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Hamley IW. Self-Assembly, Bioactivity, and Nanomaterials Applications of Peptide Conjugates with Bulky Aromatic Terminal Groups. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:384-409. [PMID: 36735801 PMCID: PMC9945136 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly and structural and functional properties of peptide conjugates containing bulky terminal aromatic substituents are reviewed with a particular focus on bioactivity. Terminal moieties include Fmoc [fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl], naphthalene, pyrene, naproxen, diimides of naphthalene or pyrene, and others. These provide a driving force for self-assembly due to π-stacking and hydrophobic interactions, in addition to the hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, and other forces between short peptides. The balance of these interactions leads to a propensity to self-assembly, even for conjugates to single amino acids. The hybrid molecules often form hydrogels built from a network of β-sheet fibrils. The properties of these as biomaterials to support cell culture, or in the development of molecules that can assemble in cells (in response to cellular enzymes, or otherwise) with a range of fascinating bioactivities such as anticancer or antimicrobial activity, are highlighted. In addition, applications of hydrogels as slow-release drug delivery systems and in catalysis and other applications are discussed. The aromatic nature of the substituents also provides a diversity of interesting optoelectronic properties that have been demonstrated in the literature, and an overview of this is also provided. Also discussed are coassembly and enzyme-instructed self-assembly which enable precise tuning and (stimulus-responsive) functionalization of peptide nanostructures.
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Giraud T, Hoschtettler P, Pickaert G, Averlant-Petit MC, Stefan L. Emerging low-molecular weight nucleopeptide-based hydrogels: state of the art, applications, challenges and perspectives. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4908-4921. [PMID: 35319034 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06131c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last twenty years, low-molecular weight gelators and, in particular, peptide-based hydrogels, have drawn great attention from scientists thanks to both their inherent advantages in terms of properties and their high modularity (e.g., number and nature of the amino acids). These supramolecular hydrogels originate from specific peptide self-assembly processes that can be driven, modulated and optimized via specific chemical modifications brought to the peptide sequence. Among them, the incorporation of nucleobases, another class of biomolecules well-known for their abilities to self-assemble, has recently appeared as a new promising and burgeoning approach to finely design supramolecular hydrogels. In this minireview, we would like to highlight the interest, high potential, applications and perspectives of these innovative and emerging low-molecular weight nucleopeptide-based hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Giraud
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | | | | | | | - Loic Stefan
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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Morris J, Bietsch J, Bashaw K, Wang G. Recently Developed Carbohydrate Based Gelators and Their Applications. Gels 2021; 7:24. [PMID: 33652820 PMCID: PMC8006029 DOI: 10.3390/gels7010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate based low molecular weight gelators have been an intense subject of study over the past decade. The self-assembling systems built from natural products have high significance as biocompatible materials and renewable resources. The versatile structures available from naturally existing monosaccharides have enriched the molecular libraries that can be used for the construction of gelators. The bottom-up strategy in designing low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) for a variety of applications has been adopted by many researchers. Rational design, along with some serendipitous discoveries, has resulted in multiple classes of molecular gelators. This review covers the literature from 2017-2020 on monosaccharide based gelators, including common hexoses, pentoses, along with some disaccharides and their derivatives. The structure-based design and structure to gelation property relationships are reviewed first, followed by stimuli-responsive gelators. The last section focuses on the applications of the sugar based gelators, including their utilization in environmental remediation, ion sensing, catalysis, drug delivery and 3D-printing. We will also review the available LMWGs and their structure correlations to the desired properties for different applications. This review aims at elucidating the design principles and structural features that are pertinent to various applications and hope to provide certain guidelines for researchers that are working at the interface of chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guijun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA; (J.M.); (J.B.); (K.B.)
