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Gotzias A, Lazarou YG. Graphene Exfoliation in Binary NMP/Water Mixtures by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300758. [PMID: 38314614 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the liquid-phase exfoliation of graphene in aqueous/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent mixtures and calculate the associated free energies, considering different NMP concentrations and exfoliation temperatures. We employ steered molecular dynamics to establish a path for the exfoliation of a graphene sheet from graphite within each solvent environment. Then, we conduct umbrella sampling simulations throughout the created paths to compute the potential of mean force (PMF) of the graphene sheet. As the exfoliated nanosheet disperses into the liquid, it becomes fully covered by an adsorbed solvent monolayer. We analyze the composition of the monolayer by measuring the direct contacts of either NMP or water molecules with the carbon surface. The carbon surface exhibits a preference for adsorbing NMP over water. The NMP molecules form a hydrophobic compact monolayer structure, effectively protecting the carbon interface from unfavorable interactions with water. The creation of the hydrophobic monolayer is a key factor in the exfoliation process, as it effectively inhibits the restacking of exfoliated nanosheets. An adequate level of graphene solubility is achieved through the addition of 20 % to 30 % water by weight to the NMP solvent. This finding holds significant importance for improving production efficiency and reducing dependence on organic solvents in the industrial manufacturing of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gotzias
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR Demokritos, Athens, Greece
| | - Y G Lazarou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR Demokritos, Athens, Greece
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2
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Golubewa L, Timoshchenko I, Kulahava T. Specificity of carbon nanotube accumulation and distribution in cancer cells revealed by K-means clustering and principal component analysis of Raman spectra. Analyst 2024; 149:2680-2696. [PMID: 38497436 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02078a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) show great potential for their application as cancer therapeutic nanodrugs, but the efficiency and mechanism of their accumulation in the cell, the modulation of cell activity, and the strong dependence of the results on the type of capping molecule still hinder the transfer of SWCNTs to the clinic. In the present study, we determined the mechanism and sequence of accumulation, distribution and type discrimination of SWCNTs in glioma cells by applying K-means clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) of Raman spectra of cells exposed to SWCNTs capped with either DNA or oligonucleotides (ON). Based on the specific biochemical information uncovered by PCA and further applied to K-means, we show that the accumulation of SWCNT-DNA occurs in two phases. The first phase involves the transport of SWCNT-DNA through vesicles and its redistribution in the cytoplasm, which is reflected in two SWCNT-related clusters. The second phase begins after 18 hours of interaction between cells and SWCNT-DNA. PCA shows the appearance of two SWCNT-associated PC loadings, reflected by the addition of a new cluster of SWCNTs with a narrowed and shifted G-peak in the spectra. It is caused by the loss of DNA capping and clumping of SWCNTs and triggered by the acidic conditions in autolysosomes resulting from the fusion of transport vesicles with lysosomes. SWCNTs penetrate all cellular compartments after 42-66 hours and lead to cell death. The clumped SWCNTs are released to the outside. In contrast, SWCNT-ON is hardly accumulated in glioma cells and after 72 hours of exposure to SWCNT-ON, the accumulation of SWCNTs corresponds to the first stage without reaching the second. PCA made it possible to separate the characteristics of cellular components against the high-intensity Raman signal from nanotubes and, thus, to propose the mechanism of accumulation and metabolism of nanomaterials in living cells without the use of additional research approaches. Our results elucidate the time dependence of the accumulation of SWCNTs on the capping molecule. We expect that our results can make an important contribution to the use of these nanomaterials in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Golubewa
- Department of Molecular Compounds Physics, State Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania.
