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Geddes da Filicaia E, Evershed RP, Peggie DA. Review of recent advances on the use of mass spectrometry techniques for the study of organic materials in painted artworks. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1246:340575. [PMID: 36764767 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The study of painted artworks using scientific methods is fundamental for understanding the techniques used in their creation and their appropriate conservation. The ethical constraints involved in the handling of, and sampling from, these objects has steered recent developments in the field of Heritage science towards a range of new non-invasive/non-destructive spectroscopic techniques capable of providing important insights into their elemental or bulk chemical compositions. Due to the inherent complexities of heritage artefacts, however, their organic components are especially difficult to study in this way and their identification and degradation pathways are thus often best investigated using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques. The versatility, sensitivity and specificity of MS techniques are constantly increasing, with technological advances pushing the boundaries of their use in this field. The progress in the past ten years in the use of MS techniques for the analysis of paint media are described in the present review. While some historical context is included, the body of the review is structured around the five most widely used or emerging capabilities offered by MS. The first pertains to the use of spatially resolved MS to obtain chemical maps of components in cross-sections, which may yield information on both inorganic and organic materials, while the second area describes the development of novel sample preparation approaches for gas chromatography (GC)-MS to allow simultaneous analysis of a variety of components. The third focuses on thermally assisted analysis (either with direct MS or coupled with GC-MS), a powerful tool for studying macromolecules requiring zero (or minimal) sample pre-treatment. Subsequently, the use of soft ionisation techniques often combined with high-resolution MS for the study of peptides (proteomics) and other macromolecules (such as oligosaccharides and triglycerides) is outlined. The fifth area covers the advances in radiocarbon dating of painting components with accelerator MS (AMS). Lastly, future applications of other MS techniques to the study of paintings are mentioned; such as direct analysis in real time MS (DART-MS) and stable isotope ratio MS (IRMS). The latter, having proven its efficiency for the study of lipids in archaeological artefacts, is envisioned to become a valuable tool for this area, whereas DART-MS is already being utilised to study the surface composition of various museum objects. Rapid technological advances, resulting in increased sensitivity and selectivity of MS techniques, are opening up new approaches for paintings analysis, overcoming the fundamental hurdle of sample size available for destructive analysis. Importantly, while the last decade has seen proteomics applications come to the fore, this review aims to emphasise the wider potential of advanced MS techniques for the study of painting materials and their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Geddes da Filicaia
- Scientific Department, National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, London, WC2N 5DN, UK; Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1T, UK.
| | - Richard P Evershed
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1T, UK
| | - David A Peggie
- Scientific Department, National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, London, WC2N 5DN, UK
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Yang DL, Zhang ZN, Liu H, Yang ZY, Liu MM, Zheng QX, Chen W, Xiang P. Indoor air pollution and human ocular diseases: Associated contaminants and underlying pathological mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137037. [PMID: 36349586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
People spend a long time indoors, especially young children. The risk of indoor pollution on human health is one of the current hotspots in environmental and public health. The human ocular surface is highly susceptible to indoor environment quality. Epidemiological data have linked human ophthalmological disorders with exposure to indoor pollution. In this review, we summarized the adverse impacts of indoor pollution on the human ocular surface. Several studies demonstrated that indoor contaminants including particulate matter, volatile/semi-volatile organic compounds, heavy metals, and fuel combustion and cigarette smoke exposure were associated with the incidence of human dry eye, conjunctivitis, glaucoma, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, and keratitis. In addition, toxicological investigations revealed that indoor pollution-induced induced chronic inflammation, oxidative damage, and disruption of tight junctions are the main underlying pathological mechanisms for ocular surface diseases. Taken together, this review may expand the understanding of pollution-induced eye disorder and highlight the importance of reducing associated contaminants to decrease their detrimental effects on human eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Lei Yang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety, and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Zhen-Ning Zhang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety, and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Hai Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Eye Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Zi-Yue Yang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety, and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Mi-Mi Liu
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Qin-Xiang Zheng
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Wei Chen
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315040, China.
| | - Ping Xiang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety, and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China.
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Odlyha M, Lucejko JJ, Lluveras-Tenorio A, di Girolamo F, Hudziak S, Strange A, Bridarolli A, Bozec L, Colombini MP. Violin Varnishes: Microstructure and Nanomechanical Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196378. [PMID: 36234913 PMCID: PMC9572707 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current work is twofold: to demonstrate the application of in situ non-invasive imaging by portable atomic force microscopy (AFM) on the surfaces of a violin and to integrate compositional and mechanical analysis at the nano scale level on model samples of varnished wood. These samples were prepared according to traditional recipes by an Italian lute-maker family well practised in the art. Samples of oil and spirit-based varnishes on maple wood, naturally and accelerated light aged, were studied. AFM was used to measure the nanomechanical properties of the model samples and established that the spirit-based varnish was stiffer than the oil-based. Synchrotron radiation micro- Fourier Transform Infra-red analysis of the layer structure revealed that stiffer spirit-based varnish showed less penetration into the wood than the oil-based. Further PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping (QNM) demonstrated a difference in adhesion values between the oil- and spirit-based samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Odlyha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (M.P.C.)