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Guo J, He H, Kim BJ, Wang J, Yi M, Lin C, Xu B. The ratio of hydrogelator to precursor controls the enzymatic hydrogelation of a branched peptide. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10101-10105. [PMID: 32785414 PMCID: PMC7677216 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00867b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report an apparently counterintuitive observation, in which a lower volume fraction of a branched peptide forms a stronger hydrogel after an enterokinase (ENTK) cleaves off the branch from the peptide. By varying the ratios of the branched peptide and ENTK and analysing the ratio of hydrogelator to precursor (H/P) in the enzymatic proteolysis reaction, our study shows that the H/P ratio controls the critical strain of the hydrogel formed, through enzymatic cleavage of the branch from the peptide. This work demonstrates that emergent properties (e.g., hydrogelation) of peptide assemblies, resulting from enzymatic noncovalent synthesis (ENS), are context-dependent, while also providing insights for developing dynamic soft materials via ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA.
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Abstract
Enzymatic reactions and noncovalent (i.e., supramolecular) interactions are two fundamental nongenetic attributes of life. Enzymatic noncovalent synthesis (ENS) refers to a process where enzymatic reactions control intermolecular noncovalent interactions for spatial organization of higher-order molecular assemblies that exhibit emergent properties and functions. Like enzymatic covalent synthesis (ECS), in which an enzyme catalyzes the formation of covalent bonds to generate individual molecules, ENS is a unifying theme for understanding the functions, morphologies, and locations of molecular ensembles in cellular environments. This review intends to provide a summary of the works of ENS within the past decade and emphasize ENS for functions. After comparing ECS and ENS, we describe a few representative examples where nature uses ENS, as a rule of life, to create the ensembles of biomacromolecules for emergent properties/functions in a myriad of cellular processes. Then, we focus on ENS of man-made (synthetic) molecules in cell-free conditions, classified by the types of enzymes. After that, we introduce the exploration of ENS of man-made molecules in the context of cells by discussing intercellular, peri/intracellular, and subcellular ENS for cell morphogenesis, molecular imaging, cancer therapy, and other applications. Finally, we provide a perspective on the promises of ENS for developing molecular assemblies/processes for functions. This review aims to be an updated introduction for researchers who are interested in exploring noncovalent synthesis for developing molecular science and technologies to address societal needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian He
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Weiyi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Meihui Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Adrianna N Shy
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
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Shy AN, Kim BJ, Xu B. Enzymatic Noncovalent Synthesis of Supramolecular Soft Matter for Biomedical Applications. MATTER 2019; 1:1127-1147. [PMID: 32104791 PMCID: PMC7043404 DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic noncovalent synthesis (ENS), a process that integrates enzymatic reactions and supramolecular (i.e., noncovalent) interactions for spatial organization of higher-order molecular assemblies, represents an emerging research area at the interface of physical and biological sciences. This review provides a few representative examples of ENS in the context of supramolecular soft matter. After a brief comparison of enzymatic covalent and noncovalent synthesis, we discuss ENS of man-made molecules for generating supramolecular nanostructures (e.g., supramolecular hydrogels) in cell-free conditions. Then, we introduce ENS in a cellular environment. To illustrate the unique merits for applications, we discuss intercellular, peri- or intracellular, and subcellular ENS for cell morphogenesis, molecular imaging, cancer therapy, and targeted delivery. Finally, we provide an outlook on the potential of ENS. We hope that this review offers a new perspective for scientists who develop supramolecular soft matter to address societal needs at various frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna N. Shy
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Beom Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
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Kumar A, Priyanka P. Environmentally benign pH-responsive cytidine-5′-monophosphate molecule-mediated akaganeite (5′-CMP-β-FeOOH) soft supramolecular hydrogels induced by the puckering of ribose sugar with efficient loading/release capabilities. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02949d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel synthetic protocol for environmentally benign 5′-CMP-β-FeOOH soft hydrogels exhibiting a rapid pH-responsive reversible sol–gel transition, efficient adsorption and slow release capabilities is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
| | - Priyanka Priyanka
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
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Liu S, Huang Z, Li F, Yan T, Fu S, Tian R, Hou C, Luo Q, Xu J, Liu J. Supramolecular polymer nanocapsules by enzymatic covalent condensation: biocompatible and biodegradable drug-delivery systems for chemo-photothermal anticancer therapy. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00523d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymer nanocapsules were constructed by enzymatic covalent condensation and they acted as drug-delivery systems for chemo-photothermal anticancer therapy.
