Rhodium-Catalyzed Enantio- and Regioselective Allylation of Indoles with gem-Difluorinated Cyclopropanes

The use of gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes (gem-DFCPs) as fluoroallyl surrogates under transition-metal catalysis has drawn considerable attention recently but such reactions are restricted to producing achiral or racemic mono-fluoroalkenes. Herein, we report the first enantioselective allylation of indoles under rhodium catalysis with gem-DFCPs. This reaction shows exceptional branched regioselectivity towards rhodium catalysis with gem-DFCPs, which provides an efficient route to enantioenriched fluoroallylated indoles with wide substrate scope and good functional group tolerance.

Beyond Natural Channel Proteins: Recent Advances in Fluorinated Nanochannels

Inspired by the structures and functions of natural channel proteins that selectively permeate ions and molecules across biological membranes, synthetic molecules capable of self-assembling into supramolecular nanotubes within the hydrophobic layer of the membranes have been designed and their material permeation properties have been studied. More recently, synthetic chemists have ventured to incorporate fluorine atoms, elements rarely found in natural proteins, into the structure of synthetic channels and discovered anomalous transmembrane material permeation properties. In this Perspective, the author provides a brief overview of recent advances in the development of fluorinated nanochannels and possible directions for the future.

Practical Synthesis of Terminal Vinyl Fluorides

The synthesis of di- and trisubstituted vinyl fluorides with high isomeric purity remains a challenge for organic synthesis. While many methods exist to access these compounds, the separation of the desired isomer from the minor isomer and/or starting materials often is difficult. Herein, we report a practical method to access di- and trisubstituted vinyl fluorides via a selective Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination/hydrolysis, which provides crystalline 2-fluoroacrylic acids in high (>98%) E-isomeric purity. A subsequent silver-catalyzed stereoretentive decarboxylation provides the title substances with high isomeric purity and without the need for tedious chromatography to remove the minor isomer. The process was amenable to a variety of aldehydes and ketones and provided a diverse array of di- and trisubstituted vinyl fluorides. The sequence was applied to the synthesis of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory compounds.

Towards Non-stick Silk: Tuning the Hydrophobicity of Silk Fibroin Protein

Silk fibroin protein is a biomaterial with excellent biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. These properties have catapulted the material as a leader for extensive use in stents, catheters, and wound dressings. Modulation of hydrophobicity of silk fibroin protein to further expand the scope and utility however has been elusive. We report that installing perfluorocarbon chains on the surface of silk fibroin transforms this water-soluble protein into a remarkably hydrophobic polymer that can be solvent-cast. A clear relationship emerged between fluorine content of the modified silk and film hydrophobicity. Water contact angles of the most decorated silk fibroin protein exceeded that of Teflon®. We further show that water uptake in prefabricated silk bars is dramatically reduced, extending their lifetimes, and maintaining mechanical integrity. These results highlight the power of chemistry under moderate conditions to install unnatural groups onto the silk fibroin surface and will enable further exploration into applications of this versatile biomaterial.

Vicinal Difunctionalization of Alkenes Using Vinyl Triflates Leading to γ-Trifluoromethylated Ketones

We report a new methodology for the synthesis of γ-trifluoromethylated ketones from alkenes and vinyl triflate bifunctional reagents. The reaction proceeds via the addition of a β-trifluoromethyl alkyl radical to a vinyl triflate, followed by β-cleavage. We also demonstrate a one-pot version of the reaction for the vicinal functionalization of alkenes from alkynes.

Rhodium-Catalyzed Stitching Polymerization of Alkynylsilylacetylenes

Polymers possessing a silicon-bridged π-conjugated repeating unit constitute an important class of compounds for their potential utility as optoelectronic materials. Herein we developed a rhodium-catalyzed stitching polymerization of nonconjugated and readily prepared alkynylsilylacetylenes for the synthesis of new π-conjugated polymers with ladder-type silicon-bridged repeating units. The polymerization proceeded smoothly by employing a Rh/tfb complex as the catalyst, and not only diynes but also triynes and tetraynes could be polymerized in a stitching manner to give polymers that are inaccessible by existing methods. The solubility of the polymers in different types of solvents could be controlled by introducing appropriate functional groups on the silicon atoms, and sequence-controlled functionalized polyacetylenes could be accessed by protodesilylation of the stitched polymers. Physical properties of the obtained polymers were also investigated to understand their characteristic features.

