1
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Kossmann DF, Huang M, Weihmann R, Xiao X, Gätgens F, Weber TM, Brass HUC, Bitzenhofer NL, Ibrahim S, Bangert K, Rehling L, Mueller C, Tiso T, Blank LM, Drepper T, Jaeger KE, Grundler FMW, Pietruszka J, Schleker ASS, Loeschcke A. Production of tailored hydroxylated prodiginine showing combinatorial activity with rhamnolipids against plant-parasitic nematodes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1151882. [PMID: 37200918 PMCID: PMC10187637 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1151882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial secondary metabolites exhibit diverse remarkable bioactivities and are thus the subject of study for different applications. Recently, the individual effectiveness of tripyrrolic prodiginines and rhamnolipids against the plant-parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii, which causes tremendous losses in crop plants, was described. Notably, rhamnolipid production in engineered Pseudomonas putida strains has already reached industrial implementation. However, the non-natural hydroxyl-decorated prodiginines, which are of particular interest in this study due to a previously described particularly good plant compatibility and low toxicity, are not as readily accessible. In the present study, a new effective hybrid synthetic route was established. This included the engineering of a novel P. putida strain to provide enhanced levels of a bipyrrole precursor and an optimization of mutasynthesis, i.e., the conversion of chemically synthesized and supplemented monopyrroles to tripyrrolic compounds. Subsequent semisynthesis provided the hydroxylated prodiginine. The prodiginines caused reduced infectiousness of H. schachtii for Arabidopsis thaliana plants resulting from impaired motility and stylet thrusting, providing the first insights on the mode of action in this context. Furthermore, the combined application with rhamnolipids was assessed for the first time and found to be more effective against nematode parasitism than the individual compounds. To obtain, for instance, 50% nematode control, it was sufficient to apply 7.8 μM hydroxylated prodiginine together with 0.7 μg/ml (~ 1.1 μM) di-rhamnolipids, which corresponded to ca. ¼ of the individual EC50 values. In summary, a hybrid synthetic route toward a hydroxylated prodiginine was established and its effects and combinatorial activity with rhamnolipids on plant-parasitic nematode H. schachtii are presented, demonstrating potential application as antinematodal agents. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. F. Kossmann
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1): Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | - M. Huang
- INRES, Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - R. Weihmann
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | - X. Xiao
- INRES, Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - F. Gätgens
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | - T. M. Weber
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | - H. U. C. Brass
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | - N. L. Bitzenhofer
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | - S. Ibrahim
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | - K. Bangert
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | - L. Rehling
- INRES, Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - C. Mueller
- iAMB—Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt—Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - T. Tiso
- iAMB—Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt—Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - L. M. Blank
- iAMB—Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt—Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - T. Drepper
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | - K.-E. Jaeger
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1): Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - J. Pietruszka
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1): Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
- *Correspondence: J. Pietruszka,
| | - A. S. S. Schleker
- INRES, Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- A. S. S. Schleker,
| | - A. Loeschcke
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
- A. Loeschcke,
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2
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Chen J, Han J, Zhang J, Li L, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Jiang Y. Rhodium/Amine Dual Catalytic System for Reassembling C≡C Bonds of Conjugated Alkynes with Cyclopropenes via Cutting/Insertion Cascade. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jiabin Han
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ling Li
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhengyu Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yanhui Yang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yaojia Jiang
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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3