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Abstract
As a novel class of biomaterials, nucleopeptides, via the conjugation of nucleobases and peptides, usually self-assemble to form nanofibres driven mainly by hydrogen bonds. Containing nucleobase(s), nucleopeptides have a unique property-interacting with nucleic acids. Here we report the design and characterization of nucleopeptides that self-assemble in water and are able to interact with single-stranded DNAs (ssDNAs). Containing nucleobases on their side chains, these nucleopeptides bind with the ssDNAs, and the ssDNAs reciprocally affect the self-assembly of nucleopeptides. In addition, the interactions between nucleopeptides and ssDNAs also decrease their proteolytic resistance against proteinase K, which further demonstrates the binding with ssDNAs. The nucleopeptides also interact with plasmid DNA and deliver hairpin DNA into cells. This work illustrates a new and rational approach to create soft biomaterials by the integration of nucleobases and peptides to bind with DNA, which may lead to the development of nucleopeptides for controlling DNA in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Xinming Li
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
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Zhou J, Li J, Du X, Xu B. Supramolecular biofunctional materials. Biomaterials 2017; 129:1-27. [PMID: 28319779 PMCID: PMC5470592 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses supramolecular biofunctional materials, a novel class of biomaterials formed by small molecules that are held together via noncovalent interactions. The complexity of biology and relevant biomedical problems not only inspire, but also demand effective molecular design for functional materials. Supramolecular biofunctional materials offer (almost) unlimited possibilities and opportunities to address challenging biomedical problems. Rational molecular design of supramolecular biofunctional materials exploit powerful and versatile noncovalent interactions, which offer many advantages, such as responsiveness, reversibility, tunability, biomimicry, modularity, predictability, and, most importantly, adaptiveness. In this review, besides elaborating on the merits of supramolecular biofunctional materials (mainly in the form of hydrogels and/or nanoscale assemblies) resulting from noncovalent interactions, we also discuss the advantages of small peptides as a prevalent molecular platform to generate a wide range of supramolecular biofunctional materials for the applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, immunology, cancer therapy, fluorescent imaging, and stem cell regulation. This review aims to provide a brief synopsis of recent achievements at the intersection of supramolecular chemistry and biomedical science in hope of contributing to the multidisciplinary research on supramolecular biofunctional materials for a wide range of applications. We envision that supramolecular biofunctional materials will contribute to the development of new therapies that will ultimately lead to a paradigm shift for developing next generation biomaterials for medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Xuewen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA.
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Yang YC, Wang YT, Tseng WL. Amplified Peroxidase-Like Activity in Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Adenosine Monophosphate: Application to Urinary Protein Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:10069-10077. [PMID: 28233488 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous compounds such as protein and double-stranded DNA have been shown to efficiently inhibit intrinsic peroxidase-mimic activity in Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NP) and other related nanomaterials. However, only a few studies have focused on finding new compounds for enhancing the catalytic activity of Fe3O4 NP-related nanomaterials. Herein, phosphate containing adenosine analogs are reported to enhance the oxidation reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and amplex ultrared (AU) for improving the peroxidase-like activity in Fe3O4 NPs. This enhancement is suggested to be a result of the binding of adenosine analogs to Fe2+/Fe3+ sites on the NP surface and from adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) acting as the distal histidine residue of horseradish peroxidase for activating H2O2. Phosphate containing adenosine analogs revealed the following trend for the enhanced activity of Fe3O4 NPs: AMP > adenosine 5'-diphosphate > adenosine 5'-triphosphate. The peroxidase-like activity in the Fe3O4 NPs progressively increased with increasing AMP concentration and polyadenosine length. The Michaelis constant for AMP attached Fe3O4 NPs is 5.3-fold lower and the maximum velocity is 2.7-fold higher than those of the bare Fe3O4 NPs. Furthermore, on the basis of AMP promoted peroxidase mimicking activity in the Fe3O4 NPs and the adsorption of protein on the NP surface, a selective fluorescent turn-off system for the detection of urinary protein is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University , Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University , Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lung Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University , Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Taiwan
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University , Taiwan
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Huang Z, Fang Y, Luo Q, Liu S, An G, Hou C, Lang C, Xu J, Dong Z, Liu J. Construction of supramolecular polymer by enzyme-triggered covalent condensation of CB[8]-FGG-based supramonomer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2083-6. [PMID: 26686377 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09103a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and effective enzymatic strategy for the fabrication of a supramolecular polymer is presented for the first time, in which a bifunctional ternary host-guest supramonomer is first prepared followed by subsequent enzymatic coupling of supramonomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zupeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Quan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengda Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guo An
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunxi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chao Lang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiayun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zeyuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China.
