1
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Rastogi GK, Deka B, Deb ML, Baruah PK. Iodine‐DMSO‐promoted Oxygenation of Indoles: Synthesis of Isatin and Isoindigo. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav K. Rastogi
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST Gauhati University Guwahati 781014 Assam India
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, CSIR-NEIST Jorhat 785006 Assam India
| | - Bhaskar Deka
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST Gauhati University Guwahati 781014 Assam India
| | - Mohit L. Deb
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST Gauhati University Guwahati 781014 Assam India
| | - Pranjal K. Baruah
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST Gauhati University Guwahati 781014 Assam India
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2
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El‐Shehawy AA, Abdo NI, El‐Hendawy MM, Abdallah AI, Lee J. Dialkylthienosilole and
N
‐alkyldithienopyrrole‐based copolymers: Synthesis, characterization, and photophysical study. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nabiha I. Abdo
- Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology New Borg El‐Arab City Egypt
| | | | | | - Jae‐Suk Lee
- School of Material Science and Engineering, the Grubbs Center for Polymers and Catalysis and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energy (RISE)Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju Republic of Korea
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3
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Kim H, Choi MJ, Song KH, Na SI, Zong K. Novel NIR-absorbing benzotrithiophene-based copolymers for organic photovoltaics. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Benzothienoisoindigo-based polymers for efficient polymer solar cells with an open-circuit voltage of 0.96 V. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Vohra V. Natural Dyes and Their Derivatives Integrated into Organic Solar Cells. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11122579. [PMID: 30567340 PMCID: PMC6316176 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural photosynthetic systems contain several dyes such as carotenoids or chlorophylls which are adequately arranged to produce efficient photoinduced charge separation and electron transfer. Several research groups have attempted integrating these natural dyes and photosynthetic systems into functional organic solar cells (OSCs) producing power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 0.99%. The studies presented in this short review emphasize that functionalization of natural dyes can considerably improve their PCEs. For instance, chlorophyll derivatives can yield PCEs up to 2.1%, and copolymers produced with isoindigo as an electron-deficient unit generate high PCEs up to 8%, respectively, when combined with fullerene C70 based electron acceptors in the OSC active layers. An alternative approach for natural dye integration into OSC architectures is to place these light-harvesting antennas at the interface between the active layer and the charge collection layers in these low-cost photovoltaic devices. This strategy produces large PCE increases up to 35% with respect to OSCs prepared without the interlayer. When light-harvesting systems are combined with silver nanoprisms as interlayers, additional localized surface plasmon resonance effects result in high-performance OSCs that integrate natural photosynthetic systems and demonstrate a PCE over the milestone value of 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Vohra
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
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6
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Synthesis and Photovoltaic Properties of 2D-Conjugated Polymers Based on Alkylthiothienyl-Substituted Benzodithiophene and Different Accepting Units. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10030331. [PMID: 30966366 PMCID: PMC6414851 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new low bandgap conjugated polymers, PBDTS-ID and PBDTS-DTNT, containing isoindigo (ID) and naphtho[1,2-c:5,6-c′]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole (NT), respectively, as an electron-deficient unit and alkylthiothienyl-substituted benzodithiophene (BDTS) as an electron-rich unit, were designed and synthesized by palladium-catalyzed Stille polycondensation. Both polymers showed good thermal stability up to 330 °C and broad absorption ranging from 300 to 842 nm. Electrochemical measurement revealed that PBDTS-ID and PBDTS-DTNT exhibited relatively low-lying highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels at −5.40 and −5.24 eV, respectively. These features might be beneficial for obtaining reasonable high open-circuit voltage and high short-circuit current. Polymer solar cells (PSCs) were fabricated with an inverted structure of indium-tin oxide/poly(ethylenimine ethoxylate)/polymer:PC71BM/MoO3/Ag. As a preliminary result, the PSCs based on PBDTS-ID and PBDTS-DTNT exhibited moderate power conversion efficiencies of 2.70% and 2.71%, respectively.
