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Feddahi N, Hartmann L, Felderhoff-Müser U, Roy S, Lampe R, Maiti KS. Neonatal Exhaled Breath Sampling for Infrared Spectroscopy: Biomarker Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:30625-30635. [PMID: 39035909 PMCID: PMC11256302 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring health conditions in neonates for early therapeutic intervention in case deviations from physiological conditions is crucial for their long-term development. Due to their immaturity preterm born neonates are dependent on particularly careful physical and neurological diagnostic methods. Ideally, these should be noninvasive, noncontact, and radiation free. Infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze exhaled breath from 71 neonates with a special emphasis on preterm infants, as a noninvasive, noncontact, and radiation-free diagnostic tool. Passive sample collection was performed by skilled clinicians. Depending on the mode of respiratory support of infants, four different sampling procedures were adapted to collect exhaled breath. With the aid of appropriate reference samples, infrared spectroscopy has successfully demonstrated its effectiveness in the analysis of breath samples of neonates. The discernible increase in concentrations of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane in collected samples compared to reference samples served as compelling evidence of the presence of exhaled breath. With regard to technical hurdles and sample analysis, samples collected from neonates without respiratory support proved to be more advantageous compared to those obtained from intubated infants and those with CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure). The main obstacle lies in the significant dilution of exhaled breath in the case of neonates receiving respiratory support. Metabolic analysis of breath samples holds promise for the development of noninvasive biomarker-based diagnostics for both preterm and sick neonates provided an adequate amount of breath is collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Feddahi
- Center
for Translational and Neurobehavioural Sciences CTNBS, Department
of Pediatrics I, Neonatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Lea Hartmann
- Center
for Translational and Neurobehavioural Sciences CTNBS, Department
of Pediatrics I, Neonatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Ursula Felderhoff-Müser
- Center
for Translational and Neurobehavioural Sciences CTNBS, Department
of Pediatrics I, Neonatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Susmita Roy
- Research
Unit of the Buhl-Strohmaier Foundation for Cerebral Palsy and Pediatric
Neuroorthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Orthopaedics,
TUM School of Medicine and Health, University Hospital Rechts der
Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Renée Lampe
- Research
Unit of the Buhl-Strohmaier Foundation for Cerebral Palsy and Pediatric
Neuroorthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Orthopaedics,
TUM School of Medicine and Health, University Hospital Rechts der
Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Markus
Würth Professorship, Technical University
of Munich, Ismaninger
Straße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Kiran Sankar Maiti
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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2
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Mochalski P, Mayhew CA. Stability of selected exhaled breath volatiles stored in Tenax ®TA adsorbent tubes at -80 °C. J Breath Res 2024; 18:041001. [PMID: 38955168 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ad5dee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Preservation of the breath sample integrity during storage and transport is one of the biggest challenges in off-line exhaled breath gas analysis. In this context, adsorbent tubes are frequently used as storage containers for use with analytical methods employing gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. The key objective of this short communication is to provide data on the recovery of selected breath volatiles from Tenax®TA adsorbent tubes that were stored at -80 °C for up to 90 d. For this purpose, an Owlstone Medical's ReCIVA®Breath Sampler was used for exhaled breath collection. The following fifteen compounds, selected to cover a range of chemical properties, were monitored for their stability: isoprene, n-heptane, n-nonane, toluene, p-cymene, allyl methyl sulfide, 1-(methylthio)-propane, 1-(methylthio)-1-propene,α-pinene, DL-limonene,β-pinene,γ-terpinene, 2-pentanone, acetoin and 2,3 butanedione. All compounds, but one (acetoin), were found to be stable during the first 4 weeks of storage (recovery within ± 2 × RSD). Furthermore, n-nonane was stable during the whole of the investigated period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Mochalski
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Kielce, Poland
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Hopstock K, Perraud V, Dalton AB, Barletta B, Meinardi S, Weltman RM, Mirkhanian MA, Rakosi KJ, Blake DR, Edwards RD, Nizkorodov SA. Chemical Analysis of Exhaled Vape Emissions: Unraveling the Complexities of Humectant Fragmentation in a Human Trial Study. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1000-1010. [PMID: 38769630 PMCID: PMC11187636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette smoking (or vaping) is on the rise, presenting questions about the effects of secondhand exposure. The chemical composition of vape emissions was examined in the exhaled breath of eight human volunteers with the high chemical specificity of complementary online and offline techniques. Our study is the first to take multiple exhaled puff measurements from human participants and compare volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations between two commonly used methods, proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and gas chromatography (GC). Five flavor profile groups were selected for this study, but flavor compounds were not observed as the main contributors to the PTR-ToF-MS signal. Instead, the PTR-ToF-MS mass spectra were overwhelmed by e-liquid thermal decomposition and fragmentation products, which masked other observations regarding flavorings and other potentially toxic species associated with secondhand vape exposure. Compared to the PTR-ToF-MS, GC measurements reported significantly different VOC concentrations, usually below those from PTR-ToF-MS. Consequently, PTR-ToF-MS mass spectra should be interpreted with caution when reporting quantitative results in vaping studies, such as doses of inhaled VOCs. Nevertheless, the online PTR-ToF-MS analysis can provide valuable qualitative information by comparing relative VOCs in back-to-back trials. For example, by comparing the mass spectra of exhaled air with those of direct puffs, we can conclude that harmful VOCs present in the vape emissions are largely absorbed by the participants, including large fractions of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine
S. Hopstock
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Véronique Perraud
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Avery B. Dalton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Barbara Barletta
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Robert M. Weltman
- Program
in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Megan A. Mirkhanian
- Program
in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Krisztina J. Rakosi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Rufus D. Edwards
- Program
in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Czippelová B, Nováková S, Šarlinová M, Baranovičová E, Urbanová A, Turianiková Z, Krohová JČ, Halašová E, Škovierová H. Impact of breath sample collection method and length of storage of breath samples in Tedlar bags on the level of selected volatiles assessed using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). J Breath Res 2024; 18:036004. [PMID: 38701772 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ad4736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled air has attracted the interest of the scientific community because it provides the possibility of monitoring physiological and metabolic processes and non-invasive diagnostics of various diseases. However, this method remains underused in clinical practice as well as in research because of the lack of standardized procedures for the collection, storage and transport of breath samples, which would guarantee good reproducibility and comparability of results. The method of sampling, as well as the storage time of the breath samples in the polymer bags used for sample storage and transport, affect the composition and concentration of VOCs present in the breath samples. The aim of our study was to compare breath samples obtained using two methods with fully disposable equipment: a Haldane sampling tube intended for direct breath collection and breath samples exhaled into a transparent Tedlar bag. The second task was to monitor the stability of selected compounds of real breath samples stored in a Tedlar bag for 6 h. Gas chromatography coupled with ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) implemented in the BreathSpec®device was used to analyse exhaled breath. Our results showed a significant difference in the signal intensity of some volatiles when taking a breath sample with a Haldane tube and a Tedlar bag. Due to its endogenous origin, acetone levels were significantly higher when the Haldane tube sampler was used while elevated levels of 2-propanol and unidentified VOC (designated as VOC 3) in the Tedlar bag samples likely originated from contamination of the Tedlar bags. The VOC stability study revealed compound-specific signal intensity changes of the selected VOCs with storage time in the Tedlar bags, with some volatiles showing increasing signal intensity during storage in Tedlar bags. This limits the use of Tedlar bags only for very limited time and carefully selected purpose. Our results highlight the importance of careful design and implementation of experiments and clinical protocols to obtain relevant and reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Czippelová
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Slavomíra Nováková
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Šarlinová
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Eva Baranovičová
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Martin, Slovakia
| | | | - Zuzana Turianiková
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Jana Čerňanová Krohová
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Erika Halašová
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Henrieta Škovierová
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Martin, Slovakia
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Wang Q, Fang Y, Tan S, Li Z, Zheng R, Ren Y, Jiang Y, Huang X. Diagnostic performance of volatile organic compounds analysis and electronic noses for detecting colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1397259. [PMID: 38817891 PMCID: PMC11138104 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1397259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) could provide a potential diagnostic modality for the early detection and surveillance of colorectal cancers. However, the overall diagnostic accuracy of the proposed tests remains uncertain. Objective This systematic review is to ascertain the diagnostic accuracy of using VOC analysis techniques and electronic noses (e-noses) as noninvasive diagnostic methods for colorectal cancer within the realm of clinical practice. Methods A systematic search was undertaken on PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library to scrutinize pertinent studies published from their inception to September 1, 2023. Only studies conducted on human subjects were included. Meta-analysis was performed using a bivariate model to obtain summary estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool was deployed for quality assessment. The protocol for this systematic review was registered in PROSPERO, and PRISMA guidelines were used for the identification, screening, eligibility, and selection process. Results This review encompassed 32 studies, 22 studies for VOC analysis and 9 studies for e-nose, one for both, with a total of 4688 subjects in the analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of VOC analysis for CRC detection were 0.88 (95% CI, 0.83-0.92) and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.78-0.90), respectively. In the case of e-nose, the pooled sensitivity was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.83-0.90), and the pooled specificity was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.62-0.88). The area under the receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC) curve for VOC analysis and e-noses were 0.93 (95% CI, 0.90-0.95) and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.87-0.92), respectively. Conclusion The outcomes of this review substantiate the commendable accuracy of VOC analysis and e-nose technology in detecting CRC. VOC analysis has a higher specificity than e-nose for the diagnosis of CRC and a sensitivity comparable to that of e-nose. However, numerous limitations, including a modest sample size, absence of standardized collection methods, lack of external validation, and a notable risk of bias, were identified. Consequently, there exists an imperative need for expansive, multi-center clinical studies to elucidate the applicability and reproducibility of VOC analysis or e-nose in the noninvasive diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#recordDetails, identifier CRD42023398465.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Wang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Second Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyan Tan
- Second Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuohong Li
- Second Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruyi Zheng
- Second Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yifeng Ren
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yifang Jiang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaopeng Huang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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6
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Vaněk J, Cupák J, Vojtěch J. Continual preparation of chemical vapor standard mixtures: Autonomous generator based on modified dynamic methods. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1718:464713. [PMID: 38325035 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Many applications in laboratory, industrial and R&D practice involve utilization of standard chemical vapor mixtures, therefore their availability, ease of preparation and reliability play a crucial role. This work is presenting a new instrumentation based on the innovated dynamic preparation method using the injection of liquid sample, fast evaporation, and uniform mixing with carrier gas. The combination of precise syringe drives, quantitative evaporation and controlled flow of carrier gas provides very high level of accuracy and stability of the generation process. The system is robust with minimal requirements for calibration, and it is suitable for producing single or multi component mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Vaněk
- National Institute for NBC Protection, Kamenná 71, Milín 262 31, Czechia.