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Weiss D, Skrybeck D, Misslitz H, Nardini D, Kern A, Kreger K, Schmidt HW. Tailoring Supramolecular Nanofibers for Air Filtration Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:14885-14892. [PMID: 27183242 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The demand of new materials and processes for nanofiber fabrication to enhance the performance of air filters is steadily increasing. Typical approaches to obtain nanofibers are based on top-down processes such as melt blowing, centrifugal spinning, and electrospinning of polymer materials. However, fabrication of polymer nanofibers is limited with respect to either a sufficiently high throughput or the smallest achievable fiber diameter. This study reports comprehensively on a fast and simple bottom-up process to prepare supramolecular nanofibers in situ inside viscose/polyester microfiber nonwovens. Here, selected small molecules of the materials class of 1,3,5-benzenetrisamides are employed. The microfiber-nanofiber composites exhibit a homogeneous nanofiber distribution and morphology throughout the entire nonwoven scaffold. Small changes in molecular structure and processing solvent have a strong influence on the final nanofiber diameter and diameter distribution and, consequently, on the filtration performance. Choosing proper processing conditions, microfiber-nanofiber composites with surprisingly high filtration efficiencies of particulate matter are obtained. In addition, the microfiber-nanofiber composite integrity at elevated temperatures was determined and revealed that the morphology of supramolecular nanofibers is maintained compared to that of the utilized polymer nonwoven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Weiss
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, ‡Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, and §Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces, University of Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dominik Skrybeck
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, ‡Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, and §Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces, University of Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Misslitz
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, ‡Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, and §Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces, University of Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - David Nardini
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, ‡Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, and §Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces, University of Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alexander Kern
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, ‡Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, and §Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces, University of Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Klaus Kreger
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, ‡Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, and §Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces, University of Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Schmidt
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, ‡Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, and §Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces, University of Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Peters GM, Davis JT. Supramolecular gels made from nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide analogs. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:3188-206. [PMID: 27146863 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00183a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular or molecular gels are attractive for various applications, including diagnostics, tissue scaffolding and targeted drug release. Gelators derived from natural products are of particular interest for biomedical purposes, as they are generally biocompatible and stimuli-responsive. The building blocks of nucleic acids (i.e. nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides) are desirable candidates for supramolecular gelation as they readily engage in reversible, noncovalent interactions. In this review, we describe a number of organo- and hydrogels formed through the assembly of nucleosides, nucleotides, and their derivatives. While natural nucleosides and nucleotides generally require derivatization to induce gelation, guanosine and its corresponding nucleotides are well known gelators. This unique gelating ability is due to propensity of the guanine nucleobase to self-associate into stable higher-order assemblies, such as G-ribbons, G4-quartets, and G-quadruplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Marie Peters
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA.
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Poolman JM, Maity C, Boekhoven J, van der Mee L, le Sage VAA, Groenewold GJM, van Kasteren SI, Versluis F, van Esch JH, Eelkema R. A toolbox for controlling the properties and functionalisation of hydrazone-based supramolecular hydrogels. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:852-858. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01870f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In situ multicomponent hydrogelator formation enables straightforward chemical functionalisation of supramolecular hydrogels.