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7
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Randell NM, Fransishyn KM, Kelly TL. Lewis Acid-Base Chemistry of 7-Azaisoindigo-Based Organic Semiconductors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:24788-24796. [PMID: 28670896 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Low-band-gap organic semiconductors are important in a variety of organic electronics applications, such as organic photovoltaic devices, photodetectors, and field effect transistors. Building on our previous work, which introduced 7-azaisoindigo as an electron-deficient building block for the synthesis of donor-acceptor organic semiconductors, we demonstrate how Lewis acids can be used to further tune the energies of the frontier molecular orbitals. Coordination of a Lewis acid to the pyridinic nitrogen of 7-azaisoindigo greatly diminishes the electron density in the azaisoindigo π-system, resulting in a substantial reduction in the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy. This results in a smaller highest occupied molecular orbital-LUMO gap and shifts the lowest-energy electronic transition well into the near-infrared region. Both H+ and BF3 are shown to coordinate to azaisoindigo and affect the energy of the S0 → S1 transition. A combination of time-dependent density functional theory and UV/vis and 1H NMR spectroscopic titrations reveal that when two azaisoindigo groups are present and high concentrations of acid are used, both pyridinic nitrogens bind Lewis acids. Importantly, we demonstrate that this acid-base chemistry can be carried out at the solid-vapor interface by exposing thin films of aza-substituted organic semiconductors to vapor-phase BF3·Et2O. This suggests the possibility of using the BF3-bound 7-azaisoindigo-based semiconductors as n-type materials in various organic electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Randell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Kyle M Fransishyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Timothy L Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
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8
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Grand C, Zajaczkowski W, Deb N, Lo CK, Hernandez JL, Bucknall DG, Müllen K, Pisula W, Reynolds JR. Morphology Control in Films of Isoindigo Polymers by Side-Chain and Molecular Weight Effects. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:13357-13368. [PMID: 28379681 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The performance of devices relying on organic electronic materials, such as organic field-effect transistors (OFET) and organic photovoltaics (OPV), is strongly correlated to the morphology of the conjugated material in thin films. For instance, several factors such as polymer solubility, weak intermolecular forces between polymers and fullerene derivatives, and film drying time impact phase separation in the active layer of a bulk heterojunction OPV device. In an effort to probe the influence of polymer assembly on morphology of polymer thin films and phase separation with fullerene derivatives, five terthiophene-alt-isoindigo copolymers were synthesized with alkyl side-chains of varying lengths and branching on the terthiophene unit. These P[T3(R)-iI] polymers were designed to have similar optoelectronic properties but different solubilities in o-dichlorobenzene and were predicted to have different tendencies for crystallization. All polymers with linear alkyl chains exhibit similar thin film morphologies as investigated by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The main differences in electronic and morphological properties arise when P[T3(R)-iI] is substituted with branched 2-ethylhexyl (2EH) side-chains. The bulky 2EH substituents lead to a blue-shifted absorption, a lower ionization potential, and reduced ordering in polymer thin films. The five P[T3-iI] derivatives span hole mobilities from 1.5 × 10-3 to 2.8 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1 in OFET devices. In OPV devices, the 2EH-substituted polymers yield open-circuit voltages of 0.88 V in BHJ devices yet low short-circuit currents of 0.8 mA cm-2, which is explained by the large phase separation observed by AFM in blends of P[T3(2EH)-iI] with PC71BM. In these P[T3(R)-iI] systems, the propensity for the polymers to self-assemble prior to aggregation of PC71BM molecules was key to achieving fine phase separation and increased short-circuit currents, eventually resulting in power conversion efficiencies of 5% in devices processed using a single solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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9
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Su HL, Sredojevic DN, Bronstein H, Marks TJ, Schroeder BC, Al-Hashimi M. Bithiazole: An Intriguing Electron-Deficient Building for Plastic Electronic Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [PMID: 28251727 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The heterocyclic thiazole unit has been extensively used as electron-deficient building block in π-conjugated materials over the last decade. Its incorporation into organic semiconducting materials is particularly interesting due to its structural resemblance to the more commonly used thiophene building block, thus allowing the optoelectronic properties of a material to be tuned without significantly perturbing its molecular structure. Here, we discuss the structural differences between thiazole- and thiophene-based organic semiconductors, and the effects on the physical properties of the materials. An overview of thiazole-based polymers is provided, which have emerged over the past decade for organic electronic applications and it is discussed how the incorporation of thiazole has affected the device performance of organic solar cells and organic field-effect transistors. Finally, in conclusion, an outlook is presented on how thiazole-based polymers can be incorporated into all-electron deficient polymers in order to obtain high-performance acceptor polymers for use in bulk-heterojunction solar cells and as organic field-effect transistors. Computational methods are used to discuss some newly designed acceptor building blocks that have the potential to be polymerized with a fused bithiazole moiety, hence propelling the advancement of air-stable n-type organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haw-Lih Su
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dusan N Sredojevic
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Building, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Research Center, and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
| | - Bob C Schroeder
- Materials Research Institute and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Mohammed Al-Hashimi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
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10
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Li G, Zhou G, Zhang-Negrerie D, Du Y, Huang J, Zhao K. Palladium(II) Acetate-Catalyzed Dual C-H Functionalization and C-C Bond Formation: A Domino Reaction for the Synthesis of Functionalized (E)-Bisindole-2-ones from Diarylbut-2-ynediamides. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangchen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Guangshuai Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Daisy Zhang-Negrerie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
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11