| | - Jan Cupák
- OZM Research, Blížňovice 32, Hrochův Týnec 538 62, Czechia
| | - Jan Vojtěch
- OZM Research, Blížňovice 32, Hrochův Týnec 538 62, Czechia
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7
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Jung AE, Davidson CN, Land CJ, Dash AI, Guess BT, Edmonds HS, Pitsch RL, Harshman SW. Impact of thermal desorption tubes on the variability of exhaled breath data. J Breath Res 2023; 18:016008. [PMID: 38096565 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ad15a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to the overall low abundance of volatile compounds in exhaled breath, it is necessary to preconcentrate the sample prior to traditional thermal desorption (TD) gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. While certain aspects of TD tubes, such as volatile storage, have been evaluated, many aspects remain uncharacterized. Two common TD tubes, Tenax TA and Biomonitoring 5TD tubes, were evaluated for background content and flow rate variability. The data illustrate that the Biomonitoring 5TD tubes have the highest number (23) and abundance of background contamination greater than 3x the mean noise when compared to Tenax TA (13) and empty tubes (9). Tentative identifications of the compounds in the background contamination experiment show that greater than 59% (16/27) of the compounds identified have been reported in the breath literature. The data illustrate the TD tube background abundance could account for more than 70% of the chromatographic signal from exhaled breath for these select compounds. Flow rate measurements of 200 Tenax TA and 200 Biomonitoring 5TD tubes show a large range in measured flow rates among the TD tubes (Tenax: 252.9-284.0 ml min-1, 5TD: 220.6-255.1 ml min-1). Finally, TD tubes of each type, Tenax TA and Biomonitoring 5TD, previously established to have high, medium, and low flow rates, show insignificant differences (p> 0.05) among the tubes of different flow rates, using both gas standards and an exhaled breath from a peppermint experiment. Collectively, these results establish overall background compounds attributed to each TD tube type tested. Additionally, while measured flow rate variability is present and plausibly impacts exhaled breath results, the data demonstrate no statistically significant difference was observed between tubes showing high, medium, and low flow rates from two separate sample types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Jung
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBA, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright- Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
| | - Christina N Davidson
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBA, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright- Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
| | - Christopher J Land
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBA, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright- Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
| | - Aubrianne I Dash
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBA, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright- Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
| | - Barlow T Guess
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBA, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright- Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
| | - Heidi S Edmonds
- United States Air Force Academy, 2304 Cadet Drive, United States Air Force Academy, CO 80840, United States of America
| | - Rhonda L Pitsch
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBA, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright- Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
| | - Sean W Harshman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBA, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright- Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
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8
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Sola-Martínez RA, Zeng J, Awchi M, Gisler A, Arnold K, Singh KD, Frey U, Díaz MC, de Diego Puente T, Sinues P. Preservation of exhaled breath samples for analysis by off-line SESI-HRMS: proof-of-concept study. J Breath Res 2023; 18:011002. [PMID: 38029449 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ad10e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Secondary electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry (SESI-HRMS) is an established technique in the field of breath analysis characterized by its short analysis time, as well as high levels of sensitivity and selectivity. Traditionally, SESI-HRMS has been used for real-time breath analysis, which requires subjects to be at the location of the analytical platform. Therefore, it limits the possibilities for an introduction of this methodology in day-to-day clinical practice. However, recent methodological developments have shown feasibility on the remote sampling of exhaled breath in Nalophan® bags prior to measurement using SESI-HRMS. To further explore the range of applications of this method, we conducted a proof-of-concept study to assess the impact of the storage time of exhaled breath in Nalophan® bags at different temperatures (room temperature and dry ice) on the relative intensities of the compounds. In addition, we performed a detailed study of the storage effect of 27 aldehydes related to oxidative stress. After 2 h of storage, the mean of intensity of allm/zsignals relative to the samples analyzed without prior storage remained above 80% at both room temperature and dry ice. For the 27 aldehydes, the mean relative intensity losses were lower than 20% at 24 h of storage, remaining practically stable since the first hour of storage following sample collection. Furthermore, the mean relative intensity of most aldehydes in samples stored at room temperature was higher than those stored in dry ice, which could be related to water vapor condensation issues. These findings indicate that the exhaled breath samples could be preserved for hours with a low percentage of mean relative intensity loss, thereby allowing more flexibility in the logistics of off-line SESI-HRMS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A Sola-Martínez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jiafa Zeng
- University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Mo Awchi
- University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Amanda Gisler
- University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kim Arnold
- University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Kapil Dev Singh
- University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Urs Frey
- University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Cánovas Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Teresa de Diego Puente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Sinues
- University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
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9
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Maidodou L, Clarot I, Leemans M, Fromantin I, Marchioni E, Steyer D. Unraveling the potential of breath and sweat VOC capture devices for human disease detection: a systematic-like review of canine olfaction and GC-MS analysis. Front Chem 2023; 11:1282450. [PMID: 38025078 PMCID: PMC10646374 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1282450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of disease screening methods using biomedical detection dogs relies on the collection and analysis of body odors, particularly volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in body fluids. To capture and analyze odors produced by the human body, numerous protocols and materials are used in forensics or medical studies. This paper provides an overview of sampling devices used to collect VOCs from sweat and exhaled air, for medical diagnostic purposes using canine olfaction and/or Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Canine olfaction and GC-MS are regarded as complementary tools, holding immense promise for detecting cancers and infectious diseases. However, existing literature lacks guidelines for selecting materials suitable for both canine olfaction and GC-MS. Hence, this review aims to address this gap and pave the way for efficient body odor sampling materials. The first section of the paper describes the materials utilized in training sniffing dogs, while the second section delves into the details of sampling devices and extraction techniques employed for exhaled air and sweat analysis using GC-MS. Finally, the paper proposes the development of an ideal sampling device tailored for detection purposes in the field of odorology. By bridging the knowledge gap, this study seeks to advance disease detection methodologies, harnessing the unique abilities of both dogs and GC-MS analysis in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Maidodou
- Twistaroma, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
- CITHEFOR, EA 3452, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- DSA, IPHC UMR7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Igor Clarot
- CITHEFOR, EA 3452, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Michelle Leemans
- Clinical Epidemiology and Ageing, IMRB—Paris Est Créteil University /Inserm U955, Créteil, France
| | - Isabelle Fromantin
- Clinical Epidemiology and Ageing, IMRB—Paris Est Créteil University /Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- Wound Care and Research Unit, Curie Institute, Paris, France
| | - Eric Marchioni
- DSA, IPHC UMR7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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10
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Schulz E, Woollam M, Grocki P, Davis MD, Agarwal M. Methods to Detect Volatile Organic Compounds for Breath Biopsy Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114533. [PMID: 37299010 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are byproducts from metabolic pathways that can be detected in exhaled breath and have been reported as biomarkers for different diseases. The gold standard for analysis is gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which can be coupled with various sampling methods. The current study aims to develop and compare different methods for sampling and preconcentrating VOCs using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). An in-house sampling method, direct-breath SPME (DB-SPME), was developed to directly extract VOCs from breath using a SPME fiber. The method was optimized by exploring different SPME types, the overall exhalation volume, and breath fractionation. DB-SPME was quantitatively compared to two alternative methods involving the collection of breath in a Tedlar bag. In one method, VOCs were directly extracted from the Tedlar bag (Tedlar-SPME) and in the other, the VOCs were cryothermally transferred from the Tedlar bag to a headspace vial (cryotransfer). The methods were verified and quantitatively compared using breath samples (n = 15 for each method respectively) analyzed by GC-MS quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) for compounds including but not limited to acetone, isoprene, toluene, limonene, and pinene. The cryotransfer method was the most sensitive, demonstrating the strongest signal for the majority of the VOCs detected in the exhaled breath samples. However, VOCs with low molecular weights, including acetone and isoprene, were detected with the highest sensitivity using the Tedlar-SPME. On the other hand, the DB-SPME was less sensitive, although it was rapid and had the lowest background GC-MS signal. Overall, the three breath-sampling methods can detect a wide variety of VOCs in breath. The cryotransfer method may be optimal when collecting a large number of samples using Tedlar bags, as it allows the long-term storage of VOCs at low temperatures (-80 °C), while Tedlar-SPME may be more effective when targeting relatively small VOCs. The DB-SPME method may be the most efficient when more immediate analyses and results are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eray Schulz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mark Woollam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Paul Grocki
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Michael D Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mangilal Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Mechanical & Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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11
