1
|
Barakat M, Elhajj S, Yazji R, Miller AJM, Hasanayn F. Kinetic Isotope Effects and the Mechanism of CO 2 Insertion into the Metal-Hydride Bond of fac-(bpy)Re(CO) 3H. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 38901030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The 1,2-insertion reaction of CO2 into metal-hydride bonds of d6-octahedral complexes to give κ1-O-metal-formate products is the key step in various CO2 reduction schemes and as a result has attracted extensive mechanistic investigations. For many octahedral catalysts, CO2 insertion follows an associative mechanism in which CO2 interacts directly with the coordinated hydride ligand instead of the more classical dissociative mechanism that opens an empty coordination site to bind the substrate to the metal prior to a hydride migration step. To better understand the associative mechanism, we conducted a systematic quantum chemical investigation on the reaction between CO2 and fac-(bpy)Re(CO)3H (1-Re-H; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) starting with the gas phase and then moving to THF and other solvents with increased dielectric constants. Detailed analyses of the potential energy surfaces (PESs) and intrinsic reaction coordinates (IRCs) reveal that the reaction is enabled in all media by an initial stage of making a 3c-2e bond between the carbon of CO2 and the metal-hydride bond that is most consistent with an organometallic bridging hydride Re-H-CO2 species. Once CO2 is bent and anchored to the metal-hydride bond, the reaction proceeds by a rotation motion via a cyclic transition state TS2 that interchanges Re-H-CO2 and Re-O-CHO coordination. The combined stages provide an asynchronous-concerted pathway for CO2 insertion on the Gibbs free energy surface with TS2 as the highest energy point. Consideration of TS2 as a rate-determining TS gives activation barriers, inverse KIEs, substituent effects, and solvent effects that agree with the experimental data available in this system. An important new insight revealed by the analyses of the results is that the initial stage of the reaction is not a hydride transfer step as has been assumed in some studies. In fact, the loose vibration of the TS that can be identified for the first stage of the reaction in solution (TS1) does not involve the Re-H stretching vibrational mode. Accordingly, the imaginary frequency of TS1 is insensitive to deuteration, and therefore, TS1 leads to no significant KIE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Barakat
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Sarah Elhajj
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Riyad Yazji
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Alexander J M Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rossi E, Sorbelli D, Belanzoni P, Belpassi L, Ciancaleoni G. Monomeric gold hydrides for carbon dioxide reduction: ligand effect on the reactivity. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303512. [PMID: 38189856 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
We analyzed the ligand electronic effect in the reaction between a [LAu(I)H]0/- hydride species and CO2, leading to a coordinated formate [LAu(HCOO)]0/-. We explored 20 different ligands, such as carbenes, phosphines and others, carefully selected to cover a wide range of electron-donor and -acceptor properties. We included in the study the only ligand, an NHC-coordinated diphosphene, that, thus far, experimentally demonstrated facile and reversible reaction between the monomeric gold(I) hydride and carbon dioxide. We elucidated the previously unknown reaction mechanism, which resulted to be concerted and common to all the ligands: the gold-hydrogen bond attacks the carbon atom of CO2 with one oxygen atom coordinating to the gold center. A correlation between the ligand σ donor ability, which affects the electron density at the reactive site, and the kinetic activation barriers of the reaction has been found. This systematic study offers useful guidelines for the rational design of new ligands for this reaction, while suggesting a few promising and experimentally accessible potential candidates for the stoichiometric or catalytic CO2 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rossi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
| | - Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, I-06123, Italy
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, US
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, I-06123, Italy
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), c/o Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, I-06123, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), c/o Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, I-06123, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ciancaleoni
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
