 ± 4.05 μm and subsequently transferred to 3D dynamic microfluidic system with perfusion function. While the size of the 3D spheroids embedded in the Matrigel matrix in the platform had gradually increased both in the static and dynamic control groups, the size of the spheroids were reduced and fragmented in the drug treated groups. Cell viability results showed that panaxatriol exhibited higher cytotoxic effect on cancer cells than healthy cells and the IC50 value was determined as 61.55 µM. Furthermore, panaxatriol has been more effective on single cells around the spheroid structure, whereas less in 3D spheroid tissues with a compact structure in static conditions compared to dynamic systems, where a flow rate of 2 µL/min leading to a shear stress of 0.002 dyne/cm2 was applied. Application of such dynamic systems will contribute to advancing basic research and increasing the predictive accuracy of potential drug molecules, which may accelerate the translation of novel therapeutics to the clinic, possibly decreasing the use of animal models. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-021-00470-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Yildiz-Ozturk
- Ege University Translational Pulmonary Research Center (Ege TPRC), 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Pelin Saglam-Metiner
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Yesil-Celiktas
- Ege University Translational Pulmonary Research Center (Ege TPRC), 35100 Izmir, Turkey.,Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
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Photodynamic inactivation of circulating tumor cells: An innovative approach against metastatic cancer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 157:38-46. [PMID: 33059005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The spread of a primary malignant tumor is the major reason for most of the cancer-associated deaths. To this day, treatment regimen and available drugs are still insufficient to manage these conditions. In this work, a new therapeutic concept based on photodynamic therapy (PDT) of metastasis-initiating cells is introduced. To address this issue, an experimental model was developed to simulate the movement and photodynamic inactivation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in vitro. Using curcumin loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles, a significant reduction in the cell viability of human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) could be achieved after 30 min laser irradiation (λ = 447 nm, P = 100mW) under flow conditions (5 cm s-1). Confocal laser scanning microscopy images confirmed the immediate accumulation of curcumin on the cell membrane and an increased fluorescence signal after irradiation. PDT caused time-dependent morphological cell alterations (i.e. membrane evaginations and disruption) indicating apoptosis and early necrosis. During the photoactivation of curcumin, a blue shift in the absorption spectra and a decrease in the curcumin content could be determined. This study confirms that the presented experimental model is suitable for in vitro investigations of CTCs under in vivo-like conditions, at the same time encouraging the clinical implementation of PDT as an innovative strategy against metastasis.
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Wang X, Jin J, Li W, Wang Q, Han Y, Liu H. Differential in vitro sensitivity of oral precancerous and squamous cell carcinoma cell lines to 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 29:101554. [PMID: 31479802 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The clinical effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) may be correlated with the degree of dysplasia of cancer tissues, but much is still unknown regarding the differences in its effectiveness, especially in oral cancer and precancerous lesions. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of ALA-PDT on a human oral precancerous cell line (DOK) and an oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line (CAL-27). METHODS First, we explored the dose- and time-dependent responses of DOK and CAL-27 cells to ALA-PDT. DOK and CAL-27 cells were incubated with various concentrations of ALA (from 0.25 to 2 mM), followed by PDT using laser irradiation at 635 nm. The resulting photocytotoxicity was assessed in both cell lines using MTT assays. Further, apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was evaluated with 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH2-DA), and the response to treatment was examined via RT-qPCR and Western blotting to measure the mRNA and protein expression levels of matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9. RESULTS ALA-PDT inhibited the proliferation of DOK and CAL-27 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Dose-effect and inhibition-time relationships were also found. The rates of DOK and CAL-27 cell apoptosis when the ALA dose was 1 mM were 30.66 ± 3.10% and 75.40 ± 1.29%, respectively (P < 0.01). Following PDT, compared with DOK cells, the ROS level in CAL-27 cells was significantly increased and was correlated with an increase in the ALA concentration. Mechanistically, both the mRNA and protein expression levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were found to be regulated in both cell types after ALA-PDT. CONCLUSION ALA-PDT effectively killed DOK and CAL-27 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner in vitro. However, under the same conditions, the susceptibilities of these cell lines to ALA-PDT were different. Further studies are necessary to confirm whether this difference is present in clinical oral cancer and precancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jianqiu Jin
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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Overcoming the diverse mechanisms of multidrug resistance in lung cancer cells by photodynamic therapy using pTHPP-loaded PLGA-lipid hybrid nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 149:218-228. [PMID: 32112893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) and the spread of cancer cells (metastasis) are major causes leading to failure of cancer treatment. MDR can develop in two main ways, with differences in their mechanisms for drug resistance, first drug-selected MDR developing after chemotherapeutic treatment, and metastasis-associated MDR acquired by cellular adaptation to microenvironmental changes during metastasis. This study aims to use a nanoparticle-mediated photodynamic therapy (NPs/PDT) approach to overcome both types of MDR. A photosensitizer, 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-21H,23H-porphine (pTHPP) was loaded into poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-lipid hybrid nanoparticles. The photocytotoxic effect of the nanoparticles was evaluated using two different MDR models established from one cell line, A549 human lung