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Carnero EA, Bock CP, Liu Y, Corbin K, Wohlers-Kariesch E, Ruud K, Moon J, Marcus A, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Muraviev A, Vodopyanov KL, Smith SR. Measurement of 24-h continuous human CH 4 release in a whole room indirect calorimeter. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:766-776. [PMID: 36794690 PMCID: PMC10027086 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00705.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the technology and validation of a new whole room indirect calorimeter (WRIC) methodology to quantify volume of methane (VCH4) released from the human body over 24 h concurrently with the assessment of energy expenditure and substrate utilization. The new system extends the assessment of energy metabolism by adding CH4, a downstream product of microbiome fermentation that could contribute to energy balance. Our new system consists of an established WRIC combined with the addition of off-axis integrated-cavity output spectroscopy (OA-ICOS) to measure CH4 concentration ([CH4]). Development, validation, and reliability of the system included environmental experiments to measure the stability of the atmospheric [CH4], infusing CH4 into the WRIC and human cross-validation studies comparing [CH4] quantified by OA-ICOS and mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy (MIR DCS).Our infusion data indicated that the system measured 24-h [CH4] and VCH4 with high sensitivity, reliability, and validity. Cross-validation studies showed good agreement between OA-ICOS and MIR DCS technologies (r = 0.979, P < 0.0001). Human data revealed 24-h VCH4 was highly variable between subjects and within/between days. Finally, our method to quantify VCH4 released by breath or colon suggested that over 50% of the CH4 was eliminated through the breath. The method allows, for the first time, measurement of 24-h VCH4 (in kcal) and therefore the measurement of the proportion of human energy intake fermented to CH4 by the gut microbiome and released via breath or from the intestine; also, it allows us to track the effects of dietary, probiotic, bacterial, and fecal microbiota transplantation on VCH4.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first time that continuous assessment of CH4 is reported in parallel with measurements of O2 consumption and CO2 production inside a whole room indirect calorimeter in humans and over 24 h. We provide a detailed description of the whole system and its parts. We carried out studies of reliability and validity of the whole system and its parts. CH4 is released in humans during daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Carnero
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, Florida, United States
| | - C. P. Bock
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, Florida, United States
| | - Y. Liu
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, Florida, United States
| | - K. Corbin
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, Florida, United States
| | | | - K. Ruud
- MEI Research, Ltd., Edina, Minnesota, United States
| | - J. Moon
- MEI Research, Ltd., Edina, Minnesota, United States
| | - A. Marcus
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- Biodesign Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - R. Krajmalnik-Brown
- Biodesign Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - A. Muraviev
- CREOL, College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States
| | - K. L. Vodopyanov
- CREOL, College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States
| | - S. R. Smith
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, Florida, United States
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12
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Westphal K, Dudzik D, Waszczuk-Jankowska M, Graff B, Narkiewicz K, Markuszewski MJ. Common Strategies and Factors Affecting Off-Line Breath Sampling and Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis Using Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). Metabolites 2022; 13:8. [PMID: 36676933 PMCID: PMC9866406 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An analysis of exhaled breath enables specialists to noninvasively monitor biochemical processes and to determine any pathological state in the human body. Breath analysis holds the greatest potential to remold and personalize diagnostics; however, it requires a multidisciplinary approach and collaboration of many specialists. Despite the fact that breath is considered to be a less complex matrix than blood, it is not commonly used as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for early detection of disordered conditions due to its problematic sampling, analysis, and storage. This review is intended to determine, standardize, and marshal experimental strategies for successful, reliable, and especially, reproducible breath analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Westphal
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Danuta Dudzik
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Waszczuk-Jankowska
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Beata Graff
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Narkiewicz
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał Jan Markuszewski
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
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13
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The Effect of Tedlar Bags on the Composition of Exhaled Human Breath Samples. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5665921. [PMID: 36212946 PMCID: PMC9546690 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5665921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The PVF Tedlar is widely used for gas collection in clinical diagnostics and environmental research. However, sample collection is frequently associated with the degradation, adsorption, or transformation of sensitive chemicals. Here, we explore to what extent the Tedlar bag collection effects the composition of expired breath samples. Collected breath samples were analyzed using the EESI-MS technique after the storage time of 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, and 6 h, respectively. Our results demonstrated the gradual MS signal decay after 3 h storage. The decay rate of 3 h is about 45% and 6 h is about 88%. Therefore, the Tedlar bag is suggested as a reliable breath holder on the time scale of <3 h.
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14
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Woollam M, Angarita-Rivera P, Siegel AP, Kalra V, Kapoor R, Agarwal M. Exhaled VOCs can discriminate subjects with COVID-19 from healthy controls. J Breath Res 2022; 16. [PMID: 35453137 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac696a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 detection currently relies on testing by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or antigen testing. However, SARS-CoV-2 is expected to cause significant metabolic changes in infected subjects due to both metabolic requirements for rapid viral replication and host immune responses. Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from human breath can detect these metabolic changes and is therefore an alternative to RT-PCR or antigen assays. To identify VOC biomarkers of COVID-19, exhaled breath samples were collected from two sample groups into Tedlar bags: negative COVID-19 (n= 12) and positive COVID-19 symptomatic (n= 14). Next, VOCs were analyzed by headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Subjects with COVID-19 displayed a larger number of VOCs as well as overall higher total concentration of VOCs (p< 0.05). Univariate analyses of qualified endogenous VOCs showed approximately 18% of the VOCs were significantly differentially expressed between the two classes (p< 0.05), with most VOCs upregulated. Machine learning multivariate classification algorithms distinguished COVID-19 subjects with over 95% accuracy. The COVID-19 positive subjects could be differentiated into two distinct subgroups by machine learning classification, but these did not correspond with significant differences in number of symptoms. Next, samples were collected from subjects who had previously donated breath bags while experiencing COVID-19, and subsequently recovered (COVID Recovered subjects (n= 11)). Univariate and multivariate results showed >90% accuracy at identifying these new samples as Control (COVID-19 negative), thereby validating the classification model and demonstrating VOCs dysregulated by COVID are restored to baseline levels upon recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Woollam
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America
| | - Paula Angarita-Rivera
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.,Department of Mechanical & Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America
| | - Amanda P Siegel
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America
| | - Vikas Kalra
- Indiana Health Ball Memorial Hospital, Muncie, IN 47303, United States of America
| | - Rajat Kapoor
- Department of Respiratory Care, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN 47303, United States of America
| | - Mangilal Agarwal
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.,Department of Mechanical & Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America
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15
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Nathavitharana RR, Garcia-Basteiro AL, Ruhwald M, Cobelens F, Theron G. Reimagining the status quo: How close are we to rapid sputum-free tuberculosis diagnostics for all? EBioMedicine 2022; 78:103939. [PMID: 35339423 PMCID: PMC9043971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid, accurate, sputum-free tests for tuberculosis (TB) triage and confirmation are urgently needed to close the widening diagnostic gap. We summarise key technologies and review programmatic, systems, and resource issues that could affect the impact of diagnostics. Mid-to-early-stage technologies like artificial intelligence-based automated digital chest X-radiography and capillary blood point-of-care assays are particularly promising. Pitfalls in the diagnostic pipeline, included a lack of community-based tools. We outline how these technologies may complement one another within the context of the TB care cascade, help overturn current paradigms (eg, reducing syndromic triage reliance, permitting subclinical TB to be diagnosed), and expand options for extra-pulmonary TB. We review challenges such as the difficulty of detecting paucibacillary TB and the limitations of current reference standards, and discuss how researchers and developers can better design and evaluate assays to optimise programmatic uptake. Finally, we outline how leveraging the urgency and innovation applied to COVID-19 is critical to improving TB patients' diagnostic quality-of-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruvandhi R Nathavitharana
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center & Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Morten Ruhwald
- FIND, the global alliance for diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frank Cobelens
- Department of Global Health and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Grant Theron
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
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16
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Myers R, Ruszkiewicz DM, Meister A, Atkar-Khattra S, Bartolomeu CL, Thomas CLP, Lam S. Breath collection protocol for SARs-CoV-2 testing in an ambulatory setting. J Breath Res 2022; 16. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac4e2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Breath research during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic offers an opportunity for discovery of a rapid point-of-care screening test, but also introduces a hazard to researchers collecting, transporting and analyzing breath samples not only for COVID -19 research, but all human breath-related research during the ongoing pandemic. Safe workflows to protect study participants and staff collecting and analysing the samples must be determined. We developed a SARS-CoV-2 breath test protocol for collection and processing of breath samples in ambulatory care COVID-19 testing sites and prospectively evaluated the protocol. 528 breath samples from 393 participants at COVID-19 testing sites were safely collected, transported, stored, and analysed with zero transmission to staff. Our method development for the safe collection of samples included the examination of 2 different filters for added safety. We discovered the use of filters leads to increased sample contamination and/or reduction of endogenous features in breath samples. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential for all breath collection while SARS-CoV-2 remains wide-spread through the general population. We have demonstrated that use of completely disposable breath collection devices and PPE, are sufficient for safe collection. Filters in the workflow add complexity to an already complex breath matrix and may compromise bio-safety.