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Kim J, Park SY, Han G, Chae S, Song S, Shim JY, Bae E, Kim I, Kim HJ, Kim JY, Suh H. Conjugated polymers containing 6-(2-thienyl)-4H-thieno[3,2-b]indole (TTI) and isoindigo for organic photovoltaics. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Grand C, Baek S, Lai TH, Deb N, Zajaczkowski W, Stalder R, Müllen K, Pisula W, Bucknall DG, So F, Reynolds JR. Structure–Property Relationships Directing Transport and Charge Separation in Isoindigo Polymers. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Grand
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics
and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | | | | | - Nabankur Deb
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics
and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | | | | | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck
Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck
Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty
of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - David G. Bucknall
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics
and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | | | - John R. Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics
and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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13
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Kass KJ, Forster M, Scherf U. Incorporating an Alternating Donor-Acceptor Structure into a Ladder Polymer Backbone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7816-20. [PMID: 27088213 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of the donor-acceptor structure of an alternating conjugated copolymer into a rigid ladder polymer backbone is reported. The resulting ladder polymers show optical features typical of rigid ladder polymers, but present an increased Stokes shift if compared to their non-polar counterparts. This behavior reflects the occurrence of charge transfer processes during excitation and leads to a positive solvatochromism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Julia Kass
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael Forster
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany.
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14
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Kass KJ, Forster M, Scherf U. Incorporating an Alternating Donor-Acceptor Structure into a Ladder Polymer Backbone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Julia Kass
- Makromolekulare Chemie; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaussstrasse 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Michael Forster
- Makromolekulare Chemie; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaussstrasse 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Makromolekulare Chemie; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaussstrasse 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
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15
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Wu J, Chen J, Huang H, Li S, Wu H, Hu C, Tang J, Zhang Q. (Z)-(Thienylmethylene)oxindole-Based Polymers for High-Performance Solar Cells. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingde Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Institute of Functional Nano & So Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shengxia Li
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianxin Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Institute of Functional Nano & So Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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16
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Guo ZH, Ai N, McBroom CR, Yuan T, Lin YH, Roders M, Zhu C, Ayzner AL, Pei J, Fang L. A side-chain engineering approach to solvent-resistant semiconducting polymer thin films. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01669j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Latent H-bonds in conjugated statistical copolymers rendered semiconducting thin films resistant to solvent immersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hao Guo
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Na Ai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
| | | | - Tianyu Yuan
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Yen-Hao Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Michael Roders
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- California 95064
- USA
| | - Congzhi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Alexander L. Ayzner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- California 95064
- USA
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
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17
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Goswami S, Gish MK, Wang J, Winkel RW, Papanikolas JM, Schanze KS. π-Conjugated Organometallic Isoindigo Oligomer and Polymer Chromophores: Singlet and Triplet Excited State Dynamics and Application in Polymer Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:26828-26838. [PMID: 26561718 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An isoindigo based π-conjugated oligomer and polymer that contain cyclometalated platinum(II) "auxochrome" units were subjected to photophysical characterization, and application of the polymer in bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells with PCBM acceptor was examined. The objective of the study was to explore the effect of the heavy metal centers on the excited state properties, in particular, intersystem crossing to a triplet (exciton) state, and further how this would influence the performance of the organometallic polymer in solar cells. The materials were characterized by electrochemistry, ground state absorption, emission, and picosecond-nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Electrochemical measurements indicate that the cyclometalated units have a significant impact on the HOMO energy level of the chromophores, but little effect on the LUMO, which is consistent with localization of the LUMO on the isoindigo acceptor unit. Picosecond-nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy reveals a transient with ∼100 ns lifetime that is assigned to a triplet excited state that is produced by intersystem crossing from a singlet state on a time scale of ∼130 ps. This is the first time that a triplet state has been observed for isoindigo π-conjugated chromophores. The performance of the polymer in bulk heterojunction solar cells was explored with PC61BM as an acceptor. The performance of the cells was optimum at a relatively high PCBM loading (1:6, polymer:PCBM), but the overall efficiency was relatively low with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.22%. Atomic force microscopy of blend films reveals that the length scale of the phase separation decreases with increasing PCBM content, suggesting a reason for the increase in PCE with acceptor loading. Energetic considerations show that the triplet state in the polymer is too low in energy to undergo charge separation with PCBM. Further, due to the relatively low LUMO energy of the polymer, charge transfer from the singlet to PCBM is only weakly exothermic, which is believed to be the reason that the photocurrent efficiency is relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Goswami
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University, of Florida , P. O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Melissa K Gish
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jiliang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University, of Florida , P. O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Russell W Winkel