- CIRCC, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tang Y, Pu M, Lei M. Cyclopentadienone Diphosphine Ruthenium Complex: A Designed Catalyst for the Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2431-2439. [PMID: 38306607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The development of homogeneous metal catalysts for the efficient hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (CO2) into methanol (CH3OH) remains a significant challenge. In this study, a new cyclopentadienone diphosphine ligand (CPDDP ligand) was designed, which could coordinate with ruthenium to form a Ru-CPDDP complex to efficiently catalyze the CO2-to-methanol process using dihydrogen (H2) as the hydrogen resource based on density functional theory (DFT) mechanistic investigation. This process consists of three catalytic cycles, stage I (the hydrogenation of CO2 to HCOOH), stage II (the hydrogenation of HCOOH to HCHO), and stage III (the hydrogenation of HCHO to CH3OH). The calculated free energy barriers for the hydrogen transfer (HT) steps of stage I, stage II, and stage III are 7.5, 14.5, and 3.5 kcal/mol, respectively. The most favorable pathway of the dihydrogen activation (DA) steps of three stages to regenerate catalytic species is proposed to be the formate-assisted DA step with a free energy barrier of 10.4 kcal/mol. The calculated results indicate that the designed Ru-CPDDP and Ru-CPDDPEt complexes could catalyze hydrogenation of CO2 to CH3OH (HCM) under mild conditions and that the transition-metal owning designed CPDDP ligand framework be one kind of promising potential efficient catalysts for HCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
- School of Materials Design and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Min Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Han J, Liu P, Qiu B, Wang G, Liu S, Zhou X. Observation of inserted oxocarbonyl species in the tantalum cation-mediated activation of carbon dioxide dictated by two-state reactivity. Dalton Trans 2023; 53:171-179. [PMID: 38018569 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03593j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Reductive activation of carbon dioxide (CO2) has drawn increasing attention as an effective and convenient method to unlock this stable molecule, especially via transition metal-catalyzed reactions. Taking the [TaC4O8]+ ion-molecule complex formed in the laser ablation source as a representative, the reactivity of the tantalum metal cation towards CO2 molecules is explored using infrared photodissociation spectroscopy combined with quantum chemical calculations. The strong absorption in the carbonyl stretching region provides solid evidence for the insertion reactions into CO bonds by the tantalum cation. Two inserted oxocarbonyl products are identified based on the great agreement between the experimental results and simulated infrared spectra of energetically low-lying structures in the singlet and triplet states. The pivotal role of two-state reactivity in driving CO2 activation among three different spin states is rationalized by potential energy surface analysis. Our conclusion provides valuable insight into the intrinsic mechanisms of CO2 activation by the tantalum metal cation, highlighting the affinity of tantalum for CO bond insertion in addition to typical "end-on" binding configurations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Han
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Pengcheng Liu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Science Island Branch, Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Binglin Qiu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Shilin Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Xiaoguo Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Derjew W, Abute T, Berhanu S, Mender T. Chemical Fixation of CO2 with Epoxides Catalyzed by DBO as Activator for the LiI Promoted System: A Theoretical Study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
6
|
Wu Y, Nan T, Ji X, Liu B, Cui D. A Facile Approach to Produce Star Polymers Based on Coordination Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205894. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei 230026 China
| | - Tianhao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei 230026 China
| | - Xiangling Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei 230026 China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei 230026 China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei 230026 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Z, Huo S, Meng L, Li X. Roles of CO 2 in Controlling the Chemoselectivity of [LCu-Fp] Heterobimetallic-Catalyzed CO 2 Hydroboration Reduction: A Computational Study. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Li
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic and Nano-Materials, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, P. R. China
| | - Suhong Huo
- School of Safety Supervision, North China Institute of Science and Technology, No. 467 Academy Street, Sanhe Yanjiao Development Zone, Langfang 065201, China
| | - Lingpeng Meng
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic and Nano-Materials, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic and Nano-Materials, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Z, He J, Li Y, Lin Q, Jiao J, Liu L, Yan Y, Wu H, Zhang F, Jia J, Xie H. Synergetic electron donation and back-donation interactions in (Au−CO2)− complex: A joint anionic photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy and theoretical investigation. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Wu Y, Nan T, Ji X, Liu B, Cui D. A Facile Approach to Produce Star Polymers Based on Coordination Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei 230026 China
| | - Tianhao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei 230026 China
| | - Xiangling Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei 230026 China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei 230026 China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Hefei 230026 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ruccolo S, Sambade D, Shlian DG, Amemiya E, Parkin G. Catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide by a zinc hydride compound, [Tptm]ZnH, and conversion to the methanol level. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5868-5877. [PMID: 35343979 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04156h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The zinc hydride compound, [Tptm]ZnH, may achieve the reduction of CO2 by (RO)3SiH (R = Me, Et) to the methanol oxidation level, (MeO)xSi(OR)4-x, via the formate species, HCO2Si(OR)3. However, because insertion of CO2 into the Zn-H bond is more facile than insertion of HCO2Si(OR)3, conversion of HCO2Si(OR)3 to the methanol level only occurs to a significant extent in the absence of CO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ruccolo