| | - Igor Timoshchenko
- Department of Computer Modelling, Physics Faculty, Belarusian State University, Nezavisimosti av. 4, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
- Laboratory of Nanoelectromagnetics, Institute for Nuclear Problems of Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya str. 11, Minsk, 220006, Belarus
| | - Tatsiana Kulahava
- Laboratory of Nanoelectromagnetics, Institute for Nuclear Problems of Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya str. 11, Minsk, 220006, Belarus
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3
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Ni H, Arslan M, Liang Z, Wang C, Luo Z, Qian J, Wu Z, Gamal El-Din M. Mixotrophic denitrification processes in basalt fiber bio-carriers drive effective treatment of low carbon/nitrogen lithium slurry wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128036. [PMID: 36174892 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lithium battery slurry wastewater was successfully treatedby using basalt fiber (BF) bio-carriers in a biological contact oxidation reactor. This resulted in a significant reduction of COD (93.3 ± 0.5 %) and total nitrogen (77.4 ± 1.0 %) at 12 h of HRT and dissolved oxygen (DO) of 0-1 mg/L. The modified Stover-Kincannon model indicated that the total nitrogen removal rate was 4.462 kg/m3/d in R-BF while the substrate maximum specific reaction rate (qmax) in the Monod model was 0.323 mg-N/mgVSS/d. A stable internal environment was established within the bio-nest. Metataxonomic analysis revealed the presence of denitrification and decarbonization bacteria, combined heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification bacteria, nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Functional analysis displayed changes related to (aerobic)chemoheterotrophy, nitrogen respiration, nitrate reduction, respiration/denitrification of nitrite, and nitrate in R-BF. The study proposes a novel approach to achieve denitrification for the treatment of lithium slurry wastewater at low C/N conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huicheng Ni
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Muhammad Arslan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Zhishui Liang
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Chencheng Wang
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Zhijun Luo
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Junchao Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Environment Functional Materials, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, SuZhou 215009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Zhiren Wu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada; School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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4
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Xu QQ, Zhi JT, Zhu HY, Qi JL, Yin JZ, Wang ZG, Wang QB. The production of graphene using impinging jet exfoliation in a binary system of CO 2 and N-methyl pyrrolidone. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:265601. [PMID: 32163939 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab7f7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High quality and high quantity few-layer graphene was successfully prepared using a new impinging jet method. Natural graphite flakes were first agitated in N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) with the assistance of supercritical CO2, then the half-exfoliated graphite was further stripped using the shear stress derived from the impinging jets. After the energy conversion and stress analysis of the graphite particles during the whole exfoliation process, it was revealed that the size of the target mesh, the distance between the nozzle and the target, the decompression rate, and the size of the raw materials had a significant influence on the exfoliation process. Additionally, a microscopic view of the exfoliation and dispersion mechanism of graphene in the CO2-NMP system was investigated using molecular dynamics simulation, and CO2 was found to be beneficial for the penetration of NMP into the graphite sheets. Finally, the concentration and quality characteristics of the prepared graphene were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The maximum concentration was as high as 0.689 mg ml-1, the thickness of 68% of the product was less than 2.5 nm, and the lateral dimension was from 0.5 to 3.0 μm. These results indicate that this impinging jet method is promising for large-scale industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Qin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
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Cai L, Hou S, Wei X, Tan G, Peng Z, Yan Y, Wang L, Lei D, Wu Y, Liu Z. Exfoliation and stabilization mechanism of graphene in carbon dioxide expanded organic solvents: molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2061-2072. [PMID: 31904067 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05924e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CO2 expanded organic solvents possess significant advantages in liquid-phase exfoliation to obtain monolayer/few-layer graphene from graphite. Further insights into the mechanism of graphene exfoliation in such solvents are essential to explore liquid-phase dispersion of graphene as a more potent alternative to chemical vapor deposition. In this study, dynamic processes of exfoliation and stabilization of graphene in CO2-N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), CO2-N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), CO2-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and CO2-ethanol (EtOH) were investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The origin of the effect of each solvent on graphene exfoliation was analyzed quantitatively through potential mean force simulations. It has been found that the organic solvent in a CO2 expanded solvent should be chosen with proper surface tension, and there exist two different graphene exfoliation processes in the effective solvents, which can be described as "burger dissociation" and "extrusion-taking away" processes, respectively. In the former process, a characteristic "super-burger-like" conformation with a semi-exfoliated structure was formed, which was the deciding factor to obtain high ratio of monolayer/few-layer graphene in dispersion product. A theoretical explanation has also been provided at the molecular level to the earlier experimental phenomena. A predicted simulation of the CO2-3,3'-iminobis(N,N-dimethylpropylamine) (DMPA) system is also calculated. This investigation helps to avoid incompatible CO2 expanded organic solvents employed in the experimental studies and provides theoretical clues to understand the mechanism of exfoliation and stabilization of graphene in such solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Sensheng Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Xiangyu Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Guangsu Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengwei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yujiao Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - De Lei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Yanguang Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Zhitian Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, P. R. China.