Hydrofluorination of Alkenes: A Review

In this minireview, we explore the different approaches used to perform the hydrofluorination reaction of alkenes. Contrary to other hydrohalogenation reactions, the hydrofluorination requires specific conditions due to the lower reactivity of HF. Over the years, many different approaches have been explored among which the use of HF complexes has particularly proved to be useful as these reagents are easier to handle. The enantioselective hydrofluorination has been demonstrated using electrophilic sources of fluorine, while radical fluorination proved compatible with a vast range of functional groups that are generally problematic with strong acids and some fluoride sources. This review will cover the different conditions developed through the years, starting with the first reported addition using gaseous HF, up to the most recent method described in October 2020.

3D/2D Bilayerd Perovskite Solar Cells with an Enhanced Stability and Performance

The formation of a thin 2D perovskite layer on the surface of 3D perovskite films has become a popular strategy for obtaining a high-efficiency perovskite solar cell (PSC) with an ensured device stability. In this review paper, various experimental methods used for growth of the 2D layer are introduced with the resulting film properties. Furthermore, a variety of organic cation sources for the 2D layer, ranging from alkyl to phenyl ammonium, are explored to investigate their impact on the device stability and photovoltaic performance.

Pauson-Khand reaction of fluorinated compounds

The Pauson-Khand reaction (PKR) is one of the key methods for the construction of cyclopentenone derivatives, which can in turn undergo diverse chemical transformations to yield more complex biologically active molecules. Despite the increasing availability of fluorinated building blocks and methodologies to incorporate fluorine in compounds with biological interest, there have been few significant advances focused on the fluoro-Pauson-Khand reaction, both in the inter- and intramolecular versions. Furthermore, the use of vinyl fluorides as olefinic counterparts had been completely overlooked. In this review, we collect the advances both on the stoichiometric and catalytic intermolecular and intramolecular fluoro-Pauson-Khand reaction, with special attention to the PKR of enynes containing a fluoride moiety.

Spatial Charge Separation as the Origin of Anomalous Stark Effect in Fluorous 2D Hybrid Perovskites

2D hybrid perovskites (2DP) are versatile materials, whose electronic and optical properties can be tuned through the nature of the organic cations (even when those are seemingly electronically inert). Here, it is demonstrated that fluorination of the organic ligands yields glassy 2DP materials featuring long-lived correlated electron-hole pairs. Such states have a marked charge-transfer character, as revealed by the persistent Stark effect in the form of a second derivative in electroabsorption. Modeling shows that electrostatic effects associated with fluorination, combined with the steric hindrance due to the bulky side groups, drive the formation of spatially dislocated charge pairs with reduced recombination rates. This work enriches and broadens the current knowledge of the photophysics of 2DP, which will hopefully guide synthesis efforts toward novel materials with improved functionalities.

Construction of unique SCF3-containing building blocks via allylic alkylation of Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts

Lewis base-catalyzed allylic alkylation of Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts with α-SCF3 ketones has been demonstrated. The developed strategy provides efficient access to a series of highly functionalized scaffolds featuring trifluoromethanesufinyl motif on a stereogenic carbon.

Optical monitoring of polymerizations in droplets with high temporal dynamic range

The ability to optically monitor a chemical reaction and generate an in situ readout is an important enabling technology, with applications ranging from the monitoring of reactions in flow, to the critical assessment step for combinatorial screening, to mechanistic studies on single reactant and catalyst molecules. Ideally, such a method would be applicable to many polymers and not require only a specific monomer for readout. It should also be applicable if the reactions are carried out in microdroplet chemical reactors, which offer a route to massive scalability in combinatorial searches. We describe a convenient optical method for monitoring polymerization reactions, fluorescence polarization anisotropy monitoring, and show that it can be applied in a robotically generated microdroplet. Further, we compare our method to an established optical reaction monitoring scheme, the use of Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) dyes, and find the two monitoring schemes offer sensitivity to different temporal regimes of the polymerization, meaning that the combination of the two provides an increased temporal dynamic range. Anisotropy is sensitive at early times, suggesting it will be useful for detecting new polymerization "hits" in searches for new reactivity, while the AIE dye responds at longer times, suggesting it will be useful for detecting reactions capable of reaching higher molecular weights.