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Zhu G, Tan W, Xie L, Ma C, Chen X, Zhang S, Wei Y. Mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of Cd 2+ on prodigiosin synthesis in Serratia marcescens KMR-3. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 236:111978. [PMID: 36063739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prodigiosin (2-methyl-3-pentyl-6-methoxyprodiginine), a red-colored microbial pigment, is produced in large quantities by Serratia marcescens KMR-3. This bacterium can grow in a medium with a Cd2+ concentration of 500 mg/L, but it does not produce prodigiosin when the Cd2+ concentration in the medium is higher than 140 mg/L. Therefore, we investigated the mechanisms by which Cd2+ inhibits prodigiosin synthesis. Upon addition of Cd2+ to the medium, the expression of the prodigiosin (pig) gene cluster was significantly downregulated. Simultaneously, genes encoding proteins related to the synthesis of arginine and proline(prodigiosin precursors) were significantly downregulated, while the degradation-related genes were upregulated. Furthermore, PigF, which encodes a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of 4-methoxy-2,2'-bipyrrole-5-carboxaldehyde and PigC, which encodes a key enzyme involved in the last step of prodigiosin synthesis, were downregulated by 80% and 55%, respectively, following Cd2+ treatment. As PigC and PigF are located on the cell membrane and are involved in the final steps of prodigiosin synthesis, the cell membrane might be presumed to be the site of prodigiosin synthesis. The bacterial membrane exhibited different degrees of elongation, folding, fragmentation, and sagging after the addition of Cd2+, while likely destroying the site of prodigiosin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wenzhang Tan
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Liguo Xie
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chunlan Ma
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | | | - Yunlin Wei
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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4
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Xiang T, Zhou W, Xu C, Xu J, Liu R, Wang N, Xu L, Zhao Y, Luo M, Mo X, Mao Z, Wan Y. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Competitive Growth Advantage of Non-pigmented Serratia marcescens Mutants. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:793202. [PMID: 35058908 PMCID: PMC8764370 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.793202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens is a common bacterium well-known for the red secondary metabolite prodigiosin. However, color mutants have long been described. Non-pigmented strains can be found to exist both naturally and under laboratory conditions. It is unclear why S. marcescens loses prodigiosin synthesis capacity in certain conditions. In the present study, we find that the spontaneous color mutants arise within a few generations (about five passages) and rapidly replace the wild-type parent cells (about 24 passages), which indicates a growth advantage of the former. Although, the loss of prodigiosin synthesis genes (pigA-N) is frequently reported as the major reason for pigment deficiency, it was unexpected that the whole gene cluster is completely preserved in the different color morphotypes. Comparative transcriptomic analysis indicates a dramatic variation at the transcriptional level. Most of the pig genes are significantly downregulated in the color morphotypes which directly lead to prodigiosin dyssynthesis. Besides, the transcriptional changes of several other genes have been noticed, of which transcriptional regulators, membrane proteins, and nearly all type VI secretion system (T6SS) components are generally downregulated, while both amino acid metabolite and transport systems are activated. In addition, we delete the transcription regulator slyA to generate a non-pigmented mutant. The ΔslyA strain loses prodigiosin synthesis capacity, but has a higher cell density, and surprisingly enhances the virulence as an entomopathogen. These data indicate that S. marcescens shuts down several high-cost systems and activates the amino acid degradation and transport pathways at the transcriptional level to obtain extra resources, which provides new insights into the competitive growth advantage of bacterial spontaneous color mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xiang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cailing Xu
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nuo Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Minhui Luo
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxin Mo
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyang Mao
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongji Wan
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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5
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Brands S, Brass HUC, Klein AS, Sikkens JG, Davari MD, Pietruszka J, Ruff AJ, Schwaneberg U. KnowVolution of prodigiosin ligase PigC towards condensation of short-chain prodiginines. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy02297g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
One round of KnowVolution enhanced the catalytic activity of prodigiosin ligase PigC with short-chain monopyrroles, opening access to anticancer prodiginines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Brands
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Hannah U. C. Brass
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
- 52426 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Andreas S. Klein
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
- 52426 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Jarno G. Sikkens
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Mehdi D. Davari
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
- 52426 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Anna Joëlle Ruff
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
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6
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Brands S, Sikkens JG, Davari MD, Brass HUC, Klein AS, Pietruszka J, Ruff AJ, Schwaneberg U. Understanding substrate binding and the role of gatekeeping residues in PigC access tunnels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2681-2684. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08226k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prodigiosin ligase PigC has been engineered by semi-rational design to accept short chain-pyrroles, providing molecular understanding of access tunnels and the substrate-binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Brands
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- RWTH Aachen University