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University, of Florida , P. O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - John M Papanikolas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University, of Florida , P. O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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18
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Choi MH, Ko EJ, Han YW, Lee EJ, Moon DK. Control of polymer-packing orientation in thin films through chemical structure of D-A type polymers and its application in efficient photovoltaic devices. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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A real-time study of the benefits of co-solvents in polymer solar cell processing. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6229. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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20
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Shaker M, Trinh CK, Kim W, Kim H, Lee K, Lee JS. Direct C–H arylation synthesis of (DD′AD′DA′)-constituted alternating polymers with low bandgaps and their photovoltaic performance. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00287g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The alternating copolymers possess a planar backbone structure and high intramolecular charge transfer, and they contain a strong push–pull (D–A) system and gave a power conversion efficiency up to 2.36%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Shaker
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE)
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM)
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712
- Korea
| | - Cuc Kim Trinh
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE)
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM)
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712
- Korea
| | - Wonbin Kim
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE)
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM)
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712
- Korea
| | - Heejoo Kim
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE)
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM)
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712
- Korea
| | - Kwanghee Lee
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE)
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM)
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712
- Korea
| | - Jae-Suk Lee
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE)
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM)
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
- Gwangju 500-712
- Korea
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21
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Ashraf A, Dissanayake DMNM, Eisaman MD. The effect of confinement on the crystalline microstructure of polymer : fullerene bulk heterojunctions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:23326-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03399c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of confinement on the crystalline microstructure of the polymer component of polymer : fullerene bulk heterojunction thin films using grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ashraf
- Sustainable Energy Technologies Department
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- Upton
- USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
| | | | - M. D. Eisaman
- Sustainable Energy Technologies Department
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- Upton
- USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
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22
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Rawson J, Stuart AC, You W, Therien MJ. Tailoring Porphyrin-Based Electron Accepting Materials for Organic Photovoltaics. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17561-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5097418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Rawson
- Department
of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, 124
Science Drive, Durham, North
Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Andrew C. Stuart
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Wei You
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Michael J. Therien
- Department
of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, 124
Science Drive, Durham, North
Carolina 27708-0346, United States
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23
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Chen S, Tsang SW, Lai TH, Reynolds JR, So F. Dielectric effect on the photovoltage loss in organic photovoltaic cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:6125-6131. [PMID: 25070573 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The VOC loss in several polymer-fullerene solar cells is determined. Based on these data, a major source of photovoltage loss is attributed to the low dielectric constants of the polymers. Such loss is close to zero if the dielectric constant of the polymer-fullerene blend is close to 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Recording Head Operations, Seagate Technology, Bloomington, MN, 55435, USA
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24
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Vempati S, Uyar T. Fluorescence from graphene oxide and the influence of ionic, π-π interactions and heterointerfaces: electron or energy transfer dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:21183-203. [PMID: 25197977 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03317e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2D crystals such as graphene and its oxide counterpart have sought good research attention for their application as well as fundamental interest. Especially graphene oxide (GO) is quite interesting because of its versatility and diverse application potential. However the mechanism of fluorescence from GO is under severe discussion. To explain the emission in general two interpretations were suggested, viz localization of sp(2) clusters and involvement of oxygeneous functional groups. Despite this disagreement, it should be acknowledged that the heterogeneous atomic structure, synthesis dependent and uncontrollable implantation of oxygen functional groups on the basal plane make such explanations more difficult. Nevertheless, a suitable explanation enhances the applicability of the material which also enables the design of novel materials. At this juncture we believe that given the complexity in understanding the emission mechanism it would be very useful to review the literature. In this perspective we juxtapose various results related to fluorescence and influencing factors so that a conclusive interpretation may be unveiled. Apparently, the existing interpretations have largely ignored the factors such as self-rolling, byproduct formation etc. Vis-a-vis previous reviews did not discuss the interfacial charge transfer across heterostructures and the implication on the optical properties of GO or reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Such analysis would be very insightful to determine the energetic location of sub band gap states. Moreover, ionic and π-π type interactions are also considered for their influence on emission properties. Apart from these, quantum dots, covalent modifications and nonlinear optical properties of GO and rGO were discussed for completeness. Finally we made concluding remarks with outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sesha Vempati
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.