The secondary structure of a heptapeptide containing trifluoromethyl-λ6-tetrafluorosulfanyl substituted amino acids

Site specific introduction of the polar hydrophobic trifluoromethyl-λ⁶-tetrafluorosulfanyl (CF₃SF₄) group can effectively control the secondary structure of a heptapeptide, the minimum repeat unit of an α-helix. The structural influence of CF₃SF₄-containing amino acid on the heptapeptide was established using NMR methods.

Improving the Electropolymerization Properties of Fluorene-Bridged Dicarbazole Monomers through Polyfluoroalkyl Side Chains

The facile functionalization of the fluorene scaffold at the 2,7-positions was utilized to provide access to two soluble carbazole-π-carbazole derivatives CFC-H1 and CFC-F1 featuring fully hydrogenated and polyfluorinated alkyl chains at the 9-position of the fluorene π-bridging unit, respectively. The optical and electrochemical properties of the new dicarbazoles were investigated. Their electrochemical polymerization over Pt and indium tin oxide electrodes allowed the generation of electroactive polymeric films, whose physicochemical characteristics were strongly dependent on the kind of alkyl chain present on the fluorene bridge. In particular, the electropolymerization of the polyfluorinated monomer allowed the fabrication of thin films with good electrical conductivity, reversible electrochemical processes, good electrochromic properties, and enhanced water repellency with respect to its nonfluorinated analogue.

Patterning Perfluorinated Surface with Graphene Oxide and the Microarray Applications

A method was developed to pattern the surface of perfluorinated materials with graphene oxide thin film, and various biological applications of the patterned perfluorinated surface were illustrated. Perfluorinated surfaces such as Teflon, Cytop, and other perfluorinated materials are known to be both hydrophobic and oleophobic, with low adhesion for most materials. Modifying the perfluorinated surfaces has been difficult due to the extraordinary chemical inertness, which limits the applications of perfluorinated materials as anti-fouling substrates. Herein we successfully patterned Cytop surfaces with graphene oxide. Patterns of the graphene oxide thin film with feature dimension down to 40 microns were formed and remained stable on the Cytop surface against washing with water, ethanol and acetone. The graphene oxide thin film on the Cytop surface allowed non-specific protein adsorption. To illustrate the applications of the patterned Cytop surface, we used the patterned Cytop surface as the substrate to study the protein-protein interactions, stem cell culture, and stem cell proliferation.

A General Approach to Biocompatible Branched Fluorous Tags for Increased Solubility in Perfluorocarbon Solvents

A modular, cost-effective route to a library of branched fluorous tags with two short, biocompatible, fluorinated chains (C6F13) is reported. These branched fluorous tags provide high fluorous content without the use of long-chain linear perfluorocarbons, which have rising health concerns due to their bioaccumulation. By attaching these tags to a porphyrin, it is demonstrated that high solubility can be achieved in fluorous solvents that are readily cleared from mammals. This work enhances the biocompatibility of perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions for photodynamic therapy.

Water-Repellent Low-Dimensional Fluorous Perovskite as Interfacial Coating for 20% Efficient Solar Cells

Hybrid perovskite solar cells have been capturing an enormous research interest in the energy sector due to their extraordinary performances and ease of fabrication. However, low device lifetime, mainly due to material and device degradation upon water exposure, challenges their near-future commercialization. Here, we synthesized a new fluorous organic cation used as organic spacer to form a low-dimensional perovskite (LDP) with an enhanced water-resistant character. The LDP is integrated with three-dimensional (3D) perovskite absorbers in the form of MA_0.9FA_0.1PbI₃ (FA = NH₂CH = NH₂⁺, MA = CH₃NH₃⁺) and Cs_0.1FA_0.74MA_0.13PbI_2.48Br_0.39. In both cases, a LDP layer self-assembles as a thin capping layer on the top of the 3D bulk, making the perovskite surface hydrophobic. Our easy and robust approach, validated for different perovskite compositions, limits the interface deterioration in perovskite solar cells yielding to >20% power conversion efficient solar cells with improved stability, especially pronounced in the first hours of functioning under environmental conditions. As a consequence, single and multijunction perovskite devices, such as tandem solar cells, can benefit from the use of the waterproof stabilization here demonstrated, a concept which can be further expanded in the perovskite optoelectronic industry beyond photovoltaics.