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Worringerweg 3
- Aachen 52074
| | - Jarno G. Sikkens
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- RWTH Aachen University
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Worringerweg 3
- Aachen 52074
| | - Mehdi D. Davari
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- RWTH Aachen University
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Worringerweg 3
- Aachen 52074
| | - Hannah U. C. Brass
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located at Forschungszentrum Jülich
- Stetternicher Forst
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Building 15.8
| | - Andreas S. Klein
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located at Forschungszentrum Jülich
- Stetternicher Forst
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Building 15.8
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located at Forschungszentrum Jülich
- Stetternicher Forst
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Building 15.8
| | - Anna Joëlle Ruff
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- RWTH Aachen University
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Worringerweg 3
- Aachen 52074
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- RWTH Aachen University
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC)
- Worringerweg 3
- Aachen 52074
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7
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Chilczuk T, Monson R, Schmieder P, Christov V, Enke H, Salmond G, Niedermeyer THJ. Ambigols from the Cyanobacterium Fischerella ambigua Increase Prodigiosin Production in Serratia spp. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2929-2936. [PMID: 33143417 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
When a library of 573 cyanobacteria extracts was screened for inhibition of the quorum sensing regulated prodigiosin production of Serratia marcescens, an extract of the cyanobacterium Fischerella ambigua (Näg.) Gomont 108b was found to drastically increase prodigiosin production. Bioactivity-guided isolation of the active compounds resulted in the two new natural products ambigol D and E along with the known ambigols A and C. Ambigol C treatment increased prodiginine production of Serratia sp. ATCC 39006 (S39006) by a factor of 10, while ambigols A and D were found to have antibiotic activity against this strain. The RNA-Seq of S39006 treated with ambigol C and subsequent differential gene expression and functional enrichment analyses indicated a significant downregulation of genes associated with the translation machinery and fatty acid biosynthesis in Serratia, as well as increased expression of genes related to the uptake of l-proline. These results suggest that the ambigols increase prodiginine production in S39006 not by activating the SmaIR quorum sensing system but possibly by increasing the precursor supply of l-proline and malonyl-CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Chilczuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology/Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Rita Monson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Schmieder
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Department of NMR-Supported Structural Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vesselin Christov
- Zentrum für medizinische Grundlagenforschung, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | - George Salmond
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
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8
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Tan D, Fu L, Sun X, Xu L, Zhang J. Genetic Analysis and Immunoelectron Microscopy of Wild and Mutant Strains of the Rubber Tree Endophytic Bacterium Serratia marcescens Strain ITBB B5-1 Reveal Key Roles of a Macrovesicle in Storage and Secretion of Prodigiosin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5606-5615. [PMID: 32227934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rubber tree is an economically important tropical crop. Its endophytic bacterial strain Serratia marcescens ITBB B5-1 contains an intracellular macrovesicle and red pigment. In this research, the red pigment was identified as prodigiosin by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Prodigiosin has a wide range of potential medical values such as anticancer and antiorgan transplant rejection. The strain ITBB B5-1 accumulated prodigiosin up to 2000 mg/L, which is higher production compared to most known Serratia strains. The formation of the macrovesicle and prodigiosin biosynthesis were highly associated and were both temporal- and temperature-dependent. A mutant strain B5-1mu that failed to produce prodigiosin was obtained by ultraviolet mutagenesis. Whole genome sequencing of wild-type and mutant strains indicated that the PigC gene encoding the last-step enzyme in the prodigiosin biosynthesis pathway was mutated in B5-1mu by a 17-bp deletion. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the macrovesicle was absent in the mutant strain, indicating that formation of the macrovesicle relied on prodigiosin biosynthesis. Immunoelectron microscopy using prodigiosin-specific antiserum showed the presence of prodigiosin in the macrovesicle, the cell wall, and the extracellular vesicles, while immuno-reaction was not observed in the mutant cell. These results indicate that the macrovesicle serves as a storage organelle of prodigiosin, and secretes prodigiosin into cell envelop and culture medium as extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguan Tan
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Biology and Genetic Resources, CATAS, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, CATAS, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Lili Fu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Biology and Genetic Resources, CATAS, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xuepiao Sun