| | - Jeannette J. Lucejko
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Lluveras-Tenorio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca di Girolamo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stephen Hudziak
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Adam Strange
- Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DG, UK
| | - Alexandra Bridarolli
- Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DG, UK
- Getty Conservation Institute, 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 700, Los Angeles, CA 90049, USA
| | - Laurent Bozec
- Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DG, UK
- Getty Conservation Institute, 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 700, Los Angeles, CA 90049, USA
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (M.P.C.)
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Ding L, Wang L, Nian L, Tang M, Yuan R, Shi A, Shi M, Han Y, Liu M, Zhang Y, Xu Y. Non-targeted screening of volatile organic compounds in a museum in China Using GC-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155277. [PMID: 35447177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Non-targeted analysis (NTA) was used in identifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a museum in China with the gas chromatograph (GC)-Orbitrap-mass spectrometer (MS). Approximately 230 VOCs were detected, of which 117 were observed at 100% frequency across all sampling sites. Although some were common in indoor environments, most of the detected VOCs were rarely reported in previous studies on museum environments. Some of the detected VOCs were found to be associated with the materials used in furnishings and the chemicals applied in conservation treatment. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that several classes of VOCs were well correlated, suggesting their common sources. Compared with compounds in outdoor air, indoor VOCs had a lower level of unsaturation and more portions of chemically reduced compounds. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were performed. The results suggested that the sampling adsorbents chosen may have a large impact and that a single type of adsorbent may not be sufficient to cover a wide range of compounds in NTA studies. The MonoTrap adsorbent containing octadecylsilane (ODS) and activated carbon (AC) is suitable for aliphatic polar compounds that contain low levels of oxygen, whereas the MonoTrap ODS and silica gel are good at sampling aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons with limited polarity. Principle component analysis (PCA) showed that the indoor VOCs changed significantly at different times in the museum; this may have been caused by the removal of artifacts and refurbishment of the gallery between sampling events. A comparison with compounds identified by chamber emission tests showed that decorative materials may have been one of the main sources of indoor VOCs in the museum. The VOCs identified in the present study are likely to be present in other similar museums; therefore, further examination may be warranted of their potential impacts on cultural heritage artifacts, museum personnel, and visitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- National Museum of China, Beijing, China
| | - Luyang Wang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Luying Nian
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Tang
- National Museum of China, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Yuan
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Anmei Shi
- National Museum of China, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Shi
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Han
- National Museum of China, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- National Museum of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China; Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA.
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Grøntoft T. The influence of photochemistry on outdoor to indoor NO 2 in some European museums. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12999. [PMID: 35225381 PMCID: PMC9305208 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports 1 year of monthly average NO2 indoor to outdoor (I/O) concentrations measured in 10 European museums, and a simple steady-state box model that explains the annual variation. The measurements were performed in the EU FP5 project Master (EVK-CT-2002-00093). The work provides extensive documentation of the annual variation of NO2 I/O concentration ratios, with ratios above unity in the summer, in situations with no indoor emissions of NO2 . The modelling included the most relevant production and removal processes of NO2 and showed that the outdoor photolysis was the probable main explanation of the annual trends in the NO2 I/O concentration ratios.
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Stănescu MM, Bolcu D. A Study of Some Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials with a Dammar-Based Hybrid Matrix and Reinforced by Waste Paper. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1688. [PMID: 32751083 PMCID: PMC7464477 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When obtaining environment-friendly hybrid resins made of a blend of Dammar natural resin, in a prevailing volume ratio, with epoxy resin, it is challenging to find alternatives for synthetic resins. Composite materials reinforced with waste paper and matrix made of epoxy resin or hybrid resin with a volume ratio of 60%, 70% and 80% Dammar were studied. All samples obtained have been submitted to tensile tests and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. The tensile response, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, elongation at break and the analysis of the fracture surface were determined. The damping properties of vibrations of bars in hybrid resins and in the composite materials under study were also examined. The mechanical properties of the four types of resins and of the composite materials were compared. The chemical composition for a hybrid resin specimen were obtained using the Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Energy, Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS) analyzes.