Recent advances in the synthesis of functionalised monofluorinated compounds

Over the past few years, we have tackled the synthesis of interesting monofluorinated organic molecules, such as: dihydronaphthalene derivatives, β-fluoro sulfones and related carbonyl compounds, fluorohydrins and allylic alcohols.

Impact of the Long-Range Electronic Effect of a Fluorous Ponytail on Metal Coordination during Solvent Extraction

With the need for a precise description of the long-range electronic effects of a perfloroalkyl chain (F-ponytail) grafted onto metal chelators, we studied in detail the effect of a spacer inserted between the polar complexing head and the F-ponytail, in relation to the metal coordination ability of the resulting molecules. The prepared molecules were then applied for the extraction of various metals from an aqueous phase into an organic phase, and the optimum spacer length could be estimated to be between three and four methylene units, according to the extraction conditions. The study also revealed the difficulty of modeling and anticipating the tiny energy differences involved in the extraction process and the importance in peculiar cases to go beyond only these studied inductive effects to understand better the factors that govern the stabilization of a metallic cation in a complex fluorous phase.

Molecular structures of 3-[(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)methyl]- and 3-[(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropoxy)methyl]pyridinium saccharinates

The salts 3-[(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)methyl]pyridinium saccharinate, C₉H₁₀F₄NO⁺·C₇H₄NO₃S^-, (1), and 3-[(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropoxy)methyl]pyridinium saccharinate, C₉H₉F₅NO⁺·C₇H₄NO₃S^-, (2), i.e. saccharinate (or 1,1-dioxo-1λ⁶,2-benzothiazol-3-olate) salts of pyridinium with -CH₂OCH₂CF₂CF₂H and -CH₂OCH₂CF₂CF₃ meta substituents, respectively, were investigated crystallographically in order to compare their fluorine-related weak interactions in the solid state. Both salts demonstrate a stable synthon formed by the pyridinium cation and the saccharinate anion, in which a seven-membered ring reveals a double hydrogen-bonding pattern. The twist between the pyridinium plane and the saccharinate plane in (2) is 21.26 (8)° and that in (1) is 8.03 (6)°. Both salts also show stacks of alternating cation-anion π-interactions. The layer distances, calculated from the centroid of the saccharinate plane to the neighbouring pyridinium planes, above and below, are 3.406 (2) and 3.517 (2) Å in (1), and 3.409 (3) and 3.458 (3) Å in (2).

Highly regioselective gold-catalyzed formal hydration of propargylic gem-difluorides

A highly regioselective gold-catalyzed formal hydration of propargylic gem-difluorides is presented.

New fluorous ponytailed 4-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridinium halide salts

It is possible that fluorous compounds could be utilized as directing forces in crystal engineering for applications in materials chemistry or catalysis. Although numerous fluorous compounds have been used for various applications, their structures in the solid state remains a lively matter for debate. The reaction of 4-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridine with HX(X= I or Cl) yielded new fluorous ponytailed pyridinium halide salts, namely 4-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridinium iodide, C8H9F3NO+·I−, (1), and 4-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridinium chloride, C8H9F3NO+·Cl−, (2), which were characterized by IR spectroscopy, multinuclei (1H,13C and19F) NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Structure analysis showed that there are two types of hydrogen bonds, namely N—H...Xand C—H...X. The iodide anion in salt (1) is hydrogen bonded to three 4-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridinium cations in the crystal packing, while the chloride ion in salt (2) is involved in six hydrogen bonds to five 4-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridinium cations, which is attributed to the smaller size and reduced polarizability of the chloride ion compared to the iodide ion. In the IR spectra, the pyridinium N—H stretching band for salt (1) exhibited a blue shift compared with that of salt (2).