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
| | - David Sambade
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
| | - Daniel G Shlian
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
| | - Erika Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
| | - Gerard Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shao Y, Nie W, Yao C, Ye L, Yu H. DFT insights into the Ni-catalyzed regioselective hydrocarboxylation of unsaturated alkenes with CO 2. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:15084-15093. [PMID: 34610067 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02486h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nickel-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of alkenes using carbon dioxide has recently become an appealing method to prepare functionalized carboxylic acids with high efficiency and regioselectivity. Herein, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted on the Ni-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of aryl-/alkyl-substituted alkenes with CO2. The α- and β-carboxylation of aromatic and aliphatic olefins originate from distinct catalytic cycles: H-transfer-carboxylation and carboxylation-H-transfer pathways. The typical hydrometallation-carboxylation mechanism is unlikely because water/carbonic acid (H-resource) are inferior hydride donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Wan Nie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chengyu Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Lina Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Haizhu Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China. .,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cerveri A, Giovanelli R, Sella D, Pedrazzani R, Monari M, Nieto Faza O, López CS, Bandini M. Enantioselective CO 2 Fixation Via a Heck-Coupling/Carboxylation Cascade Catalyzed by Nickel. Chemistry 2021; 27:7657-7662. [PMID: 33829576 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel asymmetric nickel-based procedure has been developed in which CO2 fixation is achieved as a second step of a truncated Heck coupling. For this, a new chiral ligand has been prepared and shown to achieve enantiomeric excesses up to 99 %. The overall process efficiently furnishes chiral 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-ylacetic acids, an important class of bioactive products, from easy to prepare starting materials. A combined experimental and computational effort revealed the key steps of the catalytic cycle and suggested the unexpected participation of Ni(I) species in the coupling event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cerveri
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Giovanelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Sella
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pedrazzani
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Magda Monari
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Olalla Nieto Faza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, As Lagoas (Marcosende), 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Silva López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, As Lagoas (Marcosende), 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Consorzio CINMPIS, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu C. Theoretical research on the direct carboxylation of benzene with CO
2
catalyzed by different carbene‐CuOH compounds. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Research and Development Center ShanDong GuoBang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Weifang Shandong China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Straub S, Vöhringer P. Spin‐Controlled Binding of Carbon Dioxide by an Iron Center: Insights from Ultrafast Mid‐Infrared Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Straub
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Wegelerstrasse 12 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Wegelerstrasse 12 53115 Bonn Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Straub S, Vöhringer P. Spin-Controlled Binding of Carbon Dioxide by an Iron Center: Insights from Ultrafast Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:2519-2525. [PMID: 33022879 PMCID: PMC7898313 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the spin on the mode of binding between carbon dioxide (CO2) and a transition‐metal (TM) center is an entirely open question. Herein, we use an iron(III) oxalato complex with nearly vanishing doublet–sextet gap, and its ultrafast photolysis, to generate TM‐CO2 bonding patterns and determine their structure in situ by femtosecond mid‐infrared spectroscopy. The formation of the nascent TM‐CO2 species according to [L4FeIII(C2O4)]+ + hν → [L4Fe(CO2)]+ + CO2, with L4=cyclam, is evidenced by the coincident appearance of the characteristic asymmetric stretching absorption of the CO2‐ligand between 1600 cm−1 and 1800 cm−1 and that of the free CO2‐co‐fragment near 2337 cm−1. On the high‐spin surface (S=5/2), the product complex features a bent carbon dioxide radical anion ligand that is O‐“end‐on”‐bound to the metal. In contrast, on the intermediate‐spin and low‐spin surfaces, the product exhibits a “side‐on”‐bound, bent carbon dioxide ligand that has either a partial open‐shell (for S=3/2) or fully closed‐shell character (for S=1/2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Straub