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Biology and Genetic Resources, CATAS, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Long Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangshu 210095, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Biology and Genetic Resources, CATAS, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, CATAS, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China
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9
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Picott KJ, Deichert JA, deKemp EM, Snieckus V, Ross AC. Purification and Kinetic Characterization of the Essential Condensation Enzymes Involved in Prodiginine and Tambjamine Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1036-1042. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. Picott
- Department of ChemistryQueen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Julie A. Deichert
- Department of ChemistryQueen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Ella M. deKemp
- Department of ChemistryQueen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Victor Snieckus
- Department of ChemistryQueen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Avena C. Ross
- Department of ChemistryQueen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
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10
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Couturier M, Bhalara HD, Chawrai SR, Monson R, Williamson NR, Salmond GPC, Leeper FJ. Substrate Flexibility of the Flavin-Dependent Dihydropyrrole Oxidases PigB and HapB Involved in Antibiotic Prodigiosin Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2020; 21:523-530. [PMID: 31433555 PMCID: PMC7065143 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the biosynthesis of the tripyrrolic pigment prodigiosin, PigB is a predicted flavin-dependent oxidase responsible for the formation of 2-methyl-3-amylpyrrole (MAP) from a dihydropyrrole. To prove which dihydropyrrole is the true intermediate, both possibilities, 5-methyl-4-pentyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole (5 a, resulting from transamination of the aldehyde of 3-acetyloctanal) and 2-methyl-3-pentyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole (6, resulting from transamination of the ketone), were synthesised. Only 5 a restored pigment production in a strain of Serratia sp. ATCC 39006 blocked earlier in MAP biosynthesis. PigB is membrane-associated and inactive when its transmembrane domain was deleted, but HapB, its homologue in Hahella chejuensis, lacks the transmembrane domain and is active in solution. Two colourimetric assays for PigB and HapB were developed, and the HapB-catalysed reaction was kinetically characterised. Ten analogues of 5 a were synthesised, varying in the C2 and C3 side chains, and tested as substrates of HapB in vitro and for restoration of pigment production in Serratia ΔpigD in vivo. All lengths of side chain tested at C3 were accepted, but only short side chains at C2 were accepted. The knowledge that 5 a is an intermediate in prodigiosin biosynthesis and the ease of synthesis of analogues of 5 a makes a range of prodigiosin analogues readily available by mutasynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Couturier
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Hiral D. Bhalara
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Suresh R. Chawrai
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Rita Monson
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
| | - Neil R. Williamson
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
| | - George P. C. Salmond
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeTennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1QWUK
| | - Finian J. Leeper
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
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11
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RedH and PigC Catalyze the Biosynthesis of Hybrubins via Phosphorylation of 4'-Methoxy-2,2'-Bipyrrole-5'-Carbaldehyde. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02331-19. [PMID: 31704680 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02331-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrubins are "unnatural" alkaloids with the same 4'-methoxy-2,2'-bipyrrole-5'-methine moiety found in prodiginines and a different ring derived from tetramic acids. Here, we demonstrated that RedH, a homologue of prodigiosin synthetase PigC, was responsible for the biosynthesis of hybrubins A and B in Streptomyces lividans In vitro reactions indicated that RedH and PigC catalyzed the intermolecular condensation between 4'-methoxy-2,2'-bipyrrole-5'-carbaldehyde (MBC) and (Z)-5-ethylidenetetramic acid (ETA) to produce hybrubin B. Moreover, we demonstrated that RedH and PigC activated MBC via phosphorylation of the aldehyde group to form an intermediate Pi-MBC and that the subsequent condensation between Pi-MBC and (Z)-5-ethylidenetetramic acid occurs in a nonenzymatic way.IMPORTANCE Hybrubins are an emerging class of prodiginines possessing a new C ring derived from 5'-substituted tetramic acids and the methylene bridge connecting the C ring at a different position. We have supposed that condensation between 4'-methoxy-2,2'-bipyrrole-5'-carbaldehyde (MBC) and 5-ethylidenetetramic acid (ETA) yields the hybrid natural products hybrubins, which was proposed to be catalyzed by the undecylprodigiosin synthetase RedH. However, it is doubted whether RedH is able to catalyze another type of condensation between MBC and tetramic acids. In this study, we have demonstrated that the MBC-ETA condensation proceeds through RedH/PigC-catalyzed enzymatic activation of MBC via phosphorylation and a nonenzymatic condensation of Pi-MBC with ETA. Since MBC analogues have been shown to be accepted by PigC, more hybrubin analogues might be produced by using combinations of MBC analogues and other tetramic acids in future studies.