Fluorinated triazapentadienyl ligand supported ethyl zinc(ii) complexes: reaction with dioxygen and catalytic applications in the Tishchenko reaction

Ethyl zinc complexes [N{(C3F7)C(Dipp)N}2]ZnEt, [N{(C3F7)C(Cy)N}2]ZnEt, [N{(CF3)C(2,4,6-Br3C6H2)N}2]ZnEt and [N{(C3F7)C(2,6-Cl2C6H3)N}2]ZnEt have been synthesized from the corresponding 1,3,5-triazapentadiene and diethyl zinc. X-ray data show that [N{(C3F7)C(Dipp)N}2]ZnEt has a distorted trigonal planar geometry at the zinc center. The triazapentadienyl ligand binds to zinc in a κ(2)-mode. The zinc-ethyl bonds of [N{(C3F7)C(Dipp)N}2]ZnEt, [N{(C3F7)C(Cy)N}2]ZnEt, [N{(CF3)C(2,4,6-Br3C6H2)N}2]ZnEt and [N{(C3F7)C(2,6-Cl2C6H3)N}2]ZnEt readily undergo oxygen insertion upon exposure to dry air to produce the corresponding zinc-ethoxy or zinc-ethylperoxy compounds. The ethoxy zinc adducts {[N{(CF3)C(2,4,6-Br3C6H2)N}2]ZnOEt}2 and {[N{(C3F7)C(2,6-Cl2C6H3)N}2]ZnOEt}2 as well as the ethylperoxy zinc adduct {[N{(C3F7)C(Cy)N}2]ZnOOEt}2 have been isolated and fully characterized by several methods including X-ray crystallography. They feature dinuclear structures with four-coordinate zinc sites and bridging-ethoxy or -ethylperoxy groups. The ethyl zinc complexes catalyze the Tishchenko reaction of benzaldehyde under solventless conditions affording benzyl benzoate. The reaction of ethyl zinc complexes with dioxygen and their catalytic behaviour in the Tishchenko reaction are affected by the electronic and steric factors of the triazapentadienyl ligand. {[N{(C3F7)C(Cy)N}2]ZnOOEt}2 is an excellent reagent for the epoxidation of trans-chalcone.

Fluorinated counterion-enhanced emission of rhodamine aggregates: ultrabright nanoparticles for bioimaging and light-harvesting

The key to ultrabright fluorescent nanomaterials is the control of dye emission in the aggregated state. Here, lipophilic rhodamine B derivatives are assembled into nanoparticles (NPs) using tetraphenylborate counterions with varied fluorination levels that should tune the short-range dye ordering. Counterion fluorination is found to drastically enhance the emission characteristics of these NPs. Highly fluorinated counterions produce 10-20 nm NPs containing >300 rhodamine dyes with a fluorescence quantum yield of 40-60% and a remarkably narrow emission band (34 nm), whereas, for other counterions, aggregation caused quenching with a weak broad-band emission is observed. NPs with the most fluorinated counterion (48 fluorines) are ∼40-fold brighter than quantum dots (QD585 at 532 nm excitation) in single-molecule microscopy, showing improved photostability and suppressed blinking. Due to exciton diffusion, revealed by fluorescence anisotropy, these NPs are efficient FRET donors to single cyanine-5 acceptors with a light-harvesting antenna effect reaching 200. Finally, NPs with the most fluorinated counterion are rather stable after entry into living cells, in contrast to their less fluorinated analogue. Thus, the present work shows the crucial role of counterion fluorination in achieving high fluorescence brightness and photostability, narrow-band emission, efficient energy transfer and high intracellular stability of nanomaterials for light harvesting and bioimaging applications.

Anthraquinone dyes for superhydrophobic cotton

Water-repellent, self-cleaning and stain resistant textiles are of interest for industrial applications. Anthraquinone reactive dyes were covalently grafted onto cotton fabric surfaces obtaining bright colors with good wash-fastness properties and giving rise to breathable superhydrophobic textiles with self-cleaning properties.