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Wegelerstrasse 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Wegelerstrasse 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Price JS, Emslie DJH. Reactions of Manganese Silyl and Silylene Complexes with CO2 and C(NiPr)2: Synthesis of Mn(I) Formate and Amidinylsilyl Complexes. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Price
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - David J. H. Emslie
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sato K, Isoda M, Tarui A, Omote M. Reductive Carbon–Carbon Bond Forming Reactions with Carbonyls Mediated by Rh–H Complexes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Setsunan University 45‐1 573‐0101 Nagaotoge‐cho Hirakata, Osaka Japan
| | - Motoyuki Isoda
- School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka International University of Health and Welfare 137‐1 Enokizu 831‐8501 Okawa Fukuoka Japan
| | - Atsushi Tarui
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Setsunan University 45‐1 573‐0101 Nagaotoge‐cho Hirakata, Osaka Japan
| | - Masaaki Omote
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Setsunan University 45‐1 573‐0101 Nagaotoge‐cho Hirakata, Osaka Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gezhagn TM, Temam AG, Lelisho TA. Theoretical study on chemical fixation of carbon dioxide with aziridine into cyclic carbamate catalysed by purine/HI system. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1831637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teshome Mender Gezhagn
- Department of chemistry, College of Natural and Computational sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Abdudin Geremu Temam
- Department of chemistry, College of Natural and Computational sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Abute Lelisho
- Department of chemistry, College of Natural and Computational sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Anafcheh M, Zahedi M. Sustainable conversion of carbon dioxide to formic acid with Rh-decorated phosphorous-doped fullerenes: a theoretical study. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01621-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
20
|
Li J, Geng C, Weiske T, Schwarz H. Counter‐Intuitive Gas‐Phase Reactivities of [V
2
]
+
and [V
2
O]
+
towards CO
2
Reduction: Insight from Electronic Structure Calculations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jilai Li
- Institut für Chemie Technische Universität Berlin 10623 Berlin Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry Jilin University 130023 Changchun China
| | - Caiyun Geng
- Institut für Chemie Technische Universität Berlin 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Weiske
- Institut für Chemie Technische Universität Berlin 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie Technische Universität Berlin 10623 Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li J, Geng C, Weiske T, Schwarz H. Counter-Intuitive Gas-Phase Reactivities of [V 2 ] + and [V 2 O] + towards CO 2 Reduction: Insight from Electronic Structure Calculations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12308-12314. [PMID: 32100908 PMCID: PMC7383893 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
[V2 O]+ remains "invisible" in the thermal gas-phase reaction of bare [V2 ]+ with CO2 giving rise to [V2 O2 ]+ ; this is because the [V2 O]+ intermediate is being consumed more than 230 times faster than it is generated. However, the fleeting existence of [V2 O]+ and its involvement in the [V2 ]+ → [V2 O2 ]+ chemistry are demonstrated by a cross-over labeling experiment with a 1:1 mixture of C16 O2 /C18 O2 , generating the product ions [V2 16 O2 ]+ , [V2 16 O18 O]+ , and [V2 18 O2 ]+ in a 1:2:1 ratio. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations help to understand the remarkable and unexpected reactivity differences of [V2 ]+ versus [V2 O]+ towards CO2 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jilai Li
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität Berlin10623BerlinGermany
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryJilin University130023ChangchunChina
| | - Caiyun Geng
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität Berlin10623BerlinGermany
| | - Thomas Weiske
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität Berlin10623BerlinGermany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität Berlin10623BerlinGermany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
García-López D, Pavlovic L, Hopmann KH. To Bind or Not to Bind: Mechanistic Insights into C–CO2 Bond Formation with Late Transition Metals. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego García-López
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ljiljana Pavlovic
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kathrin H. Hopmann
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Huang TH, Hu QL, Zhao FZ, Wu TC, Lei Y, Zheng D, Yang H. Synthesis, structural characterization, DFT studied and properties of Cu2+ complexes with the cage/ladder-like Cu4O4 cores. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ru Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Liang-Nian He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Diccianni JB, Hu CT, Diao T. Insertion of CO
2
Mediated by a (Xantphos)Ni
I
–Alkyl Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin B. Diccianni
- Chemistry Department New York University 100 Washington Square East New York NY 10003 USA
| | - Chunhua T. Hu