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17
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Harries ME, Jeerage KM. Preservation of vapor samples on adsorbent alumina capillaries and implications for field sampling. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1660:462670. [PMID: 34814090 PMCID: PMC9832929 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic vapor microextraction (DVME) is a vapor preconcentration method that employs a capillary trap coated with an adsorbent, followed by solvent elution to recover the sample. DVME has been developed for applications in the laboratory, including highly precise vapor pressure measurements, and in the field. When vapor collection is conducted outside the laboratory, samples must almost always undergo some interval of storage representing the time between collection and analysis. This interval may be hours, days, or longer, depending on the situation. Regardless, in all situations there must be confidence that the integrity of the samples is maintained until processing and analysis. In this paper, we present results of two studies that tested the stability of a 50% weathered gasoline headspace sample on alumina PLOT (porous layer open tubular) capillaries stored at room temperature for periods from 24 h up to 20 wk. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality of the chromatographic and mass spectral data and elucidate trends in stability with respect to the complex sample's range of hydrocarbon classes and molecular weights. Both analyses identified changes over storage periods of six weeks or more. The hydrocarbon class analysis, which used selected ion monitoring (SIM) data as input, proved more sensitive to changes over shorter storage periods. Sample integrity was preserved for at least 24 h, but losses, especially of high-volatility compounds, occurred by 168 h (7 d). Near total loss of sample occurred by 20 wk. These findings, which are specific to the sample, adsorbent, and storage conditions, will guide choices in experimental and instrumental design to ensure that data from future field studies is reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Harries
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado, United States 80305
| | - Kavita M. Jeerage
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado, United States 80305,Corresponding author: 1.303.497.4968 (telephone); 1.303.497.5030 (fax);
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18
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郭 玲, 邬 红, 李 强, 许 川, 刘 羽. [Advances on Collection and Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds
in the Diagnosis of Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2021; 24:796-803. [PMID: 34802212 PMCID: PMC8607281 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2021.101.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality globally, which is the biggest menace to the health and life of the population. Screening and early detection of lung cancer are effective in reducing its mortality, and the measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has become a promising clinical means for early detection, course detection and prognosis management of lung cancer, with advantages of rapid speed, non-invasiveness and convenience. Now, a variety of VOCs collection ways and analysis methods have emerged at home and abroad. This report summarized three aspects, including VOCs collection, multiple methods of analysis and progress in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. At last, we discussed the limitations and prospects of VOCs analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- 玲 郭
- 610041 四川,电子科技大学医学院附属肿瘤医院/四川省肿瘤医院Department of Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 红 邬
- 610041 四川,电子科技大学医学院附属肿瘤医院/四川省肿瘤医院Department of Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 强 李
- 610041 四川,电子科技大学医学院附属肿瘤医院/四川省肿瘤医院Department of Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 川 许
- 610041 四川,电子科技大学医学院附属肿瘤医院/四川省肿瘤医院Department of Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 羽阳 刘
- 100853 北京,解放军医学院Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
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19
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Kamarchuk L, Pospelov A, Harbuz D, Belan V, Volkova Y, Tkachenko A, Kamarchuk G. Noninvasive real-time breath test for controlling hormonal background of the human body: detection of serotonin and melatonin with quantum point-contact sensors. J Breath Res 2021; 16. [PMID: 34731836 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac361c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress in development of noninvasive diagnostic tools based on breath analysis can be expected if one employs a real-time detection method based on finding a spectral breath profile which would contain some energy characteristics of the analyzed gas mixture. Using the fundamental energy parameters of a quantum system, it is possible to determine with a high accuracy its quantitative and qualitative composition. Among the most efficient tools to measure energy characteristics of quantum systems are sensors based on Yanson point contacts. This paper reports the results of serotonin and melatonin detection as an example of testing the human hormonal background with point-contact sensors, which have already demonstrated their high efficiency in detecting carcinogenic strains ofHelicobacter pyloriand selective detection of complex gas mixtures. When comparing the values of serotonin and melatonin with the characteristic parameters of the spectral profile of the exhaled breath of each patient, high correlation dependences of the concentration of serotonin and melatonin with a number of characteristic parameters of the response curve of the point-contact sensor were found. The performed correlation analysis was complemented with the regression analysis. As a result, empiric regression relations were proposed to realize in practice the new non-invasive breath test for evaluation of the human hormonal background. Registration of the patient's breath profile using point-contact sensors makes it possible to easily monitor the dynamics of changes in the human hormonal background and perform a quantitative evaluation of serotonin and melatonin levels in the human body in real time without invasive interventions (blood collection) and expensive equipment or reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Kamarchuk
- SI 'Institute for Children and Adolescents Health Care' of NAMS of Ukraine, 52-A Yuvileinyi Ave., 61153 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Alexander Pospelov
- National Technical University 'Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute', 2 Kyrpychov Str., 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro Harbuz
- B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, 47 Nauky Ave., 61103 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Victor Belan
- B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, 47 Nauky Ave., 61103 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Yuliya Volkova
- SI 'Institute for Children and Adolescents Health Care' of NAMS of Ukraine, 52-A Yuvileinyi Ave., 61153 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Anna Tkachenko
- B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, 47 Nauky Ave., 61103 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Gennadii Kamarchuk
- B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, 47 Nauky Ave., 61103 Kharkiv, Ukraine
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20
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Marder D, Tzanani N, Baratz A, Drug E, Prihed H, Weiss S, Ben-Chetrit E, Eichel R, Dagan S, Yishai Aviram L. A multiple-method comparative study using GC-MS, AMDIS and in-house-built software for the detection and identification of "unknown" volatile organic compounds in breath. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4782. [PMID: 34523187 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The human respiratory system is a highly complex matrix that exhales many volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Breath-exhaled VOCs are often "unknowns" and possess low concentrations, which make their analysis, peak digging and data processing challenging. We report a new methodology, applied in a proof-of-concept experiment, for the detection of VOCs in breath. For this purpose, we developed and compared four complementary analysis methods based on solid-phase microextraction and thermal desorption (TD) tubes with two GC-mass spectrometer (MS) methods. Using eight model compounds, we obtained an LOD range of 0.02-20 ng/ml. We found that in breath analysis, sampling the exhausted air from Tedlar bags is better when TD tubes are used, not only because of the preconcentration but also due to the stability of analytes in the TD tubes. Data processing (peak picking) was based on two data retrieval approaches with an in-house script written for comparison and differentiation between two populations: sick and healthy. We found it best to use "raw" AMDIS deconvolution data (.ELU) rather than its NIST (.FIN) identification data for comparison between samples. A successful demonstration of this method was conducted in a pilot study (n = 21) that took place in a closed hospital ward (Covid-19 ward) with the discovery of four potential markers. These preliminary findings, at the molecular level, demonstrate the capabilities of our method and can be applied in larger and more comprehensive experiments in the omics world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Marder
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Nitzan Tzanani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Adva Baratz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Eyal Drug
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hagit Prihed
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Eli Ben-Chetrit
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roni Eichel
- Stroke Unit/Neurological ICU, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shai Dagan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Lilach Yishai Aviram
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
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Dugheri S, Massi D, Mucci N, Marrubini G, Cappelli G, Trevisani L, Bonferoni MC, Arcangeli G. An Upgrade of Apparatus and Measurement Systems for Generation of Gaseous Formaldehyde: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1702-1716. [PMID: 34096409 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1913090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is ubiquitous in the atmospheric environment. It is generally the dominant atmospheric carbonyl compound. Due to its well-known carcinogenicity, FA is a compound that arises the attention in the scientific community. In studies concerning the toxicological effects of FA on humans, animals, and the environment, testing and calibration of air sampling systems and analytical instruments are pivotal. Therefore, the preparation of controllable standard gaseous atmospheres containing FA at levels known with precision and accuracy is essential. This review summarizes the procedures for generating the FA atmosphere, given that operative solutions have been evolving recently. Furthermore, an overview on the available system to collect and store gaseous standard is reported. The progressively implemented FA generation techniques, together with commercially-available instruments, are herein described, classified, and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dugheri
- Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Laboratory, University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Massi
- Section of Pathology and Histopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Nicola Mucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Cappelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Trevisani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Giulio Arcangeli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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22
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Tsou PH, Lin ZL, Pan YC, Yang HC, Chang CJ, Liang SK, Wen YF, Chang CH, Chang LY, Yu KL, Liu CJ, Keng LT, Lee MR, Ko JC, Huang GH, Li YK. Exploring Volatile Organic Compounds in Breath for High-Accuracy Prediction of Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1431. [PMID: 33801001 PMCID: PMC8003836 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Lung cancer is silent in its early stages and fatal in its advanced stages. The current examinations for lung cancer are usually based on imaging. Conventional chest X-rays lack accuracy, and chest computed tomography (CT) is associated with radiation exposure and cost, limiting screening effectiveness. Breathomics, a noninvasive strategy, has recently been studied extensively. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) derived from human breath can reflect metabolic changes caused by diseases and possibly serve as biomarkers of lung cancer. (2) Methods: The selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) technique was used to quantitatively analyze 116 VOCs in breath samples from 148 patients with histologically confirmed lung cancers and 168 healthy volunteers. We used eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), a machine learning method, to build a model for predicting lung cancer occurrence based on quantitative VOC measurements. (3) Results: The proposed prediction model achieved better performance than other previous approaches, with an accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.89, 0.82, 0.94, and 0.95, respectively. When we further adjusted the confounding effect of environmental VOCs on the relationship between participants' exhaled VOCs and lung cancer occurrence, our model was improved to reach 0.92 accuracy, 0.96 sensitivity, 0.88 specificity, and 0.98 AUC. (4) Conclusion: A quantitative VOCs databank integrated with the application of an XGBoost classifier provides a persuasive platform for lung cancer prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hsien Tsou
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu 30059, Taiwan; (P.-H.T.); (H.-C.Y.); (C.-J.C.); (S.-K.L.); (Y.-F.W.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (K.-L.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (L.-T.K.); (M.-R.L.)
| | - Zong-Lin Lin
- Institute of Statistics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 30010, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Chiang Pan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 30010, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Chen Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu 30059, Taiwan; (P.-H.T.); (H.-C.Y.); (C.-J.C.); (S.-K.L.); (Y.-F.W.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (K.-L.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (L.-T.K.); (M.-R.L.)
| | - Chien-Jen Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu 30059, Taiwan; (P.-H.T.); (H.-C.Y.); (C.-J.C.); (S.-K.L.); (Y.-F.W.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (K.-L.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (L.-T.K.); (M.-R.L.)
| | - Sheng-Kai Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu 30059, Taiwan; (P.-H.T.); (H.-C.Y.); (C.-J.C.); (S.-K.L.); (Y.-F.W.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (K.-L.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (L.-T.K.); (M.-R.L.)
| | - Yueh-Feng Wen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu 30059, Taiwan; (P.-H.T.); (H.-C.Y.); (C.-J.C.); (S.-K.L.); (Y.-F.W.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (K.-L.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (L.-T.K.); (M.-R.L.)
| | - Chia-Hao Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu 30059, Taiwan; (P.-H.T.); (H.-C.Y.); (C.-J.C.); (S.-K.L.); (Y.-F.W.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (K.-L.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (L.-T.K.); (M.-R.L.)
| | - Lih-Yu Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu 30059, Taiwan; (P.-H.T.); (H.-C.Y.); (C.-J.C.); (S.-K.L.); (Y.-F.W.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (K.-L.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (L.-T.K.); (M.-R.L.)
| | - Kai-Lun Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu 30059, Taiwan; (P.-H.T.); (H.-C.Y.); (C.-J.C.); (S.-K.L.); (Y.-F.W.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (K.-L.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (L.-T.K.); (M.-R.L.)
| | - Chia-Jung Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu 30059, Taiwan; (P.-H.T.); (H.-C.Y.); (C.-J.C.); (S.-K.L.); (Y.-F.W.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (K.-L.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (L.-T.K.); (M.-R.L.)