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6
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Damasceno JPV, Zarbin AJ. Electrostatic stabilization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes dispersed in nonaqueous media. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 529:187-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Basma NS, Headen TF, Shaffer MSP, Skipper NT, Howard CA. Local Structure and Polar Order in Liquid N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:8963-8971. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b08020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadir S. Basma
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Thomas F. Headen
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxfordshire, U.K
| | - Milo S. P. Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Neal T. Skipper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Christopher A. Howard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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8
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Zhan S, Ahlquist MSG. Dynamics and Reactions of Molecular Ru Catalysts at Carbon Nanotube–Water Interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7498-7503. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqi Zhan
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry & Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mårten S. G. Ahlquist
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry & Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Rodgers ANJ, Velický M, Dryfe RAW. Electrostatic Stabilization of Graphene in Organic Dispersions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:13068-13076. [PMID: 26574912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The exfoliation of graphite to give graphene dispersions in nonaqueous solvents is an important area with regards to scalable production of graphene in bulk quantities and its ultimate application in devices. Understanding the mechanisms governing the stability of these dispersions is therefore of both scientific interest and technological importance. Herein, we have used addition of an indifferent electrolyte to perturb few-layer graphene dispersions in a nonaqueous solvent (1,2-dichloroethane) as a way to probe the importance of interparticle electrostatic repulsions toward the overall dispersion stability. At a sufficient electrolyte concentration, complete sedimentation of the dispersions occurred over 24 h, and the relationship between dispersed graphene concentration and electrolyte concentration was consistent with a dispersion stabilized by electrostatic repulsions. We also found that an increased oxygen content in the graphite starting material produced dispersions of greater stability, indicating that the extent of oxidation is an important parameter in determining the extent of electrostatic stabilization in nonaqueous graphene dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N J Rodgers
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Matěj Velický
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A W Dryfe
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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10
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Nilsson HM, Meany B, Ticey J, Sun CF, Wang Y, Cumings J. Ammonium Laurate Surfactant for Cleaner Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:6948-6955. [PMID: 26020583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Experiments probing the properties of individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and those measuring bulk composites show vastly different results. One major issue limiting the results is that the procedures required to separate and test CNTs introduce contamination that changes the properties of the CNT. These contamination residues often come from the resist used in lithographic processing and the surfactant used to suspend and deposit the CNTs, commonly sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Here we present ammonium laurate (AL), a surfactant that has previously not been used for this application, which differs from SDS only by substitution of ionic constituents but shows vastly cleaner depositions. In addition, we show that compared to SDS, AL-suspended CNTs have greater shelf stability and more selective dispersion. These results are verified using transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, ζ-potential measurements, and Raman and absorption optical spectroscopy. This surfactant is simple to prepare, and the nanotube solutions require minimal sonication and centrifugation in order to outperform SDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Nilsson
- †Department of Material Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Brendan Meany
- †Department of Material Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jeremy Ticey
- †Department of Material Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chuan-Fu Sun
- †Department of Material Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- †Department of Material Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - John Cumings
- †Department of Material Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Bounioux C, Bar-Hen A, Yerushalmi-Rozen R. Salting-in effect in organic dispersions of poly(3-hexyl thiophene)-carbon-nanotubes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6343-5. [PMID: 25762090 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00802f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Addition of small concentrations of different inorganic salts to THF solutions of poly(3-hexyl thiophene), which contain non-dispersed powder of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs), was found to "salt-in" the precipitated tubes leading to the formation of a stable dispersion of the MWNTs. This effect seems to result from a salt-induced conformational change of polymer chains adsorbed onto the CNTs, resulting in the onset of (entropic) steric repulsion among polymer-decorated chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bounioux
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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12
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Ameen AA, Giordano AN, Alston JR, Forney MW, Herring NP, Kobayashi S, Ridlen SG, Subaran SS, Younts TJ, Poler JC. Aggregation kinetics of single-walled carbon nanotubes investigated using mechanically wrapped multinuclear complexes: probing the tube–tube repulsive barrier. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:5855-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55530e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SWCNT dispersion stability and kinetics of aggregation data support the EDL repulsion model (right).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjail A. Ameen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte
- Charlotte, USA
| | - Andrea N. Giordano
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte
- Charlotte, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Alston
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte
- Charlotte, USA
| | - Michael W. Forney
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte
- Charlotte, USA
| | - Natalie P. Herring
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte
- Charlotte, USA
| | - Shiho Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte
- Charlotte, USA
| | - Shawn G. Ridlen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte
- Charlotte, USA
| | - Sarah S. Subaran
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte
- Charlotte, USA
| | - Thomas J. Younts
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte
- Charlotte, USA
| | - J. C. Poler
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte
- Charlotte, USA
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Fukami K, Koda R, Sakka T, Ogata Y, Kinoshita M. Electrochemical deposition of platinum within nanopores on silicon: Drastic acceleration originating from surface-induced phase transition. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:094702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4793526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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14
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Kharissova OV, Kharisov BI, de Casas Ortiz EG. Dispersion of carbon nanotubes in water and non-aqueous solvents. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43852j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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15
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Fukami K, Koda R, Sakka T, Urata T, Amano KI, Takaya H, Nakamura M, Ogata Y, Kinoshita M. Platinum electrodeposition in porous silicon: The influence of surface solvation effects on a chemical reaction in a nanospace. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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