- Chemistry Department New York University 100 Washington Square East New York NY 10003 USA
| | - Tianning Diao
- Chemistry Department New York University 100 Washington Square East New York NY 10003 USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Diccianni JB, Hu CT, Diao T. Insertion of CO 2 Mediated by a (Xantphos)Ni I -Alkyl Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13865-13868. [PMID: 31309669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of CO2 into organometallic and organic molecules represents a sustainable way to prepare carboxylates. The mechanism of reductive carboxylation of alkyl halides has been proposed to proceed through the reduction of NiII to NiI by either Zn or Mn, followed by CO2 insertion into NiI -alkyl species. No experimental evidence has been previously established to support the two proposed steps. Demonstrated herein is that the direct reduction of (tBu-Xantphos)NiII Br2 by Zn affords NiI species. (tBu-Xantphos)NiI -Me and (tBu-Xantphos)NiI -Et complexes undergo fast insertion of CO2 at 22 °C. The substantially faster rate, relative to that of NiII complexes, serves as the long-sought-after experimental support for the proposed mechanisms of Ni-catalyzed carboxylation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Diccianni
- Chemistry Department, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Chunhua T Hu
- Chemistry Department, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Tianning Diao
- Chemistry Department, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xia GJ, Liu J, Liu ZF. Structural inhomogeneity as a factor promoting the homogenous catalysis of CO 2 hydrogenation by (PMe 3) 4RuH 2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:19252-19268. [PMID: 31441925 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03288f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During homogenous catalysis by organometallic complexes, the dissociation of a ligand to produce an unsaturated site on the metal center is often invoked as the first step of activation, especially when photo-excitation is involved. In this theoretical study, we demonstrated that under mild conditions, a thermodynamically unstable yet dynamically favorable active intermediate could be produced by the inhomogeneity of the solvent distribution around the catalyst rather than by ligand dissociation. This occurred at the end of the first catalytic cycle when the product was eliminated. The empty site was immediately filled by one of the additive molecules aggregated around the reaction center even when the intermediate complex was unstable, producing a transient and more active catalyst. This process accounted for the accelerated reaction rate observed in the landmark CO2 hydrogenation catalyzed by (PMe3)4RuH2 in supercritical CO2 when H2O, MeOH, or HNMe2 was added. This also suggests a new way to exploit the structural inhomogeneity around an organometallic complex for the design of superior catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Jie Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Modeling and Computation Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jianwen Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Modeling and Computation Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Thompson CV, Arman HD, Tonzetich ZJ. Square-Planar Iron(II) Silyl Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Insertion Reactivity. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Vance Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Hadi D. Arman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Zachary J. Tonzetich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Beltrán TF, Llusar R. Synthesis and structure of methoxo-terminated molybdenum and tungsten M3S4 clusters containing aminophosphine ligands. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
30
|
Temam AG, Lelisho TA. DFT study on coupling reaction of carbon dioxide with ethylene oxide catalyzed by 1,4,6-triaza-bicyclo[3.3.0]oct-4-enium bromide (TBO.HBr). Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1623931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdudin Geremu Temam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Science, Oda Bultum University, Chiro, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Abute Lelisho
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang J, Wang MY, Yin G, Jia R, Wang J, Eglitis RI, Zhang HX. Nickel-catalyzed carboxylation of aryl zinc reagent with CO2: A theoretical and experimental study. J CO2 UTIL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
32
|
Artús Suàrez L, Culakova Z, Balcells D, Bernskoetter WH, Eisenstein O, Goldberg KI, Hazari N, Tilset M, Nova A. The Key Role of the Hemiaminal Intermediate in the Iron-Catalyzed Deaminative Hydrogenation of Amides. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Artús Suàrez
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.
Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zuzana Culakova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David Balcells
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.
Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wesley H. Bernskoetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Odile Eisenstein
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.
Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, cc 1501 Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Karen I. Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Mats Tilset
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.
Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ainara Nova
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.
Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Singh V, Sakaki S, Deshmukh MM. Ni(I)-Hydride Catalyst for Hydrosilylation of Carbon Dioxide and Dihydrogen Generation: Theoretical Prediction and Exploration of Full Catalytic Cycle. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, India
| | - Shigeyoshi Sakaki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo-ku, Takano, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Milind M. Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, India
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Huang F, Wang Q, Guo J, Wen M, Wang ZX. Computational mechanistic study of Ru-catalyzed CO 2 reduction by pinacolborane revealing the σ-π coupling mechanism for CO 2 decarbonylation. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:4804-4819. [PMID: 29561047 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00081f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that RuH2(η2-H2)2(PCy3)2 (1) could mediate CO2 reduction by pinacolborane (HBpin), affording pinBOBpin (7), pinBOCH3 (8), pinBOCHO (9), pinBOCH2OBpin (10), and an unprecedented C2 species pinBOCH2OCHO (11), which meanwhile is converted to the Ru complexes, including the transient 3 (RuH(κ2-O2CH)(CO)(PCy3)2) and 5 (RuH{(μ-H)2Bpin}(CO)(PCy3)2), and the persistent 4 (RuH(κ2-O2CH)(CO)2(PCy3)2) and 6 (RuH2(CO)2(PCy3)2). To gain an insight into the catalysis, a DFT study was carried out. The study identified the key active catalyst to be the hydride 13 (RuH2(CO)(PCy3)2) and characterized the mechanisms leading to the experimentally observed species (3-11). By investigating the experimental system, we learned a new mechanism called σ-π coupling for CO2 decarbonylation. Under this mechanism, CO2 and HBpin first co-coordinate to the Ru center of 13, then σ-π coupling takes place, forming a B-O bond between CO2 and HBpin, Ru-H and Ru-C bonds, and simultaneously breaking the H-Bpin bond, followed by -OBpin group migration to the Ru center, completing the CO2 decarbonylation. An interesting feature regarding the Ru catalysis was the involvement of η1-Hη1-H → η2-H2 and η1-Hη1-Bpin → η2-HBpin reductions, which facilitated the oxidative H-Bpin addition or the coordination mode change of CO2 from η1-O to η2-CO for CO2 activation or σ-π coupling. The facilitation effects could be attributed to the reductions enhancing the electron donations from the Ru center to the antibonding orbitals of the activating bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Qiong Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Jiandong Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Mingwei Wen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Straub S, Brünker P, Lindner J, Vöhringer P. An Iron Complex with a Bent, O-Coordinated CO2
Ligand Discovered by Femtosecond Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Straub
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Wegelerstraße 12 53117 Bonn Germany
| | - Paul Brünker
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Wegelerstraße 12 53117 Bonn Germany
| | - Jörg Lindner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Wegelerstraße 12 53117 Bonn Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Wegelerstraße 12 53117 Bonn Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Straub S, Brünker P, Lindner J, Vöhringer P. An Iron Complex with a Bent, O-Coordinated CO2
Ligand Discovered by Femtosecond Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5000-5005. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Straub
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Wegelerstraße 12 53117 Bonn Germany
| | - Paul Brünker
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Wegelerstraße 12 53117 Bonn Germany
| | - Jörg Lindner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Wegelerstraße 12 53117 Bonn Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Wegelerstraße 12 53117 Bonn Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
The elusive abnormal CO 2 insertion enabled by metal-ligand cooperative photochemical selectivity inversion. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1161. [PMID: 29563551 PMCID: PMC5862843 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct hydrogenation of CO2 to CO, the reverse water–gas shift reaction, is an attractive route to CO2 utilization. However, the use of molecular catalysts is impeded by the general reactivity of metal hydrides with CO2. Insertion into M–H bonds results in formates (MO(O)CH), whereas the abnormal insertion to the hydroxycarbonyl isomer (MC(O)OH), which is the key intermediate for CO-selective catalysis, has never been directly observed. We here report that the selectivity of CO2 insertion into a Ni–H bond can be inverted from normal to abnormal insertion upon switching from thermal to photochemical conditions. Mechanistic examination for abnormal insertion indicates photochemical N–H reductive elimination as the pivotal step that leads to an umpolung of the hydride ligand. This study conceptually introduces metal-ligand cooperation for selectivity control in photochemical transformations. The development of molecular catalysts for the reverse water–gas shift reaction is impeded by the general selectivity of CO2 insertion into M–H bonds to formates. Here, the authors report that the selectivity of CO2 insertion into a Ni–H bond can be inverted from normal to abnormal insertion upon switching from thermal to photochemical conditions.
