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Wang J, Buzolic JJ, Mullen JW, Fitzgerald PA, Aman ZM, Forsyth M, Li H, Silvester DS, Warr GG, Atkin R. Nanostructure of Locally Concentrated Ionic Liquids in the Bulk and at Graphite and Gold Electrodes. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21567-21584. [PMID: 37883191 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The physical properties of ionic liquids (ILs) have led to intense research interest, but for many applications, high viscosity is problematic. Mixing the IL with a diluent that lowers viscosity offers a solution if the favorable IL physical properties are not compromised. Here we show that mixing an IL or IL electrolyte (ILE, an IL with dissolved metal ions) with a nonsolvating fluorous diluent produces a low viscosity mixture in which the local ion arrangements, and therefore key physical properties, are retained or enhanced. The locally concentrated ionic liquids (LCILs) examined are 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (HMIM TFSI), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (HMIM FAP), or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (BMIM FAP) mixed with 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether (TFTFE) at 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 (w/w) IL:TFTFE, as well as the locally concentrated ILEs (LCILEs) formed from 2:1 (w/w) HMIM TFSI-TFTFE with 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 m lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). Rheology and conductivity measurements reveal that the added TFTFE significantly reduces viscosity and increases ionic conductivity, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) reveals minimal reductions in electrochemical windows on gold and carbon electrodes. This is explained by the small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (S/WAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) data, which show that the local ion nanostructures are largely retained in LCILs and LCILEs in bulk and at gold and graphite electrodes for all potentials investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Wang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Joshua J Buzolic
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Jesse W Mullen
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia
| | - Paul A Fitzgerald
- Sydney Analytical, Core Research Facilities, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
| | - Zachary M Aman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Maria Forsyth
- Institute for Frontier Materials and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - Hua Li
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Debbie S Silvester
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia
| | - Gregory G Warr
- School of Chemistry and Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
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Freeman JS, Mamme MH, Ustarroz J, Warr GG, Li H, Atkin R. Molecular Resolution Nanostructure and Dynamics of the Deep Eutectic Solvent-Graphite Interface as a Function of Potential. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2204993. [PMID: 36627266 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Interest in deep eutectic solvents (DESs), particularly for electrochemical applications, has boomed in the past decade because they are more versatile than conventional electrolyte solutions and are low cost, renewable, and non-toxic. The molecular scale lateral nanostructures as a function of potential at the solid-liquid interface-critical design parameters for the use of DESs as electrochemical solvents-are yet to be revealed. In this work, in situ amplitude modulated atomic force microscopy complemented by molecular dynamics simulations is used to probe the Stern and near-surface layers of the archetypal and by far most studied DES, 1:2 choline chloride:urea (reline), at the highly orientated pyrolytic graphite surface as a function of potential, to reveal highly ordered lateral nanostructures with unprecedented molecular resolution. This detail allows identification of choline, chloride, and urea in the Stern layer on graphite, and in some cases their orientations. Images obtained after the potential is switched from negative to positive show the dynamics of the Stern layer response, revealing that several minutes are required to reach equilibrium. These results provide valuable insight into the nanostructure and dynamics of DESs at the solid-liquid interface, with implications for the rational design of DESs for interfacial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Freeman
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Mesfin Haile Mamme
- Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Jon Ustarroz
- Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Chemistry of Surfaces, Interfaces and Nanomaterials (ChemSIN), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Gregory G Warr
- School of Chemistry and University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Hua Li
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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3
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Perry SC, White J, Nandhakumar I. Template-free electrochemical deposition of tellurium nanowires with eutectic solvents. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Effect of Water and Salt on the Colloidal Stability of Latex Particles in Ionic Liquid Solutions. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids6010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The colloidal stability of sulfate (SL) and polyimidazolium-modified sulfate (SL-IP-2) latex particles was studied in an ionic liquid (IL) of ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and its water mixtures. Aggregation rates were found to vary systematically as a function of the IL-to-water ratio. Repulsive electrostatic interactions between particles dominated at low IL concentrations, while they were significantly screened at intermediate IL concentrations, leading to destabilization of the dispersions. When the IL concentration was further increased, the aggregation of latex particles slowed down due to the increased viscosity and finally, a striking stabilization was observed in the IL-rich regime close to the pure IL solvent. The latter stabilization is due to the formation of IL layers at the interface between particles and IL, which induce repulsive oscillatory forces. The presence of the added salt in the system affected differently the structure of the interfaces around SL and SL-IP-2 particles. The sign of the charge and the composition of the particle surfaces were found to be the most important parameters affecting the colloidal stability. The nature of the counterions also plays an important role in the interfacial properties due to their influence on the structure of the IL surface layers. No evidence was observed for the presence of long-range electrostatic interactions between the particles in pure ILs. The results indicate that the presence of even low concentrations of water and salt in the system (as undesirable impurities) can strongly alter the interfacial structure and thus, the aggregation mechanism in particle IL dispersions.