adenocarcinoma, including (1) A549RT-eto, a MDR cell line derived from A549 cells by drug-selection, and (2) detachment-induced MDR acquired by A549 cells when cultured as floating cells under non-adherent conditions, which mimic metastasizing cancer cells in the blood/lymphatic circulation. In the drug-selected MDR model, A549RT-eto cells displayed 17.4- and 1.8-fold resistance to Etoposide and Paclitaxel, respectively, compared to the A549 parental cells. In contrast to treatment with anticancer drugs, NPs/PDT with pTHPP-loaded nanoparticles resulted in equal photocytotoxic effect in A549RT-eto and parental cells. Intracellular pTHPP accumulation and light-induced superoxide anion generation were observed at similar levels in the two cell lines. The NPs/PDT killed A549RT-eto and parental cells through apoptosis as revealed by flow cytometry. In the metastasis-associated MDR model, A549 floating cells exhibited resistance to Etoposide (11.6-fold) and Paclitaxel (57.8-fold) compared to A549 attached cells, but the floating cells failed to show resistance against the photocytotoxic effect of the NPs/PDT. The MDR overcoming activity of NPs/PDT is mainly due to delivery ability of the PLGA-lipid hybrid nanoparticles. In conclusion, this work suggests that PLGA-lipid hybrid nanoparticles have potential in delivering photosensitizer or chemotherapeutic drug for treating both drug-selected and metastasis-associated MDR lung cancer cells.
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11
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Malik Z. Fundamentals of 5‐aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy and diagnosis: An overview. TRANSLATIONAL BIOPHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tbio.201900022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Malik
- Faculty of Life ScienceBar‐Ilan University Ramat‐Gan Israel
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12
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Aniogo EC, Plackal Adimuriyil George B, Abrahamse H. The role of photodynamic therapy on multidrug resistant breast cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:91. [PMID: 31007609 PMCID: PMC6458738 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer heterogeneity allows cells with different phenotypes to co-exist, contributing to treatment failure and development of drug resistance. In addition, abnormal signal transduction and dysfunctional DNA repair genes are common features with breast cancer resistance. Chemo-resistance of breast cancer associated with multidrug resistance events utilizes ATP-binding cassette (ABC) efflux transporters to decrease drug intracellular concentration. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is the treatment that involves a combination of a photosensitizer (PS), light and molecular oxygen to induce cell death. This treatment modality has been considered as a possible approach in combatting multidrug resistance phenomenon although its therapeutic potential towards chemo-resistance is still unclear. Attempts to minimize the impact of efflux transporters on drug resistance suggested concurrent use of chemotherapy agents, nanotechnology, endolysosomal release of drug by photochemical internalization and the use of structurally related compound inhibitors to block the transport function of the multidrug resistant transporters. In this review, we briefly summarize the role of membrane ABC efflux transporters in therapeutic outcomes and highlight research findings related to PDT and its applications on breast cancer with multidrug resistance phenotype. With the development of an ideal PS for photodynamic cancer treatment, it is possible that light activation may be used not only to sensitize the tumour but also to enable release of PS into the cytosol and as such bypass efflux membrane proteins and inhibit escape pathways that may lead to resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chekwube Aniogo
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028 South Africa
| | - Blassan Plackal Adimuriyil George
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028 South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028 South Africa
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Courrol LC, de Oliveira Gonçalves K, Vieira DP. Emerging Role of Aminolevulinic Acid and Gold Nanoparticles Combination in Theranostic Applications. Nanotheranostics 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29768-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Zhou T, Battah S, Mazzacuva F, Hider RC, Dobbin P, MacRobert AJ. Design of Bifunctional Dendritic 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and Hydroxypyridinone Conjugates for Photodynamic Therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3411-3428. [PMID: 30249090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Iron chelators have recently attracted interest in the field of photodynamic therapy (PDT) owing to their role in enhancement of intracellular protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) generation induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) via the biosynthetic heme cycle. Although ALA is widely used in PDT, cellular uptake of ALA is limited by its hydrophilicity. In order to improve ALA delivery and enhance the PpIX production, several dendrimers incorporating both ALA and 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone (HPO) were synthesized. The ability of the dendrimers to enter cells and be metabolized to the PpIX photosensitizer was studied in several human cancer cell lines. The dendrimers were found to be significantly more efficient than ALA alone in PpIX production. The higher intracellular PpIX levels showed a clear correlation with enhanced cellular phototoxicity following light exposure. Dendritic derivatives are therefore capable of efficiently delivering both ALA and HPO, which act synergistically to amplify in vitro PpIX levels and enhance PDT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310035 , P.R. China
| | - Sinan Battah
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Essex , Wivenhoe Park , Colchester CO4 3SQ , U.K
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science , University College London , Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street , London W1W 7TS , U.K
| | - Francesca Mazzacuva
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , King's College London , 150 Stamford Street , London SE1 9NH , U.K
| | - Robert C Hider
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , King's College London , 150 Stamford Street , London SE1 9NH , U.K
| | - Paul Dobbin
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Essex , Wivenhoe Park , Colchester CO4 3SQ , U.K
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science , University College London , Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street , London W1W 7TS , U.K
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15