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Azemard C, Ménager M, Sarakha M, Vieillescazes C. Photoreactivity of Oil and Alcoholic Diterpenic Varnishes: Key Role of the Polymerization Process. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Azemard
- IMBE UMR Avignon University/CNRS/IRD/AMU Restoration Engineering of Natural and Cultural Heritage – IMBE Campus Jean-Henri Fabre - 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza – BP 21239, 84916 Avignon, Cedex 9 France
| | - Matthieu Ménager
- IMBE UMR Avignon University/CNRS/IRD/AMU Restoration Engineering of Natural and Cultural Heritage – IMBE Campus Jean-Henri Fabre - 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza – BP 21239, 84916 Avignon, Cedex 9 France
| | - Mohamed Sarakha
- CNRS SIGMA Clermont Clermont-Ferrand Institute of Chemistry Clermont Auvergne University F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Cathy Vieillescazes
- IMBE UMR Avignon University/CNRS/IRD/AMU Restoration Engineering of Natural and Cultural Heritage – IMBE Campus Jean-Henri Fabre - 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza – BP 21239, 84916 Avignon, Cedex 9 France
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Bonaduce I, Di Girolamo F, Corsi I, Degano I, Tinè MR, Colombini MP. Terpenoid Oligomers of Dammar Resin. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:845-856. [PMID: 26981624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dammar is a triterpenoid resin containing a volatile fraction, a monomeric fraction, and a high-molecular weight fraction. Although the low-molecular-weight components comprising sesquiterpenoids and triterpenoids have been extensively studied, the nature of the macromolecular components is still not fully understood, and different and sometimes contradictory theories have been proposed. The aim of this paper is to clarify the nature of the macromolecular components of dammar resin. A multianalytical approach was adopted based on thermoanalytical-thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA/FTIR)--and mass spectrometric techniques-direct exposure mass spectrometry (DE/MS), pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py/GC/MS), flow injection analysis electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (FIA/ESI/MS), and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The data indicate that the oligomeric fraction comprises triterpenoids bound through ester bonds, and that these triterpenoids are the same as those found in the free terpenoid fraction. The oligomeric fraction also includes triterpenoids containing carbonyl moieties, such as formyl groups, thus suggesting that these are involved in the esters in their corresponding enolic form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bonaduce
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , via Moruzzi 3, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Girolamo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , via Moruzzi 3, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Iacopo Corsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , via Moruzzi 3, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , via Moruzzi 3, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Tinè
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , via Moruzzi 3, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , via Moruzzi 3, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- ICVBC-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Puglieri TS, Lavezzo AS, dos Santos IFS, de Faria DLA. Investigation on the hazing of a Brazilian contemporary painting. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 159:117-122. [PMID: 26836452 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A whitish crystalline-like coating was observed on the surface of the painting "Incêndio", 1990, produced by Emmanuel Nassar and awarded at the 6th Biennial of Cuenca. This work belongs to the Contemporary Art Museum of the University of São Paulo (MAC-USP) and such coating modified the artwork characteristics, causing an unpleasant effect and compromising its exhibition. The choice of the proper conservation and restoration strategies involves the understanding of the degradation process, demanding the identification of the chemical compounds formed on the painting surface, as well as of the other components in the painting. The results here obtained from Raman and optical microscopies, FTIR-ATR, SEM-EDS and GC-MS, revealed that the efflorescence chemical composition is almost only palmitic acid, with minor contents of stearic acid and their methyl esters, and that the paints are composed by chrome yellow, amorphous carbon and toluidine red pigment; an aluminum silicate filler in the black paint applied on the aluminum ground was also detected. Hierarchical Cluster Analyses (HCA) of the Raman spectra also revealed that the concentration of the efflorescence minor components depends on the paint composition. It was suggested, therefore, that the degradation process resulted from segregation and migration of mainly palmitic acid from the dried paints. Restoration methodologies used in similar cases, as well as factors that contribute to this process, were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago S Puglieri
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ariane S Lavezzo
- Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua da Reitoria, 160, Cidade Universitária, 05508-050, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Isabela F S dos Santos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Dalva L A de Faria
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Bonaduce I, Ribechini E, Modugno F, Colombini MP. Analytical Approaches Based on Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) to Study Organic Materials in Artworks and Archaeological Objects. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:6. [PMID: 27572989 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-015-0007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), after appropriate wet chemical sample pre-treatments or pyrolysis, is one of the most commonly adopted analytical techniques in the study of organic materials from cultural heritage objects. Organic materials in archaeological contexts, in classical art objects, or in modern and contemporary works of art may be the same or belong to the same classes, but can also vary considerably, often presenting different ageing pathways and chemical environments. This paper provides an overview of the literature published in the last 10 years on the research based on the use of GC/MS for the analysis of organic materials in artworks and archaeological objects. The latest progresses in advancing analytical approaches, characterising materials and understanding their degradation, and developing methods for monitoring their stability are discussed. Case studies from the literature are presented to examine how the choice of the working conditions and the analytical approaches is driven by the analytical and technical question to be answered, as well as the nature of the object from which the samples are collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Effects of acetic acid vapour on the ageing of alkyd paint layers: Multi-analytical approach for the evaluation of the degradation processes. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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