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25
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Guo X, Facchetti A, Marks TJ. Imide- and amide-functionalized polymer semiconductors. Chem Rev 2014; 114:8943-9021. [PMID: 25181005 DOI: 10.1021/cr500225d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, South University of Science and Technology of China , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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26
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Wang Q, Zhang S, Ye L, Cui Y, Fan H, Hou J. Investigations of the Conjugated Polymers Based on Dithienogermole (DTG) Units for Photovoltaic Applications. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500831z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biology Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry,
Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biology Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry,
Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Long Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry,
Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Biology Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry,
Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huili Fan
- School of Chemistry and Biology Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianhui Hou
- School of Chemistry and Biology Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry,
Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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27
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Lee KC, Park WT, Noh YY, Yang C. Benzodipyrrolidone (BDP)-based polymer semiconductors containing a series of chalcogen atoms: comprehensive investigation of the effect of heteroaromatic blocks on intrinsic semiconducting properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:4872-4882. [PMID: 24620709 DOI: 10.1021/am405917a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine the effects of actual 'chalcogen atoms' on semiconducting properties for application in a variety of optoelectronic devices, a class of donor (D)-acceptor (A) polymer semiconductors, namely PBDP-Fu, PBDP-Th, and PBDP-Se, containing the recently formulated benzodipyrrolidone (BDP) accepting unit and furan (Fu), thiophene (Th), or selenophene (Se) as a donating unit has been synthesized, characterized, and used in an active layer of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). With the LUMO levels being comparatively consistent for all three polymers (-3.58 to -3.60 eV) due to the dominant BDP contribution to the polymer backbone, the HOMO energies are somewhat sensitive to the structurally distinctive feature of the donor counits used. Utilizing a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), it is apparent that further crystalline domains occur with edge-on orientation for the polymers (PBDP-Th and PBDP-Se) with relatively heavier chalcogen atoms such as Th and Se, compared with PBDP-Fu which has a rather amorphous nature. Investigation of their OFET performance indicates that all the polymers show well balanced ambipolar operations. The desirable morphological structures of both the PBDP-Th and PBDP-Se result in higher mobilities in OFETs than those of PBDP-Fu. In particular, 200 °C annealed PBDP-Se OFETs results in ambipolarity being mobile for both holes of up to 1.7 × 10(-2) cm(2)/V·s and electrodes of up to 1.9 × 10(-2) cm(2)/V·s. In addition, OFETs with PBDP-Th show nearly equivalent charge carrier mobilities for both holes (μ(h) = 1.2 × 10(-2) cm(2)/V·s) and electrons (μ(e) = 1.1 × 10(-2) cm(2)/V·s). Consequently, we systematically demonstrate how the manipulation of existing heteroaromatics can modulate the electronic properties of conjugated D-A polymers, elucidating structure-property relationships that are desirable for the rational design of next generation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Cheol Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, KIER-UNIST Advanced Center for Energy, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Banyeon-ri 100, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798 South Gyeongsang, South Korea
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28
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Wang E, Mammo W, Andersson MR. 25th anniversary article: isoindigo-based polymers and small molecules for bulk heterojunction solar cells and field effect transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:1801-1826. [PMID: 24523218 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Driven by the potential advantages and promising applications of organic solar cells, donor-acceptor (D-A) polymers have been intensively investigated in the past years. One of the strong electron-withdrawing groups that were widely used as acceptors for the construction of D-A polymers for applications in polymer solar cells and FETs is isoindigo. The isoindigo-based polymer solar cells have reached efficiencies up to ∼7% and hole mobilities as high as 3.62 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) have been realized by FETs based on isoindigo polymers. Over one hundred isoindigo-based small molecules and polymers have been developed in only three years. This review is an attempt to summarize the structures and properties of the isoindigo-based polymers and small molecules that have been reported in the literature since their inception in 2010. Focus has been given only to the syntheses and device performances of those polymers and small molecules that were designed for use in solar cells and FETs. Attempt has been made to deduce structure-property relationships that would guide the design of isoindigo-based materials. It is expected that this review will present useful guidelines for the design of efficient isoindigo-based materials for applications in solar cells and FETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ergang Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological, Engineering/Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