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12
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Brands S, Brass HUC, Klein AS, Pietruszka J, Ruff AJ, Schwaneberg U. A colourimetric high-throughput screening system for directed evolution of prodigiosin ligase PigC. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8631-8634. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02181d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A colourimetric high-throughput screening system was developed for the first directed evolution campaign on PigC towards production of artificial prodiginines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Brands
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Hannah U. C. Brass
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located at Forschungszentrum Jülich
- Stetternicher Forst
- 52426 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Andreas S. Klein
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located at Forschungszentrum Jülich
- Stetternicher Forst
- 52426 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located at Forschungszentrum Jülich
- Stetternicher Forst
- 52426 Jülich
- Germany
| | - Anna Joëlle Ruff
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institut für Interaktive Materialien
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13
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Brass HUC, Klein AS, Nyholt S, Classen T, Pietruszka J. Condensing Enzymes fromPseudoalteromonadaceaefor Prodiginine Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah U. C. Brass
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located atForschungszentrum Jülich Stetternicher Forst, Building 15.8 52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Andreas S. Klein
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located atForschungszentrum Jülich Stetternicher Forst, Building 15.8 52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Silke Nyholt
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich 52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Thomas Classen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich 52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf located atForschungszentrum Jülich Stetternicher Forst, Building 15.8 52426 Jülich Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich 52426 Jülich Germany
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14
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Picott KJ, Deichert JA, deKemp EM, Schatte G, Sauriol F, Ross AC. Isolation and characterization of tambjamine MYP1, a macrocyclic tambjamine analogue from marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas citrea. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:478-483. [PMID: 31015911 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00061e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tambjamines are natural products that consist of a conserved bipyrrole core functionalized with different imines giving rise to many derivatives. The core structure of tambjamines allows ion coordination through the nitrogen atoms, which is a key aspect in many of their observed antimicrobial, anticancer, and antimalarial bioactivities. Minor variances in the compound structure have a considerable impact on the potency of these activities, so identifying new analogues is valuable for maximizing tambjamine biological potential. In this work, we describe the isolation and structure elucidation of the first naturally occurring macrocyclized tambjamine, tambjamine MYP1, from the marine microbe Pseudoalteromonas citrea. We also compare the apparent pK a of cyclic and linear tambjamine analogues and discuss how structural strain may effect the compound's ion coordination abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie A Deichert
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , Kingston , ON , Canada .
| | - Ella M deKemp
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , Kingston , ON , Canada .
| | - Gabriele Schatte
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , Kingston , ON , Canada .
| | - Françoise Sauriol
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , Kingston , ON , Canada .
| | - Avena C Ross
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , Kingston , ON , Canada .
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15
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Fujieda H, Maeda K, Kato N. Efficient and Scalable Synthesis of Glucokinase Activator with a Chiral Thiophenyl-Pyrrolidine Scaffold. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Fujieda
- Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 35 Higashisotobori-cho, Higashi-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 461-8631, Japan
| | - Koji Maeda
- Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 35 Higashisotobori-cho, Higashi-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 461-8631, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Kato
- Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 35 Higashisotobori-cho, Higashi-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 461-8631, Japan
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16
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You Z, Liu X, Zhang S, Wang Y. Characterization of a prodigiosin synthetase PigC from Serratia marcescens jx-1 and its application in prodigiosin analogue synthesis. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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You Z, Zhang S, Liu X, Wang Y. Enhancement of prodigiosin synthetase (PigC) production from recombinant Escherichia coli through optimization of induction strategy and media. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 48:226-233. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2017.1421965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu You
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suping Zhang
- Nanhu College, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujie Wang
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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18
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The complex resistomes of Paenibacillaceae reflect diverse antibiotic chemical ecologies. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 12:885-897. [PMID: 29259290 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-017-0017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ecology of antibiotic resistance involves the interplay of a long natural history of antibiotic production in the environment, and the modern selection of resistance in pathogens through human use of these drugs. Important components of the resistome are intrinsic resistance genes of environmental bacteria, evolved and acquired over millennia, and their mobilization, which drives dissemination in pathogens. Understanding the dynamics and evolution of resistance across bacterial taxa is essential to address the current crisis in drug-resistant infections. Here we report the exploration of antibiotic resistance in the Paenibacillaceae prompted by our discovery of an ancient intrinsic resistome in Paenibacillus sp. LC231, recovered from the isolated Lechuguilla cave environment. Using biochemical and gene expression analysis, we have mined the resistome of the second member of the Paenibacillaceae family, Brevibacillus brevis VM4, which produces several antimicrobial secondary metabolites. Using phylogenomics, we show that Paenibacillaceae resistomes are in flux, evolve mostly independent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic diversity, and are characterized by cryptic, redundant, pseudoparalogous, and orthologous genes. We find that in contrast to pathogens, mobile genetic elements are not significantly responsible for resistome remodeling. This offers divergent modes of resistome development in pathogens and environmental bacteria.