Collapse
|
39
|
Pavlovic L, Vaitla J, Bayer A, Hopmann KH. Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydrocarboxylation: Mechanistic Analysis Reveals Unusual Transition State for Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Pavlovic
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Janakiram Vaitla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Annette Bayer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kathrin H. Hopmann
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fang S, Chen H, Wei H. Insight into catalytic reduction of CO 2 to methane with silanes using Brookhart's cationic Ir(iii) pincer complex. RSC Adv 2018; 8:9232-9242. [PMID: 35541860 PMCID: PMC9078678 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13486j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Using density functional theory computations, we investigated in detail the underlying reaction mechanism and crucial intermediates present during the reduction of carbon dioxide to methane with silanes, catalyzed by the cationic Ir-pincer complex ((POCOP)Ir(H)(acetone)+, POCOP = 2,6-bis(dibutylphosphinito)phenyl). Our study postulates a plausible catalytic cycle, which involves four stages, by sequentially transferring silane hydrogen to the CO2 molecule to give silylformate, bis(silyl)acetal, methoxysilane and the final product, methane. The first stage of reducing carbon dioxide to silylformate is the rate-determining step in the overall conversion, which occurs via the direct dissociation of the silane Si-H bond to the C[double bond, length as m-dash]O bond of a weakly coordinated Ir-CO2 moiety, with a free energy barrier of 29.5 kcal mol-1. The ionic SN2 outer-sphere pathway in which the CO2 molecule nucleophilically attacks at the η1-silane iridium complex to cleave the η1-Si-H bond, followed by the hydride transferring from iridium dihydride [(POCOP)IrH2] to the cation [O[double bond, length as m-dash]C-OSiMe3]+, is a slightly less favorable pathway, with a free energy barrier of 33.0 kcal mol-1 in solvent. The subsequent three reducing steps follow similar pathways: the ionic SN2 outer-sphere process with silylformate, bis(silyl)acetal and methoxysilane substrates nucleophilically attacking the η1-silane iridium complex to give the ion pairs [(POCOP)IrH2] [HC(OSiMe3)2]+, [(POCOP)IrH2] [CH2(OSiMe3)2(SiMe3)]+, and [(POCOP)IrH2] [CH3O(SiMe3)2]+, respectively, followed by the hydride transfer process. The rate-limiting steps of the three reducing stages are calculated to possess free energy barriers of 12.2, 16.4 and 22.9 kcal mol-1, respectively. Furthermore, our study indicates that the natural iridium dihydride [(POCOP)IrH2] generated along the ionic SN2 outer-sphere pathway could greatly facilitate the silylation of CO2, with a potential energy barrier calculated at a low value of 16.7 kcal mol-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqin Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for NSLSCS, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210097 China
| | - Hongcai Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for NSLSCS, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210097 China
| | - Haiyan Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for NSLSCS, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210097 China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhang Z, Li Y, Hou C, Zhao C, Ke Z. DFT study of CO2 hydrogenation catalyzed by a cobalt-based system: an unexpected formate anion-assisted deprotonation mechanism. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy02012k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An unexpected formate anion-assisted deprotonation mechanism is unfolded by a DFT study of CO2 hydrogenation catalyzed by a cobalt-based system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- PCFM Lab
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | - Yinwu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- PCFM Lab
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | - Cheng Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- PCFM Lab
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | - Cunyuan Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- PCFM Lab
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- PCFM Lab
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hazari N, Heimann JE. Carbon Dioxide Insertion into Group 9 and 10 Metal–Element σ Bonds. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:13655-13678. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jessica E. Heimann
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lu Y, Gao ZH, Chen XY, Guo J, Liu Z, Dang Y, Ye S, Wang ZX. Formylation or methylation: what determines the chemoselectivity of the reaction of amine, CO 2, and hydrosilane catalyzed by 1,3,2-diazaphospholene? Chem Sci 2017; 8:7637-7650. [PMID: 29568428 PMCID: PMC5849201 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00824d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
DFT computations have been performed to gain insight into the mechanisms of formylation/methylation of amines (e.g. methylaniline (1a)/2,2,4,4-tetramethylpiperidine (2a)) with CO2 and hydrosilane ([Si]H2, [Si] = Ph2Si), catalyzed by 1,3,2-diazaphospholene ([NHP]H). Different from the generally proposed sequential mechanism for the methylation of amine with CO2, i.e. methylation proceeds via formylation, followed by further reduction of formamide to give an N-methylated amine, the study characterized a competition mechanism between formylation and methylation. The chemoselectivity originates from the competition between the amine and [NHP]H hydride to attack the formyloxy carbon of [Si](OCHO)2 (the insertion product of CO2 into [Si]H2). When the attack of an amine (e.g.1a) wins, the transformation affords formamide (1b) but would otherwise (e.g.2a) result in an N-methylated amine (2c). The reduction of formamide by [Si]H2 or [NHP]H is highly unfavorable kinetically, thus we call attention to the sequential mechanism for understanding the methylation of amine with CO2. In addition, the study has the following key mechanistic findings. The activation of CO2 by [NHP]H establishes an equilibrium: [NHP]H + CO2 ⇄ [NHP]OCHO ⇄ [NHP]+ + HCO2-. The ions play catalytic roles to promote formylation via HCO2- or methylation via[NHP]+ . In 1a formylation, HCO2- initiates the reaction, giving 1b and silanol byproducts. However, after the initiation, the silanol byproducts acting as hydrogen transfer shuttles are more effective than HCO2- to promote formylation. In 2a methylation, [NHP]+ promotes the generation of the key species, formaldehyde and a carbocation species (IM17+ ). Our experimental study corroborates our computed mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China .