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Zuchowska A, Jastrzebska E, Chudy M, Dybko A, Brzozka Z. 3D lung spheroid cultures for evaluation of photodynamic therapy (PDT) procedures in microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip system. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 990:110-120. [PMID: 29029734 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present a fully integrated microchip for the evaluation of PDT procedures efficiency on 3D lung spheroid cultures. Human lung carcinoma A549 and non-malignant MRC-5 spheroids were utilized as culture models. Spheroid viability was evaluated 24 h after PDT treatment, in which 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) had been used as a precursor of a photosensitizer (protoporphyrin IX - PpIX). Moreover, spheroid viability over a long-term (10-day) culture was also examined. We showed that the proposed PDT treatment was toxic only for cancer spheroids. This could be because of a much-favoured enzymatic conversion of ALA to PpIX in cancer as opposed normal cells. Moreover, we showed that to obtain high effectiveness of ALA-PDT on lung cancer spheroids additional time of spheroid after light exposure was required. It was found that PDT had been effective 5 days after PDT treatment with 3 mM ALA. To the best of our knowledge this has been the first presentation of such research performed on a 3D lung spheroids culture in a microfluidic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zuchowska
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Jastrzebska
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland.
| | - Michal Chudy
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
| | - Artur Dybko
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Brzozka
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
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16
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Battah S, Hider RC, MacRobert AJ, Dobbin PS, Zhou T. Hydroxypyridinone and 5-Aminolaevulinic Acid Conjugates for Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3498-3510. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Battah
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K
- Division
of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles
Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London W1W 7JE, U.K
| | - Robert C. Hider
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford
Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Alexander J. MacRobert
- Division
of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles
Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London W1W 7JE, U.K
| | - Paul S. Dobbin
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K
| | - Tao Zhou
- School
of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
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17
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Zhu W, Gao YH, Song CH, Lu ZB, Namulinda T, Han YP, Yan YJ, Wang LX, Chen ZL. Synthesis and evaluation of new 5-aminolevulinic acid derivatives as prodrugs of protoporphyrin for photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:1623-1630. [PMID: 28933502 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00203c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Upon light activation, 13a can induce the production of PpIX in vivo which produces ROS and other reactive oxygen species to lead to the apoptosis of S180 cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology
- College of Chemistry and Biology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Ying-Hua Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology
- College of Chemistry and Biology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Chun-Hong Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology
- College of Chemistry and Biology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Zhi-Bin Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology
- College of Chemistry and Biology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Tabbisa Namulinda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology
- College of Chemistry and Biology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | | | - Yi-Jia Yan
- Shanghai Xianhui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | | | - Zhi-Long Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology
- College of Chemistry and Biology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
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18
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Comparison of photodynamic treatment produced cell damage between human breast cancer cell MCF-7 and its multidrug resistance cell. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 16:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Rephaeli A, Tarasenko N, Fibach E, Rozic G, Lubin I, Lipovetsky J, Furman S, Malik Z, Nudelman A. Bi-functional prodrugs of 5-aminolevulinic acid and butyric acid increase erythropoiesis in anemic mice in an erythropoietin-independent manner. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 91:91-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Li Y, Zhou Y, Wang X, Wang P, Xiao Y, Cheng X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Liu Q. Fruit Extract from Pyropolyporus fomentarius (L. ex Fr.) Teng Induces Mitochondria-Dependent Apoptosis in Leukemia Cells but Enhances Immunomodulatory Activities of Splenic Lymphocytes. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:708-17. [PMID: 27115601 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1158290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyropolyporus fomentarius (L. ex Fr.) Teng is a unique woody mushroom due to its medicinal value with numerous pharmacological activities. This study presented the potential antitumor and immunomodulatory properties of ethanol extract of P. fomentarius. The results showed that P. fomentarius extract inhibited the viability of murine leukemia L1210 cells in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 value of 69.35 μg/ml. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the extract induced apoptosis in L1210 cells. Additionally, the decline of mitochondrial membrane potential was observed as well as the changes of caspase-3, caspase-9, Bcl-2, and Bax, suggesting that proapoptosis effect of the extract involved mitochondria-related pathway. Simultaneously, the P. fomentarius extract significantly enhanced the proliferation and activation of splenic lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner. This P. fomentarius extract has potential applications as a natural antitumor agent with immunomodulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Li
- a Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Mushroom Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yuetao Zhou