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29
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Fukumoto H, Nakajima H, Kojima T, Yamamoto T. Preparation and Chemical Properties of π-Conjugated Polymers Containing Indigo Unit in the Main Chain. MATERIALS 2014; 7:2030-2043. [PMID: 28788554 PMCID: PMC5453285 DOI: 10.3390/ma7032030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
π-Conjugated polymers based on indigo unit were prepared. Dehalogenative polycondensation of N-hexyl-6,6′-dibromoindigo with a zerovalent nickel complex gave a homopolymer, P(HexI), in 77% yield. Copolymer of N-hexyl-indigo and pyridine, P(HexI-Py), was also prepared in 50% yield. P(HexI) showed good solubility in organic solvents, whereas P(HexI-Py) was only soluble in acids such as HCOOH. The weight-average molecular weights (Mw) of P(HexI) and P(HexI-Py) were determined to be 10,000 and 40,000, respectively, by a light scattering method. Pd-catalyzed polycondensation between 6,6′-dibromoindigo with N-BOC (BOC = t-butoxycarbonyl) substituents and a diboronic compound of 9,9-dioctylfluorene afforded the corresponding alternating copolymer, P(BOCI-Flu), as a deep red solid in 98% yield. P(BOCI-Flu) was soluble in N-methyl-2-pyrroridone and showed an Mw of 29,000 in GPC analysis. Treatment of P(BOCI-Flu) with CF3COOH smoothly led to a BOC-deprotection reaction to give an insoluble deep green polymer, P(I-Flu), in a quantitative yield. Diffuse reflectance spectra of powdery P(BOCI-Flu) and P(I-Flu) showed peaks at about 580 nm and 630 nm, respectively, which are thought to originate from the indigo unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Fukumoto
- College of Biomolecular Functional Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1, Nakanarusawa, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Nakajima
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Kojima
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasyo, Uji 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Takakazu Yamamoto
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
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30
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Li J, Tong J, Zhang P, Yang C, Chen D, Zhu Y, Xia Y, Fan D. Synthesis and Photovoltaic Properties of Alternating Conjugated Polymers Derived from Thiophene-Benzothiadiazole Block and Fluorene/Indenofluorene Units. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.2.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Ashraf A, Dissanayake DMNM, Germack DS, Weiland C, Eisaman MD. Confinement-induced reduction in phase segregation and interchain disorder in bulk heterojunction films. ACS NANO 2014; 8:323-331. [PMID: 24359528 DOI: 10.1021/nn404172m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of thin-film confinement on the material properties of ultrathin polymer (electron donor):fullerene (electron acceptor) bulk heterojunction films can be important for both fundamental understanding and device applications such as thin-film photovoltaics. We use variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy to measure the optical constants, donor-acceptor volume fraction profile, and the degree of interchain order as a function of the thickness of a poly(3-hexythiophene-2,5-diyl) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester bulk heterojunction film. We find that as the thickness of the bulk heterojunction film is decreased from 200 nm to the thickness confinement regime (less than 20 nm), the vertical phase segregation gradient of the donor and acceptor phases becomes less pronounced. In addition, observing the change in exciton bandwidth and the shift of absorption resonances (0-0 and 0-1) relative to neat donor and acceptor films, we find that the conjugation length and disorder in ultrathin films (20 nm) are less affected than thicker (200 nm) films by the addition of fullerene into the polymer. We believe that these findings could be important for discovering methods of precisely controlling the properties of bulk heterojunction films with crucial implications for designing more efficient organic-based photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Ashraf
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11974, United States
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32
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Wang Z, Zhao J, Li Y, Peng Q. Low band-gap copolymers derived from fluorinated isoindigo and dithienosilole: synthesis, properties and photovoltaic applications. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00273c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorination of isoindigo affords a dithienosilole-based low band-gap copolymer with low-lying energy levels, strong and broad absorption, high carrier mobility as well as efficient power conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
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33
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Abstract
A review of recent advances in isoindigo-based conjugated polymers for organic photovoltaic and field-effect transistor applications is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Deng
- Shanghai key lab of polymer and electrical insulation
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Shanghai key lab of polymer and electrical insulation
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai 200240, China
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34