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19
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de Rond T, Stow P, Eigl I, Johnson RE, Chan LJG, Goyal G, Baidoo EEK, Hillson NJ, Petzold CJ, Sarpong R, Keasling JD. Oxidative cyclization of prodigiosin by an alkylglycerol monooxygenase-like enzyme. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:1155-1157. [PMID: 28892091 PMCID: PMC5677514 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prodiginines, which are tripyrrole alkaloids displaying a wide array of bioactivities, occur as linear and cyclic congeners. Identification of an unclustered biosynthetic gene led to the discovery of the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the regiospecific C-H activation and cyclization of prodigiosin to cycloprodigiosin in Pseudoalteromonas rubra. This enzyme is related to alkylglycerol monooxygenase and unrelated to RedG, the Rieske oxygenase that produces cyclized prodiginines in Streptomyces, implying convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan de Rond
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Parker Stow
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ian Eigl
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Rebecca E Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Leanne Jade G Chan
- DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Garima Goyal
- DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Edward E K Baidoo
- DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Nathan J Hillson
- DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California, USA
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
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20
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Klein AS, Domröse A, Bongen P, Brass HUC, Classen T, Loeschcke A, Drepper T, Laraia L, Sievers S, Jaeger KE, Pietruszka J. New Prodigiosin Derivatives Obtained by Mutasynthesis in Pseudomonas putida. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:1757-1765. [PMID: 28505410 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The deeply red-colored natural compound prodigiosin is a representative of the prodiginine alkaloid family, which possesses bioactivities as antimicrobial, antitumor, and antimalarial agents. Various bacteria including the opportunistic human pathogen Serratia marcescens and different members of the Streptomycetaceae and Pseudoalteromonadaceae produce prodiginines. In addition, these microbes generally accumulate many structurally related alkaloids making efficient prodiginine synthesis and purification difficult and expensive. Furthermore, it is known that structurally different natural prodiginine variants display differential bioactivities. In the herein described mutasynthesis approach, 13 different derivatives of prodigiosin were obtained utilizing the GRAS (generally recognized as safe) classified strain Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Genetic engineering of the prodigiosin pathway together with incorporation of synthetic intermediates thus resulted in the formation of a so far unprecedented structural diversity of new prodiginine derivatives in P. putida. Furthermore, the formed products allow reliable conclusions regarding the substrate specificity of PigC, the final condensing enzyme in the prodigiosin biosynthesis pathway of S. marcescens. The biological activity of prodigiosin toward modulation of autophagy was preserved in prodiginine derivatives. One prodiginine derivative displayed more potent autophagy inhibitory activity than the parent compound or the synthetic clinical candidate obatoclax.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Classen
- Insitute
of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Insitute
of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Insitute
of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52428, Germany
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21
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Lu W, Kancharla P, Reynolds KA. MarH, a Bifunctional Enzyme Involved in the Condensation and Hydroxylation Steps of the Marineosin Biosynthetic Pathway. Org Lett 2017; 19:1298-1301. [PMID: 28271893 PMCID: PMC8168799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel bifunctional enzyme, MarH, has been identified, and its key functional role in the marineosin biosynthesis successfully probed. MarH catalyzes (1) a condensation step between 4-methoxy-2,2'-bipyrrole-5-carboxaldehyde (MBC) and 2-undecylpyrrole (UP) to form undecylprodiginine (UPG) and (2) hydroxylation of the alkyl chain of UPG to form the (S)-23-hydroxyundecylprodiginine (HUPG), which is essential for MarG catalyzed bicyclization toward the formation of an unusual spiro-tetrahydropyran-aminal ring of marineosins. The final enigmatic steps in the marineosin biosynthesis have now been deciphered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
| | - Papireddy Kancharla
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
| | - Kevin A. Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
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22
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Yu C, Jiao L, Tan X, Wang J, Xu Y, Wu Y, Yang G, Wang Z, Hao E. Straightforward Acid-Catalyzed Synthesis of Pyrrolyldipyrromethenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:7688-91. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Yu C, Jiao L, Tan X, Wang J, Xu Y, Wu Y, Yang G, Wang Z, Hao E. Straightforward Acid-Catalyzed Synthesis of Pyrrolyldipyrromethenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Zhang M, Hao E, Xu Y, Zhang S, Zhu H, Wang Q, Yu C, Jiao L. One-pot efficient synthesis of pyrrolylBODIPY dyes from pyrrole and acyl chloride. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra22203e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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25
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Cytotoxic Prodigiosin Family Pigments from Pseudoalteromonas sp. 1020R Isolated from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1229-32. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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