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Du X, Zhou J, Shi J, Xu B. Supramolecular Hydrogelators and Hydrogels: From Soft Matter to Molecular Biomaterials. Chem Rev 2015; 115:13165-307. [PMID: 26646318 PMCID: PMC4936198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1266] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of the work of supramolecular hydrogelators after 2004 and to put emphasis particularly on the applications of supramolecular hydrogels/hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials. After a brief introduction of methods for generating supramolecular hydrogels, we discuss supramolecular hydrogelators on the basis of their categories, such as small organic molecules, coordination complexes, peptides, nucleobases, and saccharides. Following molecular design, we focus on various potential applications of supramolecular hydrogels as molecular biomaterials, classified by their applications in cell cultures, tissue engineering, cell behavior, imaging, and unique applications of hydrogelators. Particularly, we discuss the applications of supramolecular hydrogelators after they form supramolecular assemblies but prior to reaching the critical gelation concentration because this subject is less explored but may hold equally great promise for helping address fundamental questions about the mechanisms or the consequences of the self-assembly of molecules, including low molecular weight ones. Finally, we provide a perspective on supramolecular hydrogelators. We hope that this review will serve as an updated introduction and reference for researchers who are interested in exploring supramolecular hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials for addressing the societal needs at various frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
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Zhou J, Xu B. Enzyme-instructed self-assembly: a multistep process for potential cancer therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:987-99. [PMID: 25933032 PMCID: PMC4533114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The central dogma of the action of current anticancer drugs is that the drug tightly binds to its molecular target for inhibition. The reliance on tight ligand-receptor binding, however, is also the major root of drug resistance in cancer therapy. In this article, we highlight enzyme-instructed self-assembly (EISA)-the integration of enzymatic transformation and molecular self-assembly-as a multistep process for the development of cancer therapy. Using apoptosis as an example, we illustrate that the combination of enzymatic transformation and self-assembly, in fact, is an inherent feature of apoptosis. After the introduction of EISA of small molecules in the context of supramolecular hydrogelation, we describe several key studies to underscore the promises of EISA for developing cancer therapy. Particularly, we will highlight that EISA allows one to develop approaches to target "undruggable" targets or "untargetable" features of cancer cells and provides the opportunity for simultaneously interacting with multiple targets. We envision that EISA, used separately or in combination with current anticancer therapeutics, will ultimately lead to a paradigm shift for developing anticancer medicine that inhibit multiple hallmark capabilities of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
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Wu D, Du X, Shi J, Zhou J, Zhou N, Xu B. The first CD73-instructed supramolecular hydrogel. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 447:269-72. [PMID: 25524006 PMCID: PMC4369398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic supramolecular hydrogelation is a simple, controllable, and novel strategy for preparation of soft colloidal materials, which allows the integration of self-assembly with enzyme associated biological processes. The development of more enzymes involve in hydrogelation is a subject of developing useful soft colloids. In this work, an ectoenzyme, CD73, was found to trigger the formation of nanofibers as matrices of hydrogels. CD73 is an important cell surface enzyme which converts extracellular adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to adenosine. It is broadly expressed in many cancer cells and participates in tumor growth. The successful application of CD73 in self-assembly and hydrogelation may provide new strategies for CD73-guided materials and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Xuewen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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Avinash MB, Govindaraju T. Nanoarchitectonics of biomolecular assemblies for functional applications. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:13348-69. [PMID: 25287110 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04340e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The stringent processes of natural selection and evolution have enabled extraordinary structure-function properties of biomolecules. Specifically, the archetypal designs of biomolecules, such as amino acids, nucleobases, carbohydrates and lipids amongst others, encode unparalleled information, selectivity and specificity. The integration of biomolecules either with functional molecules or with an embodied functionality ensures an eclectic approach for novel and advanced nanotechnological applications ranging from electronics to biomedicine, besides bright prospects in systems chemistry and synthetic biology. Given this intriguing scenario, our feature article intends to shed light on the emerging field of functional biomolecular engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Avinash
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit (NCU), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur P. O., Bangalore 560064, India.