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Yang Y, Wu R, Wang X, Xu X, Li Z, Li K, Peng Q. Isoindigo fluorination to enhance photovoltaic performance of donor–acceptor conjugated copolymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:439-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47677d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Głowacki ED, Voss G, Sariciftci NS. 25th anniversary article: progress in chemistry and applications of functional indigos for organic electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:6783-800. [PMID: 24151199 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Indigo and its derivatives are dyes and pigments with a long and distinguished history in organic chemistry. Recently, applications of this 'old' structure as a functional organic building block for organic electronics applications have renewed interest in these molecules and their remarkable chemical and physical properties. Natural-origin indigos have been processed in fully bio-compatible field effect transistors, operating with ambipolar mobilities up to 0.5 cm(2) /Vs and air-stability. The synthetic derivative isoindigo has emerged as one of the most successful building-blocks for semiconducting polymers for plastic solar cells with efficiencies > 5%. Another isomer of indigo, epindolidione, has also been shown to be one of the best reported organic transistor materials in terms of mobility (∼2 cm(2) /Vs) and stability. This progress report aims to review very recent applications of indigoids in organic electronics, but especially to logically bridge together the hereto independent research directions on indigo, isoindigo, and other materials inspired by historical dye chemistry: a field which was the root of the development of modern chemistry in the first place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Daniel Głowacki
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
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36
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37
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Estrada LA, Stalder R, Abboud KA, Risko C, Brédas JL, Reynolds JR. Understanding the Electronic Structure of Isoindigo in Conjugated Systems: A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Approach. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4013829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro A. Estrada
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States
- The
George and Josephine Butler Polymer Chemistry Laboratories, Department
of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Romain Stalder
- The
George and Josephine Butler Polymer Chemistry Laboratories, Department
of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- The
George and Josephine Butler Polymer Chemistry Laboratories, Department
of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States
| | - John R. Reynolds
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States
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38
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Zhuang W, Bolognesi M, Seri M, Henriksson P, Gedefaw D, Kroon R, Jarvid M, Lundin A, Wang E, Muccini M, Andersson MR. Influence of Incorporating Different Electron-Rich Thiophene-Based Units on the Photovoltaic Properties of Isoindigo-Based Conjugated Polymers: An Experimental and DFT Study. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401691r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenliu Zhuang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Mirko Seri
- Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrik Henriksson
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Desta Gedefaw
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Markus Jarvid
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Angelica Lundin
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ergang Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michele Muccini
- Istituto
per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mats R. Andersson
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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39
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Bujak P, Kulszewicz-Bajer I, Zagorska M, Maurel V, Wielgus I, Pron A. Polymers for electronics and spintronics. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:8895-999. [PMID: 24030727 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60257e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This critical review is devoted to semiconducting and high spin polymers which are of great scientific interest in view of further development of the organic electronics and the emerging organic spintronic fields. Diversified synthetic strategies are discussed in detail leading to high molecular mass compounds showing appropriate redox (ionization potential (IP), electron affinity (EA)), electronic (charge carrier mobility, conductivity), optoelectronic (electroluminescence, photoconductivity) and magnetic (magnetization, ferromagnetic spin interactions) properties and used as active components of devices such as n- and p-channel field effect transistors, ambipolar light emitting transistors, light emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells, photodiodes, magnetic photoswitches, etc. Solution processing procedures developed with the goal of depositing highly ordered and oriented films of these polymers are also described. This is completed by the description of principal methods that are used for characterizing these macromolecular compounds both in solution and in the solid state. These involve various spectroscopic methods (UV-vis-NIR, UPS, pulse EPR), electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry, magnetic measurements (SQUID), and structural and morphological investigations (X-ray diffraction, STM, AFM). Finally, four classes of polymers are discussed in detail with special emphasis on the results obtained in the past three years: (i) high IP, (ii) high |EA|, (iii) low band gap and (iv) high spin ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bujak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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Kouijzer S, Michels JJ, van den Berg M, Gevaerts VS, Turbiez M, Wienk MM, Janssen RAJ. Predicting Morphologies of Solution Processed Polymer:Fullerene Blends. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12057-67. [DOI: 10.1021/ja405493j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kouijzer