| | - Li-Ta Keng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu 30059, Taiwan; (P.-H.T.); (H.-C.Y.); (C.-J.C.); (S.-K.L.); (Y.-F.W.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (K.-L.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (L.-T.K.); (M.-R.L.)
| | - Meng-Rui Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu 30059, Taiwan; (P.-H.T.); (H.-C.Y.); (C.-J.C.); (S.-K.L.); (Y.-F.W.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (K.-L.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (L.-T.K.); (M.-R.L.)
| | - Jen-Chung Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu 30059, Taiwan; (P.-H.T.); (H.-C.Y.); (C.-J.C.); (S.-K.L.); (Y.-F.W.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (K.-L.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (L.-T.K.); (M.-R.L.)
| | - Guan-Hua Huang
- Institute of Statistics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 30010, Taiwan;
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 30010, Taiwan;
| | - Yaw-Kuen Li
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 30010, Taiwan;
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 30010, Taiwan
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23
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Xiang L, Wu S, Hua Q, Bao C, Liu H. Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Exhaled Breath to Diagnose Gastrointestinal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:606915. [PMID: 33747921 PMCID: PMC7970758 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.606915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are being extensively studied for the purposes of noninvasive cancer diagnoses. This article was primarily to assess the feasibility of utilizing exhaled VOCs analysis for gastrointestinal cancer (GIC) diagnosis. Methods PRISMA-based system searches were conducted for related studies of exhaled VOCs in GIC diagnosis based on predetermined criteria. Relevant articles on colorectal cancer and gastroesophageal cancer were summarized, and meta analysis was performed on articles providing sensitivity and specificity data. Results From 2,227 articles, 14 were found to meet inclusion criteria, six of which were on colorectal cancer (CRC) and eight on Gastroesophageal cancer(GEC). Five articles could provide specific data of sensitivity and specificity in GEC, which were used for meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated based on the combination of these data, and were 85.0% [95% confidence interval (CI): 79.0%-90.0%], 89.0% (95%CI: 86.0%-91.0%), 41.30 (21.56-79.10), and 0.93, respectively. Conclusion VOCs can distinguish gastrointestinal cancers from other gastrointestinal diseases, opening up a new avenue for the diagnosis and identification of gastrointestinal cancers, and the analysis of VOCs in exhaled breath has potential clinical application in screening. VOCs are promising tumor biomarkers for GIC diagnosis. Furthermore, limitations like the heterogeneity of diagnostic VOCs between studies should be minded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xiang
- Department of Tumor Biotherapy (5th Ward of the Department of Oncology), Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, West District of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sihan Wu
- Department of Tumor Biotherapy (5th Ward of the Department of Oncology), Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, West District of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qingling Hua
- Department of Oncology, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Chuyang Bao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Department of Tumor Biotherapy (5th Ward of the Department of Oncology), Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, West District of The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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24
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van den Broek J, Bischof D, Derron N, Abegg S, Gerber PA, Güntner AT, Pratsinis SE. Screening Methanol Poisoning with a Portable Breath Detector. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1170-1178. [PMID: 33315383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Methanol poisoning outbreaks after consumption of adulterated alcohol frequently overwhelm health care facilities in developing countries. Here, we present how a recently developed low-cost and handheld breath detector can serve as a noninvasive and rapid diagnostic tool for methanol poisoning. The detector combines a separation column and a micromachined chemoresistive gas sensor fully integrated into a device that communicates wirelessly with a smartphone. The performance of the detector is validated with methanol-spiked breath of 20 volunteers (105 breath samples) after consumption of alcoholic beverages. Breath methanol concentrations were quantified accurately within 2 min in the full breath-relevant range (10-1000 ppm) in excellent agreement (R2 = 0.966) with benchtop mass spectrometry. Bland-Altman analysis revealed sufficient limits of agreement (95% confidence intervals), promising to indicate reliably the clinical need for antidote and hemodialysis treatment. This simple-in-use detector features high diagnostic capability for accurate measurement of methanol in spiked breath, promising for rapid screening of methanol poisoning and assessment of severity. It can be applied readily by first responders to distinguish methanol from ethanol poisoning and monitor in real time the subsequent hospital treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan van den Broek
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Bischof
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Derron
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Abegg
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp A Gerber
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas T Güntner
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sotiris E Pratsinis
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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van Oort PMP, White IR, Ahmed W, Johnson C, Bannard-Smith J, Felton T, Bos LD, Goodacre R, Dark P, Fowler SJ. Detection and quantification of exhaled volatile organic compounds in mechanically ventilated patients - comparison of two sampling methods. Analyst 2021; 146:222-231. [PMID: 33103170 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01134j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath analysis is a promising new diagnostic tool, but currently no standardised method for sampling is available in mechanically ventilated patients. We compared two breath sampling methods, first using an artificial ventilator circuit, then in "real life" in mechanically ventilated patients on the intensive care unit. In the laboratory circuit, a 24-component synthetic-breath volatile organic compound (VOC) mixture was injected into the system as air was sampled: (A) through a port on the exhalation limb of the circuit and (B) through a closed endo-bronchial suction catheter. Sorbent tubes were used to collect samples for analysis by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Realistic mechanical ventilation rates and breath pressure-volume loops were established and method detection limits (MDLs) were calculated for all VOCs. Higher yields of VOCs were retrieved using the closed suction catheter; however, for several VOCs MDLs were compromised due to the background signal associated with plastic and rubber components in the catheters. Different brands of suction catheter were compared. Exhaled VOC data from 40 patient samples collected at two sites were then used to calculate the proportion of data analysed above the MDL. The relative performance of the two methods differed depending on the VOC under study and both methods showed sensitivity towards different exhaled VOCs. Furthermore, method performance differed depending on recruitment site, as the centres were equipped with different brands of respiratory equipment, an important consideration for the design of multicentre studies investigating exhaled VOCs in mechanically ventilated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouline M P van Oort
- Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC - location Academic Medical Centre (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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26
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Li Q, Xiaoan F, Xu K, He H, Jiang N. A stability study of carbonyl compounds in Tedlar bags by a fabricated MEMS microreactor approach. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Breath Analysis: Comparison among Methodological Approaches for Breath Sampling. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245823. [PMID: 33321824 PMCID: PMC7763204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite promising results obtained in the early diagnosis of several pathologies, breath analysis still remains an unused technique in clinical practice due to the lack of breath sampling standardized procedures able to guarantee a good repeatability and comparability of results. The most diffuse on an international scale breath sampling method uses polymeric bags, but, recently, devices named Mistral and ReCIVA, able to directly concentrate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) onto sorbent tubes, have been developed and launched on the market. In order to explore performances of these new automatic devices with respect to sampling in the polymeric bag and to study the differences in VOCs profile when whole or alveolar breath is collected and when pulmonary wash out with clean air is done, a tailored experimental design was developed. Three different breath sampling approaches were compared: (a) whole breath sampling by means of Tedlar bags, (b) the end-tidal breath collection using the Mistral sampler, and (c) the simultaneous collection of the whole and alveolar breath by using the ReCIVA. The obtained results showed that alveolar fraction of breath was relatively less affected by ambient air (AA) contaminants (p-values equal to 0.04 for Mistral and 0.002 for ReCIVA Low) with respect to whole breath (p-values equal to 0.97 for ReCIVA Whole). Compared to Tedlar bags, coherent results were obtained by using Mistral while lower VOCs levels were detected for samples (both breath and AA) collected by ReCIVA, likely due to uncorrected and fluctuating flow rates applied by this device. Finally, the analysis of all data also including data obtained by explorative analysis of the unique lung cancer (LC) breath sample showed that a clean air supply might determine a further confounding factor in breath analysis considering that lung wash-out is species-dependent.