| | - Zhong-Hua Gao
- Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , China .
| | - Xiang-Yu Chen
- Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , China .
| | - Jiandong Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China .
| | - Zheyuan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China .
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China .
| | - Song Ye
- Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , China .
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China .
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lan J, Liao T, Zhang T, Chung LW. Reaction Mechanism of Cu(I)-Mediated Reductive CO2 Coupling for the Selective Formation of Oxalate: Cooperative CO2 Reduction To Give Mixed-Valence Cu2(CO2•–) and Nucleophilic-Like Attack. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:6809-6819. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b03080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Lan
- Department
of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tao Liao
- Department
of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tonghuan Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Lab
of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Key Laboratory of Chemical
Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lung Wa Chung
- Department
of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yu H, Chen J, Xie H, Ge P, Kong Q, Luo Y. Ferrate(vi) initiated oxidative degradation mechanisms clarified by DFT calculations: a case for sulfamethoxazole. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:370-378. [PMID: 27942652 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00521g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferrate(vi) is an efficient and environmentally friendly oxidant for the degradation of organic micropollutants. However, the related mechanism for the degradation is ambiguous and can hardly be elucidated empirically due to the rapid oxidation process and unstable intermediates for experimental trapping. Herein we performed density function theory (DFT) calculations to unveil the mechanism of ferrate(vi)-mediated degradation, taking sulfamethoxazole as a model compound. The results show that nucleophilic attack (rather than electrophilic attack) of HFeO4- on the isoxazole moiety of sulfamethoxazole initiates the subsequent degradations, and ferrate(vi) rather than the water molecule provides O atoms for the oxidation of the nitroso group and isoxazole moiety. Electron delocalization from the Fe atom to the isoxazole moiety is crucial for the ring-opening of isoxazole, and organometallic intermediates suggested previously are not the necessary ones in the oxidation of sulfamethoxazole by HFeO4-. Thus, this study has theoretically clarified the ferrate(vi) oxidation mechanisms for a representative sulfonamide, which were also partially corroborated by the intermediates and products observed in the previous experimental studies for phosphite and tryptophan. This study provides an exemplification on the application of quantum chemical calculations to clarify the degradation pathways of organic micropollutants, which is important for the prediction of degradation products needed in their engineering design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Hongbin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Pu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Qingwei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Schwarz H. Metal-mediated activation of carbon dioxide in the gas phase: Mechanistic insight derived from a combined experimental/computational approach. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
47
|
Zavras A, Ghari H, Ariafard A, Canty AJ, O’Hair RAJ. Gas-Phase Ion–Molecule Reactions of Copper Hydride Anions [CuH2]− and [Cu2H3]−. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:2387-2399. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Zavras
- School of Chemistry
and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hossein Ghari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrak Gharb, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- The School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrak Gharb, Tehran, Iran
| | - Allan J. Canty
- The School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Richard A. J. O’Hair
- School of Chemistry
and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pastor A, Montilla F, Galindo A. Spectroscopic and Structural Characterization of Carbon Dioxide Transition Metal Complexes. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
49
|
Mechanistic aspects of CO2 activation mediated by phenyl yttrium cation: A combined experimental/theoretical study. J Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
50
|
Zhao Y, Cui C, Han J, Wang H, Zhu X, Ge Q. Direct C–C Coupling of CO2 and the Methyl Group from CH4 Activation through Facile Insertion of CO2 into Zn–CH3 σ-Bond. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10191-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Zhao
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical
Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chaonan Cui
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical
Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Jinyu Han
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical
Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical
Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinli Zhu
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical
Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qingfeng Ge
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical
Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| |
Collapse
|