Fluoroalkylsilanes with Embedded Functional Groups as Building Blocks for Environmentally Safer Self-Assembled Monolayers

The fabrication of silane-based fluorinated self-assembled monolayers (FSAMs) on indium tin oxide (ITO, a transparent electrode) was carried out making use of the following fluoroalkylsilanes (FAS): 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-undecafluoro-N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]hexanamide (1; R(F) = C5F11) and 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluoro-N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]butane-1-sulfonamide (2; R(F) = C4F9), containing an embedded amide and a sulfonamide group, respectively, between the short perfluoroalkyl chain (R(F) with C < 6) and the syloxanic moiety. The obtained FSAM-modified/ITO systems were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle (CA), surface energy measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and compared to ITO modified with a 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyltriethoxysilane (3; R(F) = C6F13), with the perfluoroalkyl group linked to the syloxanic moiety through a simple hydrocarbon chain. The results obtained show that the presence of the -NHCO- and -NHSO2- groups have a different mode of action and, with the former, despite the short perfluoroalkyl chain, the ITO-1 system presents a CA (Θ(water )= 113.5°) and surface energy (γl = 14.0 mJ m(-2)) typical of amphiphobic materials. These properties can be exploited in a variety of applications, such as self-cleaning, anti-fouling, and anti-fingerprint coatings, and in advanced microelectronic components.

Influence of Fluorination on the Conformational Properties and Hydrogen-Bond Acidity of Benzyl Alcohol Derivatives

The effect of fluorination on the conformational and hydrogen-bond (HB)-donating properties of a series of benzyl alcohols has been investigated experimentally by IR spectroscopy and theoretically with quantum chemical methods (ab initio (MP2) and DFT (MPWB1K)). It was found that o-fluorination generally resulted in an increase in the HB acidity of the hydroxyl group, whereas a decrease was observed upon o,o′-difluorination. Computational analysis showed that the conformational landscapes of the title compounds are strongly influenced by the presence of o-fluorine atoms. Intramolecular interaction descriptors based on AIM, NCI and NBO analyses reveal that, in addition to an intramolecular OH⋅⋅⋅F interaction, secondary CH⋅⋅⋅F and/or CH⋅⋅⋅O interactions also occur, contributing to the stabilisation of the various conformations, and influencing the overall HB properties of the alcohol group. The benzyl alcohol HB-donating capacity trends are properly described by an electrostatic potential based descriptor calculated at the MPWB1K/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory, provided solvation effects are taken into account for these flexible HB donors.

Fluorous Cylindrical Micelles of Controlled Length by Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers in Fluorinated Media

Fluorous solvents have recently found broad applications in medical treatments as well as catalytic transformations, yet the controlled self-assembly of nanomaterials in fluorinated media has remained a challenge. Herein, we report the synthesis of block copolymers containing a crystalline polyferrocenylsilane metalloblock and a highly fluorinated coil block and their controlled self-assembly in fluorinated media. Using the crystallization-driven self-assembly approach, cylindrical micelles have been prepared with controlled lengths and narrow length polydispersities by self-seeding. Finally, by partial functionalization of these block copolymers with fluorescent dye molecules, we show that well-defined, functional nanomaterials can be obtained in the fluorous phase.

Fluorofluorophores: fluorescent fluorous chemical tools spanning the visible spectrum

"Fluoro" refers to both fluorescent and fluorinated compounds. Despite the shared prefix, there are very few fluorescent molecules that are soluble in perfluorinated solvents. This paucity is surprising, given that optical microscopy is a ubiquitous technique throughout the physical sciences and the orthogonality of fluorous materials is a commonly exploited strategy in synthetic chemistry, materials science, and chemical biology. We have addressed this shortage by synthesizing a panel of "fluorofluorophores," fluorescent molecules containing high weight percent fluorine with optical properties spanning the visible spectrum. We demonstrate the utility of these fluorofluorophores by preparing fluorescent perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions.

Perfluorinated 1H-indazoles and hydrotris(indazol-1-yl)borates. Supramolecular organization and a new synthetic procedure to form scorpionate ligands

The molecular and supramolecular structures of new perfluorinated indazoles and hydrotris(indazolyl)borates reveal various types of intra- and intermolecular interactions and organizations.