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28
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Franchina FA, Zanella D, Dejong T, Focant JF. Impact of the adsorbent material on volatile metabolites during in vitro and in vivo bio-sampling. Talanta 2020; 222:121569. [PMID: 33167263 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The increased attraction of biological volatile compounds has opened the route to a wide variety of sampling techniques, amongst which trap tubes packed with adsorbent materials are commonly used. Many types of adsorbent materials are available and the choice of the adsorbent can impact the obtained results in untargeted analysis. Therefore, a proper combination of the adsorbent material and the sample is necessary to increase the robustness and reproducibility of biological studies. In this study, the sampling performance of thermal desorption tubes with six common adsorbent material combinations, i.e., Tenax® TA, Tenax® TA/Carbopack™ B, Tenax® TA/Sulficarb, Tenax® TA/Carbograph™ 5TD, Tenax® TA/Carbograph™ 1TD/Carboxen® 1003, and Carboxen® 1016/Carbograph™ 5TD, was evaluated in two different setups: in vitro and in vivo sampling. The in vitro setup consisted of the headspace dynamic extraction of spiked serum, and a mixture of 19 standards was evaluated in terms of response and reproducibility. The in vivo setup consisted into two parts: the first one was based the evaluation of the standard mixture, which was flash-vaporised into Tedlar® bags containing exhaled breath; the second part was based on the longitudinal monitoring of breath metabolites originating from a beverage intake (i.e., brewed coffee), over a 90 min time period. The tubes were all desorbed and analysed in a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography system coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC × GC-HR ToF MS). In both sampling setups, the widest analytes coverage and the overall best extraction yield on the selected compounds were obtained using Tenax® TA, followed by Tenax® TA/Carbopack™ B. Tenax® TA provided the highest sampling reproducibility with 12 %RSD, 10 %RSD and <5 %RSD of the response during the experiments using the in vitro setup, the in vivo setup, and during the longitudinal tracking, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio A Franchina
- Molecular System, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Delphine Zanella
- Molecular System, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Dejong
- Molecular System, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Focant
- Molecular System, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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29
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Salazar Gómez JI, Klucken C, Sojka M, Waydbrink G, Schlögl R, Ruland H. The HüGaProp‐Container: Analytical Infrastructure for the Carbon2Chem® Challenge. CHEM-ING-TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Iván Salazar Gómez
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Department of Heterogeneous Reactions Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr Germany
| | - Christian Klucken
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Department of Heterogeneous Reactions Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr Germany
| | - Martha Sojka
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Department of Heterogeneous Reactions Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr Germany
| | - Gudrun Waydbrink
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Department of Inorganic Chemistry Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Department of Heterogeneous Reactions Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr Germany
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Department of Inorganic Chemistry Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Holger Ruland
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Department of Heterogeneous Reactions Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr Germany
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30
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Harshman SW, Pitsch RL, Davidson CN, Lee EM, Scott AM, Hill EM, Mainali P, Brooks ZE, Strayer KE, Schaeublin NM, Wiens TL, Brothers MC, Drummond LA, Yamamoto DP, Martin JA. Evaluation of a standardized collection device for exhaled breath sampling onto thermal desorption tubes. J Breath Res 2020; 14:036004. [PMID: 32155613 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab7e3b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Respiration Collector for In Vitro Analysis (ReCIVA) sampler, marketed by Owlstone Medical, provides a step forward in exhaled breath sampling through active sampling directly onto thermal desorption (TD) tubes. Although an improvement to the issues surrounding breath bag sampling, the ReCIVA device, first released in 2015, is a relatively new research and clinical tool that requires further exploration. Here, data are presented comparing two distinct ReCIVA devices. The results, comparing ReCIVA serial numbers #33 and #65, demonstrate that overall statistically insignificant results are obtained via targeted isoprene quantitation (p > 0.05). However, when the data are parsed by the TD tube type used to capture breath volatiles, either Tenax TA or the dual bed Tenax/Carbograph 5TD (5TD), a statistical difference (p < 0.05) among the two different TD tubes was present. These data, comparing the two ReCIVA devices with both Tenax TA and 5TD tubes, are further supported by a global metabolomics analysis yielding 85% of z-scores, comparing ReCIVA devices, below the limit for significance. Experiments to determine the effect of breathing rate on ReCIVA function, using guided breathing for low (7.5 breaths min-1) and high (15 breaths min-1) breathing rates, demonstrate the ReCIVA device shows no statistical difference among breathing rates for quantitated isoprene (p > 0.05). Global metabolomics analysis of the guided breathing rate data shows more than 87% of the z-scores, comparing high and low breathing rates using both the Tenax and the 5TD tubes, are below the level for significance. Finally, data are provided from a single participant who displayed background levels of isoprene while illustrating levels of acetone consistent with the remaining participants. Collectively, these data support the use of multiple ReCIVA devices for exhaled breath collection and provide evidence for an instance where exhaled isoprene is consistent with background levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Harshman
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBB, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, United States of America. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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31
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Li W, Jia Z, Xie D, Chen K, Cui J, Liu H. Recognizing lung cancer using a homemade e-nose: A comprehensive study. Comput Biol Med 2020; 120:103706. [PMID: 32250850 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, breath analysis has been used as a tool for lung cancer detection and many gas sensors were developed for this purpose. Although they are fabricated with advanced materials, for now, gas sensors are still limited in their medical application due to their unfavorable performance. Here, we hypothesized that a combination of diverse types of sensors could aid in improving the detection performance. We fabricated an e-nose based on 10 gas sensors of 4 types and directly tested it using samples from 153 healthy participants and 115 lung cancer patients, without gas pre-concentration. Additionally, we studied and compared five feature extraction algorithms. The extracted features were then used in 2 optimized clustering algorithms and 3 supervised classification strategies, and their performance was investigated. As a result, "breath-prints" for all subjects were successfully obtained. The combined features extracted by LDA and Fast ICA formed the best feature space. Within this feature space, both clustering algorithms grouped all "breath-prints" into exactly 2 clusters with an Adjusted Rand Index greater than 0.95. Among the 3 supervised classification strategies, random forest with 3-fold cross validation showed the best performance with 86.42% of mean classification accuracy and 0.87 of AUC, which was somewhat better than many recently reported sensor arrays. It can be concluded that, the diversity of sensors may play a role in improving the performance of the e-nose though to what extent still requires evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ziru Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biorheology Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Dandan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biorheology Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ke Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheology Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jianguo Cui
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hongying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheology Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China.
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Brůhová Michalčíková R, Dryahina K, Smith D, Španěl P. Volatile compounds released by Nalophan; implications for selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry and other chemical ionisation mass spectrometry analytical methods. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8602. [PMID: 31756780 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nalophan bags are commonly used to collect breath samples for volatile metabolite analysis. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from the polymer can, however, be mistaken as breath metabolites when analyses are performed by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS, or techniques that depend on a proper understanding of ion chemistry. METHODS Three analytical techniques were used to analyse the VOCs released into the nitrogen used to expand Nalophan bags, viz. gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) and selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). The most significant VOCs were identified and quantified by SIFT-MS as a function of storage time, temperature and humidity. RESULTS The consistent results obtained by these three analytical methods identify 1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol) and 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane as the major VOCs released by the Nalophan. Their concentrations are enhanced by increasing the bag storage temperature and time, reaching 170 parts-per-billion by volume (ppbv) for ethylene glycol and 34 ppbv for 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane in humid nitrogen (absolute humidity of 5%) contained in an 8-L Nalophan bag stored at 37°C for 160 min. CONCLUSIONS Using H3 O+ reagent ions for SIFT-MS and SESI-MS analyses, the following analyte ions (m/z values) are affected by the Nalophan impurities: 45, 63, 81, 89 and 99, which can compromise analyses of acetaldehyde, ethylene glycol, monoterpenes, acetoin, butyric acid, hexanal and heptane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Brůhová Michalčíková
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov, Czech Republic
| | - Kseniya Dryahina
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova, Czech Republic
| | - David Smith
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova, Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova, Czech Republic
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Ager C, Mochalski P, King J, Mayhew CA, Unterkofler K. Effect of inhaled acetone concentrations on exhaled breath acetone concentrations at rest and during exercise. J Breath Res 2020; 14:026010. [PMID: 31829984 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab613a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Real-time measurements of the differences in inhaled and exhaled, unlabeled and fully deuterated acetone concentration levels, at rest and during exercise, have been conducted using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. A novel approach to continuously differentiate between the inhaled and exhaled breath acetone concentration signals is used. This leads to unprecedented fine grained data of inhaled and exhaled concentrations. The experimental results obtained are compared with those predicted using a simple three compartment model that theoretically describes the influence of inhaled concentrations on exhaled breath concentrations for volatile organic compounds with high blood:air partition coefficients, and hence is appropriate for acetone. An agreement between the predicted and observed concentrations is obtained. Our results highlight that the influence of the upper airways cannot be neglected for volatiles with high blood:air partition coefficients, i.e. highly water soluble volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Ager
- Institute for Breath Research, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria. Univ.-Clinic for Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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34
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Mäkitie AA, Almangush A, Youssef O, Metsälä M, Silén S, Nixon IJ, Haigentz M, Rodrigo JP, Saba NF, Vander Poorten V, Ferlito A. Exhaled breath analysis in the diagnosis of head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2019; 42:787-793. [PMID: 31854494 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) comprises a heterogeneous group of upper aerodigestive tract malignant neoplasms, the most frequent of which is squamous cell carcinoma. HNC forms the eighth most common cancer type and the incidence is increasing. However, survival has improved only moderately during the past decades. Currently, early diagnosis remains the mainstay for improving treatment outcomes in this patient population. Unfortunately, screening methods to allow early detection of HNC are not yet established. Therefore, many cases are still diagnosed at advanced stage, compromising outcomes. Exhaled breath analysis (EBA) is a diagnostic tool that has been recently introduced for many cancers. Breath analysis is non-invasive, cost-effective, time-saving, and can potentially be applied for cancer screening. Here, we provide a summary of the accumulated evidence on the feasibility of EBA in the diagnosis of HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti A Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alhadi Almangush
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Misurata, Misurata, Libya
| | - Omar Youssef
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Metsälä
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Silén
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iain J Nixon
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Missak Haigentz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Morristown Medical Center/Atlantic Health System, Morristown, New Jersey
| | - Juan P Rodrigo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias-University of Oviedo, ISPA, IUOPA, CIBERONC, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nabil F Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Vincent Vander Poorten
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Oncology, Section of Head and Neck Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alfio Ferlito
- International Head and Neck Scientific Group, Padua, Italy
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Harshman SW, Pitsch RL, Davidson CN, Scott AM, Hill EM, Smith ZK, Strayer KE, Schaeublin NM, Wiens TL, Brothers MC, Slusher GM, Steele ML, Geier BA, Fan M, Drummond LA, Martin JA. Characterization of standardized breath sampling for off-line field use. J Breath Res 2019; 14:016009. [PMID: 31703231 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab55c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to several sources of potential variability associated with exhaled breath bag sampling procedures for off-line analysis, the Respiration Collector for in vitro Analysis (ReCIVA) sampler was developed. Although designed to improve upon several pitfalls of sampling with exhaled breath bags, the ReCIVA remains a minimally studied research tool. In this manuscript, several attributes of the ReCIVA sampler are investigated among three individual tests, such as background contamination, control software version, performance of different adsorbent tubes, duplicate sample production, and comparison to exhaled breath bags. The data shows greater than a 58% reduction in background siloxanes can be achieved with submersion of ReCIVA masks in ethyl alcohol or baking the masks at a high temperature (200 °C). The results illustrate the ReCIVA control software version plays a key role in the flow rates applied to thermal desorption (TD) tubes. Using exhaled isoprene as a representative analyte, the data suggest duplicate samples among ReCIVA pump banks can be achieved using two different thermal desorption tubes, Tenax TA and Tenax/Carbograph 5TD, when using an updated control software and manually calibrating the ReCIVA pumps to uniform flow rates (Tenax p = 0.3869, 5TD p = 0.3131). Additionally, using the updated control software and manual ReCIVA flow calibration, the data suggest the ReCIVA can produce statistically similar results among TD tube types (p = 0.3824) and compared to standard exhaled breath bags (p = 0.1534). Collectively, these results establish a method for manually calibrating the flow of the ReCIVA device to allow for the most consistent results. These data support further experimentation into the use of the ReCIVA sampler for exhaled breath research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Harshman
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHXBC, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
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36
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Human beings as islands of stability: Monitoring body states using breath profiles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16167. [PMID: 31700057 PMCID: PMC6838060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By checking the reproducibility of conventional mid-infrared Fourier spectroscopy of human breath in a small test study (15 individuals), we found that a set of volatile organic compounds (VOC) of the individual breath samples remains reproducible at least for 18 months. This set forms a unique individual’s “island of stability” (IOS) in a multidimensional VOC concentration space. The IOS stability can simultaneously be affected by various life effects as well as the onset of a disease. Reflecting the body state, they both should have different characteristics. Namely, they could be distinguished by different temporal profiles: In the case of life effects (beverage intake, physical or mental exercises, smoking etc.), there is a non-monotonic shift of the IOS position with the return to the steady state, whereas a progressing disease corresponds to a monotonic IOS shift. As a first step of proving these dependencies, we studied various life effects with the focus on the strength and characteristic time of the IOS shift. In general, our results support homeostasis on a long time scale of months, allostasis on scales of hours to weeks or until smoke quitting for smokers, as well as resilience in the case of recovery from a disease.