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Riedl JC, Sarkar M, Fiuza T, Cousin F, Depeyrot J, Dubois E, Mériguet G, Perzynski R, Peyre V. Design of concentrated colloidal dispersions of iron oxide nanoparticles in ionic liquids: Structure and thermal stability from 25 to 200 °C. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 607:584-594. [PMID: 34509733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Some of the most promising fields of application of ionic liquid-based colloids imply elevated temperatures. Their careful design and analysis is therefore essential. We assume that tuning the structure of the nanoparticle-ionic liquid interface through its composition can ensure colloidal stability for a wide temperature range, from room temperature up to 200 °C. EXPERIMENTS The system under study consists of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed in ethylmethylimidazolium bistriflimide (EMIM TFSI). The key parameters of the solid-liquid interface, tuned at room temperature, are the surface charge density and the nature of the counterions. The thermal stability of these nanoparticle dispersions is then analysed on the short and long term up to 200 °C. A multiscale analysis is performed combining dynamic light scattering (DLS), small angle X-ray/neutron scattering (SAXS/SANS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). FINDINGS Following the proposed approach with a careful choice of the species at the solid-liquid interface, ionic liquid-based colloidal dispersions of iron oxide NPs in EMIM TFSI stable over years at room temperature can be obtained, also stable at least over days up to 200 °C and NPs concentrations up to 12 vol% (≈30 wt%) thanks to few near-surface ionic layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Riedl
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire PHENIX, 4 place Jussieu, case 51, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - M Sarkar
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire PHENIX, 4 place Jussieu, case 51, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - T Fiuza
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire PHENIX, 4 place Jussieu, case 51, 75005 Paris, France; Inst. de Fisica, Complex Fluid Group, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - F Cousin
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR 12 CNRS-CEA, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - J Depeyrot
- Inst. de Fisica, Complex Fluid Group, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - E Dubois
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire PHENIX, 4 place Jussieu, case 51, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - G Mériguet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire PHENIX, 4 place Jussieu, case 51, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - R Perzynski
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire PHENIX, 4 place Jussieu, case 51, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - V Peyre
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire PHENIX, 4 place Jussieu, case 51, 75005 Paris, France.
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Gao Q, Tsai W, Balke N. In situ and operando force‐based atomic force microscopy for probing local functionality in energy storage materials. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gao
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Wan‐Yu Tsai
- Chemical Science Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee USA
| | - Nina Balke
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee USA
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Shin S, Greco F, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Enrichment effects of ionic liquid mixtures at polarized electrode interfaces monitored by potential screening. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:10756-10762. [PMID: 33978646 PMCID: PMC8115399 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04811a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of ionic liquids (ILs) at charged interfaces is pivotal for their application in supercapacitors and electrochemical cells. Recently, we demonstrated for neat ILs that potential screening at polarized electrode interfaces shows a characteristic voltage dependence, as determined in situ by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Herein, we use this fingerprint-type behavior to characterize the nature of the IL/electrode interfaces for IL mixtures of [C8C1Im][Tf2N] and [C8C1Im]Cl on Au and Pt electrodes. For Au, the IL/electrode interfaces are dominated by the Cl− anions, even down to a 0.1 mol% [C8C1Im]Cl content. In contrast, [Tf2N]− anions enrich at the IL/Pt electrode interfaces down to 10 mol% [C8C1Im][Tf2N]; only at lower concentrations does a transition to Cl− enrichment occur. These mixture studies demonstrate that even small concentrations of another IL or contamination, e.g. remaining from synthesis, can strongly influence the situation at charged IL interfaces. The interface of electrodes and IL mixtures has been studied by in situ XPS. We found that the concentration of counterions at the interface can strongly deviate from the bulk composition due to interactions between electrode and IL.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwan Shin
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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8