- a Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Mushroom Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- a Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Mushroom Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , China
| | - Pan Wang
- a Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Mushroom Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yaping Xiao
- a Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Mushroom Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , China
| | - Xiaoxia Cheng
- a Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Mushroom Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Mushroom Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yilin Liu
- a Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Mushroom Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , China
| | - Quanhong Liu
- a Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Mushroom Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , China
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21
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Effects of a novel porphyrin-based photosensitizer on sensitive and multidrug-resistant human gastric cancer cell lines. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 151:186-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Rollakanti KR, Anand S, Maytin EV. Vitamin D enhances the efficacy of photodynamic therapy in a murine model of breast cancer. Cancer Med 2015; 4:633-42. [PMID: 25712788 PMCID: PMC4430256 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous metastasis occurs more frequently in breast cancer than in any other malignancy in women, causing significant morbidity. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which combines a porphyrin-based photosensitizer and activation by light, can be employed for breast cancer (especially cutaneous metastases) but tumor control after PDT has not surpassed traditional treatments methods such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy up to now. Here, we report that breast cancer nodules in mice can be effectively treated by preconditioning the tumors with 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol; Vit D) prior to administering 5-aminolevulinate (ALA)-based PDT. Breast carcinoma tumors (MDA-MB-231 cells implanted subcutaneously in nude mice) received systemic Vit D (1 μg/kg) for 3 days prior to receiving ALA. The addition of Vit D increased intratumoral accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) by 3.3 ± 0.5-fold, relative to mice receiving ALA alone. Bioluminescence imaging in vivo and immunohistochemical staining confirmed that tumor-specific cell death after ALA-PDT was markedly enhanced (36.8 ± 7.4-fold increase in TUNEL-positive nuclei; radiance decreased to 14% of control) in Vit D pretreated tumors as compared to vehicle-pretreated tumors. Vit D stimulated proliferation (10.7 ± 2.8-fold) and differentiation (9.62 ± 1.7-fold) in tumor cells, underlying an augmented cellular sensitivity to ALA-PDT. The observed enhancement of tumor responses to ALA-PDT after low, nontoxic doses of Vit D supports a new combination approach that deserves consideration in the clinical setting, and offers potential for improved remission of cutaneous breast cancer metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore R Rollakanti
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44115.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195
| | - Sanjay Anand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195.,Department of Dermatology, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio, 44195
| | - Edward V Maytin
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44115.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195.,Department of Dermatology, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio, 44195
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23
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Yang Y, Yang X, Zou J, Jia C, Hu Y, Du H, Wang H. Evaluation of photodynamic therapy efficiency using an in vitro three-dimensional microfluidic breast cancer tissue model. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:735-744. [PMID: 25428803 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01065e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In recognition of the limitations of monolayer cell cultures and resource-intensive animal studies, a microfluidic culture system was developed for creation of physiologically relevant three-dimensional (3D) tissues. In this study, an in vitro 3D breast cancer tissue model was established in a microfluidic system with human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and primary adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs). It was evaluated for utility in determining the efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with therapeutic agents (i.e. photosensitizer and gold nanoparticles) under various irradiation conditions. We demonstrated, for the first time, the potential use of a microfluidic-based in vitro 3D breast cancer model for effective evaluation of PDT, with the capability of controlling 3D microenvironments for breast cancer tissue formation, real-time monitoring of tissue progression, implementing a circulation-like dynamic medium flow and drug supplements, and investigating the relation between light penetration and tissue depth in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
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24
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Tran TT, Mu A, Adachi Y, Adachi Y, Taketani S. Neurotransmitter Transporter Family Including SLC6A6 and SLC6A13 Contributes to the 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA)-Induced Accumulation of Protoporphyrin IX and Photodamage, through Uptake of ALA by Cancerous Cells. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1136-43. [PMID: 24842606 DOI: 10.1111/php.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tai Tien Tran
- Department of Biotechnology; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Kyoto Japan
| | - Anfeng Mu
- Department of Biotechnology; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Kyoto Japan
| | - Yuka Adachi
- Department of Biotechnology; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Kyoto Japan
| | - Yasushi Adachi
- Department of Pathology; Toyooka Hospital; Toyooka Hyogo Japan
| | - Shigeru Taketani
- Department of Biotechnology; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Kyoto Japan
- Insect Biomedical Center; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Kyoto Japan
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25
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Diez B, Ernst G, Teijo MJ, Batlle A, Hajos S, Fukuda H. Combined chemotherapy and ALA-based photodynamic therapy in leukemic murine cells. Leuk Res 2012; 36:1179-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2012.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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