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37
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Saktiawati AMI, Putera DD, Setyawan A, Mahendradhata Y, van der Werf TS. Diagnosis of tuberculosis through breath test: A systematic review. EBioMedicine 2019; 46:202-214. [PMID: 31401197 PMCID: PMC6712009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breath tests may diagnose tuberculosis (TB) through detecting specific volatile organic compounds produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or the infected host. Methods To estimate the diagnostic accuracy of breath test with electronic-nose and other devices against culture or other tests for TB, we screened multiple databases until January 6, 2019. Findings We included fourteen studies, with 1715 subjects in the analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of electronic-nose were 0.93 (95% CI 0.82–0.97) and 0.93 (95% CI 0.82–0.97), respectively, and no heterogeneity was found. The sensitivity and specificity of other breath test devices ranged from 0.62 to 1.00, and 0.11 to 0.84, respectively. Interpretation The low to moderate evidence of these studies shows that breath tests can diagnose TB accurately, however, to give a real-time test result, additional development is needed. Research should also focus on sputum smear negative TB, children, and the positioning of breath testing in the diagnostic work flow. Funding The authors received no specific funding for this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia M I Saktiawati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, Groningen, the Netherlands; Center for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Althaf Setyawan
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yodi Mahendradhata
- Center for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tjip S van der Werf
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine-Infectious Diseases, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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38
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Berna AZ, Schaber CL, Bollinger LB, Mwale M, Mlotha-Mitole R, Trehan I, Odom John AR. Comparison of breath sampling methods: a post hoc analysis from observational cohort studies. Analyst 2019; 144:2026-2033. [PMID: 30702091 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01823e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we present a post hoc analysis from two observational cohorts, comparing the global breath volatile profile captured when using polymer sampling bags (mixed breath) versus Bio-VOC™ (alveolar breath). The cohorts were originally designed to characterize the breath volatile profiles of Malawian children with and without uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Children aged 3-15 years were recruited from ambulatory pediatric centers in Lilongwe, Malawi. Breath sampling was carried out two months apart (one study using a Bio-VOC™ and the second using sampling bags), and all samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The efficacy of breath collection was assessed by quantifying levels of two high prevalence breath compounds, acetone and isoprene, as well as determining the overall number of breath compounds collected and their abundance. We found that the mean number of volatiles detected using sampling bags was substantially higher than when using the Bio-VOC™ (137 vs. 47). Breath collection by Bio-VOC™ also yielded reduced levels of endogenous breath volatiles, isoprene and acetone, even after breath volume correction. This suggests that the Bio-VOC™ dilutes the volatiles and introduces dead air or ambient air. Our results suggest that sampling bags are better suited for biomarker discovery and untargeted search of volatiles in pediatric populations, as evidenced by superior breath volatile detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Z Berna
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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39
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Berna AZ, DeBosch B, Stoll J, Odom John AR. Breath Collection from Children for Disease Biomarker Discovery. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30829338 DOI: 10.3791/59217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breath collection and analysis can be used to discover volatile biomarkers in a number of infectious and non-infectious diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis, lung cancer, and liver disease. This protocol describes a reproducible method for sampling breath in children and then stabilizing breath samples for further analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The goal of this method is to establish a standardized protocol for the acquisition of breath samples for further chemical analysis, from children aged 4-15 years. First, breath is sampled using a cardboard mouthpiece attached to a 2-way valve, which is connected to a 3 L bag. Breath analytes are then transferred to a thermal desorption tube and stored at 4-5 °C until analysis. This technique has been previously used to capture breath of children with malaria for successful breath biomarker identification. Subsequently, we have successfully applied this technique to additional pediatric cohorts. The advantage of this method is that it requires minimal cooperation on part of the patient (of particular value in pediatric populations), has a short collection period, does not require trained staff, and can be performed with portable equipment in resource-limited field settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Z Berna
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Brian DeBosch
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine; Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Janis Stoll
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Audrey R Odom John
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine;
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40
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Pesesse R, Stefanuto PH, Schleich F, Louis R, Focant JF. Multimodal chemometric approach for the analysis of human exhaled breath in lung cancer patients by TD-GC × GC-TOFMS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1114-1115:146-153. [PMID: 30745111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the deadliest cancer in developed countries. To reduce its mortality rate, it is important to enhance our capability to detect it at earlier stages by developing early diagnostic methods. In that context, the analysis of exhaled breath is an interesting approach because of the simplicity of the medical act and its non-invasiveness. Thermal desorption comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (TD-GC × GC-TOFMS) has been used to characterize and compare the volatile content of human breath of lung cancer patients and healthy volunteers. On the sampling side, the contaminations induced by the bags membrane and further environmental migration of VOCs during and after the sampling have also been investigated. Over a realistic period of 6 h, the concentration of contaminants inside the bag can increase from 2 to 3 folds based on simulated breath samples. On the data processing side, Fisher ratio (FR) and random forest (RF) approaches were applied and compared in regards to their ability to reduce the data dimensionality and to extract the significant information. Both approaches allow to efficiently smooth the background signal and extract significant features (27 for FR and 17 for RF). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate the clustering capacity of the different models. For both approaches, a separation along PC-1 was obtained with a variance score around 35%. The combined model provides a partial separation with a PC-1 score of 52%. This proof-of-concept study further confirms the potential of breath analysis for cancer detection but also underlines the importance of quality control over the full analytical procedure, including the processing of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pesesse
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B6c, Agora District, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - P-H Stefanuto
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B6c, Agora District, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - F Schleich
- Pneumology and Allergology, GIGA Research Group, CHU of Liège, University of Liege, B35, Hospital District, Liege, Belgium
| | - R Louis
- Pneumology and Allergology, GIGA Research Group, CHU of Liège, University of Liege, B35, Hospital District, Liege, Belgium
| | - J-F Focant
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B6c, Agora District, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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41
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Lomonaco T, Romani A, Ghimenti S, Biagini D, Bellagambi FG, Onor M, Salvo P, Fuoco R, Di Francesco F. Determination of carbonyl compounds in exhaled breath by on-sorbent derivatization coupled with thermal desorption and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Breath Res 2018; 12:046004. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aad202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kasper PL, Oxbøl A, Hansen MJ, Feilberg A. Mechanisms of Loss of Agricultural Odorous Compounds in Sample Bags of Nalophan, Tedlar, and PTFE. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:246-253. [PMID: 29634807 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.07.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Alteration of the chemical composition of odor samples during storage in polymer sample bags can significantly impair the accuracy of subsequent odor evaluations. To overcome or minimize this effect, the mechanisms determining compound loss must be more thoroughly understood. The present study examines the storage stability of a selection of key odorants from livestock production in polymer sample bags of Nalophan, Tedlar, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The compounds included are acetic acid, butanoic acid, propanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, trimethylamine, and 4-methylphenol. The fate of the unrecovered compound fractions is clarified by means of thermal desorption and concentric double bags, allowing estimation of the magnitude of losses due to adsorption and diffusion, respectively. The degree of recovery was found to be PTFE > Tedlar > Nalophan, and smaller ratios of bag surface area to sample volume improved the recovery significantly. Furthermore, PTFE bags were found far superior for maintaining the original sample humidity and for storing 4-methylphenol. Analysis of sample humidity, partitioning coefficients, and thermal desorption suggested that the loss in PTFE bags was mainly controlled by adsorption, whereas for Nalophan and Tedlar, compound loss is a combined effect of adsorption and diffusion. It is suggested to heat the bags when evacuating the sample for analysis, as this was found to improve the recovery significantly. For a 5-L PTFE bag, all odorants could be found at concentration levels between 71.6 and 98.8% even after 48 h of storage when heated to 57°C prior to analysis.