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Du X, Zhou J, Xu B. Supramolecular hydrogels made of basic biological building blocks. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:1446-72. [PMID: 24623474 PMCID: PMC4024374 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As a consequence of the self-assembly of small organic molecules in water, supramolecular hydrogels are evolving from serendipitous events during organic synthesis to become a new type of materials that hold promise for applications in biomedicine. In this Focus Review, we describe recent advances in the use of basic biological building blocks for creating molecules that act as hydrogelators and the potential applications of the corresponding hydrogels. After introducing the concept of supramolecular hydrogels and defining the scope of this review, we briefly describe the methods for making and characterizing supramolecular hydrogels. We then discuss representative hydrogelators according to the categories of their building blocks, such as amino acids, nucleobases, and saccharides, and highlight the applications of the hydrogels when necessary. Finally, we offer our perspective and outlook on this fast-growing field at the interface of organic chemistry, materials, biology, and medicine. By providing a snapshot for chemists, engineers, and medical scientists, we hope that this Focus Review will contribute to the development of multidisciplinary research on supramolecular hydrogels for a wide range of applications in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA, Fax: (01)781 736 2516
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA, Fax: (01)781 736 2516
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA, Fax: (01)781 736 2516
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Wu D, Du X, Shi J, Zhou J, Xu B. Supramolecular Nanofibers/Hydrogels of the Conjugates of Nucleobase, Saccharide, and Amino Acids. CHINESE J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201400092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Babu SS, Praveen VK, Ajayaghosh A. Functional π-gelators and their applications. Chem Rev 2014; 114:1973-2129. [PMID: 24400783 DOI: 10.1021/cr400195e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1220] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sukumaran Santhosh Babu
- Photosciences and Photonics Group, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Trivandrum 695019, India
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Yuan D, Zhou R, Shi J, Du X, Li X, Xu B. Enzyme-instructed self-assembly of hydrogelators consisting of nucleobases, amino acids, and saccharide. RSC Adv 2014; 4:26487-26490. [PMID: 25071934 PMCID: PMC4111267 DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04765f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first example of the use of enzymes to trigger the self-assembly of the conjugates of nucleobases, amino acids, and saccharide to form supramolecular hydrogels in water, which illustrates a facile approach for the development of a new class of multifunctional soft materials for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02453, USA. Fax: 781-736-2516; Tel: 781-736-5201
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02453, USA. Fax: 781-736-2516; Tel: 781-736-5201
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02453, USA. Fax: 781-736-2516; Tel: 781-736-5201
| | - Xuewen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02453, USA. Fax: 781-736-2516; Tel: 781-736-5201
| | - Xinming Li
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02453, USA. Fax: 781-736-2516; Tel: 781-736-5201
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02453, USA. Fax: 781-736-2516; Tel: 781-736-5201
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Misslitz H, Kreger K, Schmidt HW. Supramolecular nanofiber webs in nonwoven scaffolds as potential filter media. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:2053-2025. [PMID: 23213061 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Misslitz
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, Bayreuther Institut für Makromolekülforschung-BIMF, Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen-BZKG, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Du X, Wu Z, Long J, Wang L. Growth stimulation of bacterium Delftia by a peptide hydrogel. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43457e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Gour N, Kedracki D, Safir I, Ngo KX, Vebert-Nardin C. Self-assembling DNA-peptide hybrids: morphological consequences of oligonucleotide grafting to a pathogenic amyloid fibrils forming dipeptide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:5440-2. [PMID: 22534735 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31458d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For the very first time, highly efficient synthesis of DNA-peptide hybrids to scaffold self-assembled nanostructures is described. Oligonucleotide conjugation to the diphenylalanine dipeptide triggers a morphological transition from fibrillar to vesicular structures which may potentially be used as delivery vehicles, since they exhibit pH triggered release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Gour
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Sciences II, 30, quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Roy S, Kumar Maiti D, Panigrahi S, Basak D, Banerjee A. A new hydrogel from an amino acid-based perylene bisimide and its semiconducting, photo-switching behaviour. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21319b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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