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J. Michels
- Holst Centre/TNO, High Tech Campus 31,
5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mauricio van den Berg
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique S. Gevaerts
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Turbiez
- Organic Electronic Materials Basel, BASF Schweiz AG, Schwarzwaldallee 215, 4002 Basel,
Switzerland
| | - Martijn M. Wienk
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600
MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Hou Q, Liu J, Jia T, Luo S, Shi G. Fluorene-based copolymers with donor-acceptor units on the side chain and main chain: Synthesis and application in polymer solar cells. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hou
- School of Chemistry & Environment; South China Normal University; Guangzhou; 510006; China
| | - Jungen Liu
- School of Chemistry & Environment; South China Normal University; Guangzhou; 510006; China
| | - Tao Jia
- School of Chemistry & Environment; South China Normal University; Guangzhou; 510006; China
| | - Suilian Luo
- School of Chemistry & Environment; South China Normal University; Guangzhou; 510006; China
| | - Guang Shi
- School of Chemistry & Environment; South China Normal University; Guangzhou; 510006; China
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Wan M, Zhu H, Deng H, Jin L, Guo J, Huang Y. Low band-gap modulation of isoindigo-based copolymers toward high open-circuit voltage of polymer solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meixiu Wan
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science; Hunan Institute of Humanities; Science and Technology Loudi 417000 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Zhu
- College of Physics Science and Technology; Hebei Unverisity; Baoding 071002 People's Republic of China
| | - Heqiu Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science; Hunan Institute of Humanities; Science and Technology Loudi 417000 People's Republic of China
| | - Le Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science; Hunan Institute of Humanities; Science and Technology Loudi 417000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science; Hunan Institute of Humanities; Science and Technology Loudi 417000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuelong Huang
- College of Physics Science and Technology; Hebei Unverisity; Baoding 071002 People's Republic of China
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Yasuda T, Shinohara Y, Matsuda T, Han L, Ishi-i T. Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of amorphous polymers based on dithienylbenzothiadiazole-triphenylamine with hexyl side chains on different positions of thienyl groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yasuda
- Organic Thin-Film Solar Cells Group; Photovoltaic Materials Unit; National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-2-1 Sengen; Tsukuba; Ibaraki; 305-0047; Japan
| | - Yuki Shinohara
- Material Engineering Advanced Course; Advanced Engineering School; Kurume National College of Technology; 1-1-1 Komorino; Kurume; Fukuoka; 830-8555; Japan
| | - Takaaki Matsuda
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Chemistry; Kurume National College of Technology; 1-1-1 Komorino; Kurume; Fukuoka; 830-8555; Japan
| | - Liyuan Han
- Organic Thin-Film Solar Cells Group; Photovoltaic Materials Unit; National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-2-1 Sengen; Tsukuba; Ibaraki; 305-0047; Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ishi-i
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Chemistry; Kurume National College of Technology; 1-1-1 Komorino; Kurume; Fukuoka; 830-8555; Japan
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Ho CC, Chang SY, Huang TC, Chen CA, Liao HC, Chen YF, Su WF. Synthesis, characterization and photovoltaic properties of poly(cyclopentadithiophene-alt-isoindigo). Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ma X, Mao X, Zhang S, Huang X, Cheng Y, Zhu C. Aza-BODIPY-based D–π–A conjugated polymers with tunable band gap: synthesis and near-infrared emission. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20677c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kuwabara J, Nohara Y, Choi SJ, Fujinami Y, Lu W, Yoshimura K, Oguma J, Suenobu K, Kanbara T. Direct arylation polycondensation for the synthesis of bithiophene-based alternating copolymers. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20917a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sonar P, Tan HS, Sun S, Lam YM, Dodabalapur A. Isoindigo dye incorporated copolymers with naphthalene and anthracene: promising materials for stable organic field effect transistors. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20942j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Koizumi Y, Ide M, Saeki A, Vijayakumar C, Balan B, Kawamoto M, Seki S. Thienoisoindigo-based low-band gap polymers for organic electronic devices. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20699d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ma X, Jiang X, Zhang S, Huang X, Cheng Y, Zhu C. Near-infrared emission of novel bent-core V-shaped conjugated polymers based on the B,O-chelated azadipyrromethene structure. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00528c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dang MT, Wuest JD. Using volatile additives to alter the morphology and performance of active layers in thin-film molecular photovoltaic devices incorporating bulk heterojunctions. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:9105-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35447d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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