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Bos LDJ. Diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome by exhaled breath analysis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:33. [PMID: 29430450 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.01.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a complication of critical illness that is characterized by acute onset, protein rich, pulmonary edema. There is no treatment for ARDS, other than the reduction of additional ventilator induced lung injury. Prediction or earlier recognition of ARDS could result in preventive measurements and might decrease mortality and morbidity. Exhaled breath contains volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a collection of hundreds of small molecules linked to several physiological and pathophysiological processes. Analysis of exhaled breath through gas-chromatography and mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) has resulted in an accurate diagnosis of ARDS in several studies. Most identified markers are linked to lipid peroxidation. Octane is one of the few markers that was validated as a marker of ARDS and is pathophysiologically likely to be increased in ARDS. None of the currently studied breath analysis methods is directly applicable in clinical practice. Two steps have to be taken before any breath test can be allowed into the intensive care unit. External validation in a multi-center study is a prerequisite for any of the candidate breath markers and the breath test should outperform clinical prediction scores. Second, the technology for breath analysis should be adapted so that it is available at a decentralized lab inside the intensive care unit and can be operated by trained nurses, in order to reduce the analysis time. In conclusion, exhaled analysis might be used for the early diagnosis and prediction of ARDS in the near future but several obstacles have to be taken in the coming years. Most of the candidate markers can be linked to lipid peroxidation. Only octane has been validated in a temporal external validation cohort and is, at this moment, the top-ranking breath biomarker for ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieuwe D J Bos
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Intensive Care, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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44
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H 2S Loss through Nalophan™ Bags: Contributions of Adsorption and Diffusion. ScientificWorldJournal 2017; 2017:9690704. [PMID: 28740857 PMCID: PMC5504995 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9690704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen-sulfide (H2S) is a molecule of small dimensions typically present in the odor emissions from different plants. The European Standard EN 13725:2003 set a maximum storage time allowed of 30 hours, during which the sampling bag has to maintain the mixture of odorants with minimal changes. This study investigates the H2S losses through Nalophan bags and it shows that nonnegligible losses of H2S can be observed. The percent H2S loss after 30 hrs with respect to the initial concentration is equal to 33% ± 3% at a relative humidity of 20% and equal to 22% ± 1% at a relative humidity of 60%. The average quantity of adsorbed H2S at 30 h is equal to 2.17 105 gH2S/gNalophan at a storage humidity of 20% and equal to 1.79 105 gH2S/gNalophan at a storage humidity of 60%. The diffusion coefficients of H2S through Nalophan, for these two humidity conditions tested, are comparable (i.e., 7.5 10−12 m2/sec at 20% humidity and 6.6 10−12 m2/sec at 60% humidity).
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45
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Siegel AP, Daneshkhah A, Hardin DS, Shrestha S, Varahramyan K, Agarwal M. Analyzing breath samples of hypoglycemic events in type 1 diabetes patients: towards developing an alternative to diabetes alert dogs. J Breath Res 2017; 11:026007. [PMID: 28569238 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa6ac6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a disease that involves dysregulation of metabolic processes. Patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) require insulin injections and measured food intake to maintain clinical stability, manually tracking their results by measuring blood glucose levels. Low blood glucose levels, hypoglycemia, can be extremely dangerous and can result in seizures, coma, or even death. Canines trained as diabetes alert dogs (DADs) have demonstrated the ability to detect hypoglycemia from breath, which led us to hypothesize that hypoglycemia, a metabolic dysregulation leading to low blood glucose levels, could be identified through analyzing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contained within breath. We hoped to replicate the canines' detection ability and success by analytically using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of VOCs in 128 breath samples collected from 52 youths with T1D at two different diabetes camps. We used different tests for significance including Ranksum, Student's T-test, and difference between means, and found a subset of 56 traces of potential metabolites. Principle component and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) confirmed a hypoglycemic signature likely resides within this group. Supervised machine learning combined with LDA narrowed the list of likely components to seven. The technique of leave one out cross validation demonstrated the model thus developed has a sensitivity of 91% (95% confidence interval (CI) [57.1, 94.7]) and a specificity of 84% (95% CI [73.0, 92.7]) at identifying hypoglycemia. Confidence intervals were obtained by bootstrapping. These results demonstrate that it is possible to differentiate breath samples obtained during hypoglycemic events from all other breath samples by analytical means and could lead to developing a simple analytical monitoring device as an alternative to using DADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P Siegel
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, United States of America. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
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46
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Ruzsányi V, Péter Kalapos M. Breath acetone as a potential marker in clinical practice. J Breath Res 2017; 11:024002. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa66d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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47
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Nardi-Agmon I, Peled N. Exhaled breath analysis for the early detection of lung cancer: recent developments and future prospects. LUNG CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2017; 8:31-38. [PMID: 28553152 PMCID: PMC5439719 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s104205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In lung cancer, the prognosis and treatment options depend directly on tumor size and its spread at the time of diagnosis. There is therefore a constant search for methods that will allow early detection of cancerous lung nodules. With advancing imaging technology and implantation of screening routines in high-risk populations by low-dose computerized tomography, a significant increase in the number of diagnosed small peripheral lesions can be expected. While early detection of small cancerous lesions carries the benefit of wider treatment options and better prognosis, the process of obtaining a biopsy to confirm a cancerous tissue is not free of complications and bears inconveniences and stress to the patient. This review discusses the potential use of exhaled breath analysis as a simple, noninvasive tool for early detection of lung cancer and characterization of suspicious lung nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbar Nardi-Agmon
- Thoracic Cancer Unit, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tiqwa.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Peled
- Thoracic Cancer Unit, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tiqwa.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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48
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Li W, Liu H, Xie D, He Z, Pi X. Lung Cancer Screening Based on Type-different Sensor Arrays. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1969. [PMID: 28512336 PMCID: PMC5434050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, electronic nose (e-nose) systems have become a focus method for diagnosing pulmonary diseases such as lung cancer. However, principles and patterns of sensor responses in traditional e-nose systems are relatively homogeneous. Less study has been focused on type-different sensor arrays. In this paper, we designed a miniature e-nose system using 14 gas sensors of four types and its subsequent analysis of 52 breath samples. To investigate the performance of this system in identifying and distinguishing lung cancer from other respiratory diseases and healthy controls, five feature extraction algorithms and two classifiers were adopted. Lastly, the influence of type-different sensors on the identification ability of e-nose systems was analyzed. Results indicate that when using the LDA fuzzy 5-NN classification method, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of discriminating lung cancer patients from healthy controls with e-nose systems are 91.58%, 91.72% and 91.59%, respectively. Our findings also suggest that type-different sensors could significantly increase the diagnostic accuracy of e-nose systems. These results showed e-nose system proposed in this study was potentially practicable in lung cancer screening with a favorable performance. In addition, it is important for type-different sensors to be considered when developing e-nose systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheology Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Artificial Intelligence of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheology Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics, Chongqing, P.R. China.
| | - Dandan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biorheology Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zichun He
- Chongqing Red Cross Hospital (People's Hospital of Jiangbei District), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xititan Pi
- Key Laboratory of Biorheology Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratories for National Defense Science and Technology of Innovative Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China.
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49
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Horváth I, Barnes PJ, Loukides S, Sterk PJ, Högman M, Olin AC, Amann A, Antus B, Baraldi E, Bikov A, Boots AW, Bos LD, Brinkman P, Bucca C, Carpagnano GE, Corradi M, Cristescu S, de Jongste JC, Dinh-Xuan AT, Dompeling E, Fens N, Fowler S, Hohlfeld JM, Holz O, Jöbsis Q, Van De Kant K, Knobel HH, Kostikas K, Lehtimäki L, Lundberg J, Montuschi P, Van Muylem A, Pennazza G, Reinhold P, Ricciardolo FLM, Rosias P, Santonico M, van der Schee MP, van Schooten FJ, Spanevello A, Tonia T, Vink TJ. A European Respiratory Society technical standard: exhaled biomarkers in lung disease. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/4/1600965. [PMID: 28446552 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00965-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breath tests cover the fraction of nitric oxide in expired gas (FeNO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), variables in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and other measurements. For EBC and for FeNO, official recommendations for standardised procedures are more than 10 years old and there is none for exhaled VOCs and particles. The aim of this document is to provide technical standards and recommendations for sample collection and analytic approaches and to highlight future research priorities in the field. For EBC and FeNO, new developments and advances in technology have been evaluated in the current document. This report is not intended to provide clinical guidance on disease diagnosis and management.Clinicians and researchers with expertise in exhaled biomarkers were invited to participate. Published studies regarding methodology of breath tests were selected, discussed and evaluated in a consensus-based manner by the Task Force members.Recommendations for standardisation of sampling, analysing and reporting of data and suggestions for research to cover gaps in the evidence have been created and summarised.Application of breath biomarker measurement in a standardised manner will provide comparable results, thereby facilitating the potential use of these biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Horváth
- Dept of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Peter J Sterk
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieann Högman
- Centre for Research & Development, Uppsala University/Gävleborg County Council, Gävle, Sweden
| | - Anna-Carin Olin
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy and University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Anton Amann
- Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Balazs Antus
- Dept of Pathophysiology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Andras Bikov
- Dept of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Agnes W Boots
- Dept of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe D Bos
- Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Brinkman
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caterina Bucca
- Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Universita' di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Simona Cristescu
- Dept of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan C de Jongste
- Dept of Pediatrics/Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC-Sophia Childrens' Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Edward Dompeling
- Dept of Paediatrics/Family Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Niki Fens
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Respiratory Research Group, University of Manchester Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Jens M Hohlfeld
- Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany.,Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olaf Holz
- Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Quirijn Jöbsis
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Van De Kant
- Dept of Paediatrics/Family Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo H Knobel
- Philips Research, High Tech Campus 11, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jon Lundberg
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Montuschi
- Pharmacology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Alain Van Muylem
- Hopital Erasme Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giorgio Pennazza
- Faculty of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Fabio L M Ricciardolo
- Clinic of Respiratory Disease, Dept of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Philippe Rosias
- Dept of Paediatrics/Family Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Dept of Pediatrics, Maasland Hospital, Sittard, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Santonico
- Faculty of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marc P van der Schee
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Thomy Tonia
- European Respiratory Society, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Teunis J Vink
- Philips Research, High Tech Campus 11, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for the Determination of Lung Cancer Biomarkers-A Preliminary Investigation. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17010210. [PMID: 28117732 PMCID: PMC5298781 DOI: 10.3390/s17010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
With 1.6 million deaths per year, lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. One reason for this high number is the absence of a preventive medical examination method. Many diagnoses occur in a late cancer stage with a low survival rate. An early detection could significantly decrease the mortality. In recent decades, certain substances in human breath have been linked to certain diseases. Different studies show that it is possible to distinguish between lung cancer patients and a healthy control group by analyzing the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in their breath. We developed a sensor based on photoacoustic spectroscopy for six of the most relevant VOCs linked to lung cancer. As a radiation source, the sensor uses an optical-parametric oscillator (OPO) in a wavelength region from 3.2 µm to 3.5 µm. The limits of detection for a single substance range between 5 ppb and 142 ppb. We also measured high resolution absorption spectra of the biomarkers compared to the data currently available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database, which is the basis of any selective spectroscopic detection. Future lung cancer screening devices could be based on the further development of this sensor.
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