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Wang YL, Li B, Sarman S, Mocci F, Lu ZY, Yuan J, Laaksonen A, Fayer MD. Microstructural and Dynamical Heterogeneities in Ionic Liquids. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5798-5877. [PMID: 32292036 PMCID: PMC7349628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a special category of molten salts solely composed of ions with varied molecular symmetry and charge delocalization. The versatility in combining varied cation-anion moieties and in functionalizing ions with different atoms and molecular groups contributes to their peculiar interactions ranging from weak isotropic associations to strong, specific, and anisotropic forces. A delicate interplay among intra- and intermolecular interactions facilitates the formation of heterogeneous microstructures and liquid morphologies, which further contributes to their striking dynamical properties. Microstructural and dynamical heterogeneities of ILs lead to their multifaceted properties described by an inherent designer feature, which makes ILs important candidates for novel solvents, electrolytes, and functional materials in academia and industrial applications. Due to a massive number of combinations of ion pairs with ion species having distinct molecular structures and IL mixtures containing varied molecular solvents, a comprehensive understanding of their hierarchical structural and dynamical quantities is of great significance for a rational selection of ILs with appropriate properties and thereafter advancing their macroscopic functionalities in applications. In this review, we comprehensively trace recent advances in understanding delicate interplay of strong and weak interactions that underpin their complex phase behaviors with a particular emphasis on understanding heterogeneous microstructures and dynamics of ILs in bulk liquids, in mixtures with cosolvents, and in interfacial regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Lei Wang
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bin Li
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
| | - Sten Sarman
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Mocci
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Zhong-Yuan Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aatto Laaksonen
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Centre of
Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Aleea Grigore Ghica-Voda, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
- Department
of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Michael D. Fayer
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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9
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Riedl JC, Akhavan Kazemi MA, Cousin F, Dubois E, Fantini S, Loïs S, Perzynski R, Peyre V. Colloidal dispersions of oxide nanoparticles in ionic liquids: elucidating the key parameters. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:1560-1572. [PMID: 36132302 PMCID: PMC9419491 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00564a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The combination of ionic liquid and nanoparticle properties is highly appealing for a number of applications. However, thus far there has been limited systematic exploration of colloidal stabilisation in these solvents, which provides an initial direction towards their employment. Here, we present a new and comprehensive study of the key parameters affecting the colloidal stability in dispersions of oxide nanoparticles in ionic liquids. Twelve diverse and representative ionic liquids are used to disperse iron oxide nanoparticles. The liquid interface of these nanoparticles has been carefully tuned in a molecular solvent before transferring into an ionic liquid, without passing through the powder state. Multiscale-characterisation is applied, on both the micro and the nano scale, incorporating both small angle X-ray scattering and dynamic light scattering. The results show the surface charge of the nanoparticles to be a crucial parameter, controlling the layering of the surrounding ionic liquid, and hence producing repulsion allowing efficient counterbalancing of the attractive interactions. For intermediate charges the strength of the repulsion depends on the specific system causing varying levels of aggregation or even none at all. Several samples consist of sufficiently repulsive systems leading to single dispersed nanoparticles, stable in the long term. Thanks to the magnetic properties of the chosen iron oxide nanoparticles, true ferrofluids are produced, appropriate for applications using magnetic fields. The strength and breadth of the observed trends suggests that the key parameters identified here can be generalised to most ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Riedl
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire PHENIX 4 place Jussieu, case 51 75005 Paris France
| | - M A Akhavan Kazemi
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire PHENIX 4 place Jussieu, case 51 75005 Paris France
| | - F Cousin
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR 12, CNRS-CEA, CEA-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - E Dubois
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire PHENIX 4 place Jussieu, case 51 75005 Paris France
| | - S Fantini
- Solvionic SA 195 route d'Espagne, BP1169 31036 Toulouse Cedex 1 France
| | - S Loïs
- Solvionic SA 195 route d'Espagne, BP1169 31036 Toulouse Cedex 1 France
| | - R Perzynski
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire PHENIX 4 place Jussieu, case 51 75005 Paris France
| | - V Peyre
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire PHENIX 4 place Jussieu, case 51 75005 Paris France
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10
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Häckl K, Li H, Aldous IM, Tsui T, Kunz W, Abbott AP, Warr GG, Atkin R. Potential Dependence of Surfactant Adsorption at the Graphite Electrode/Deep Eutectic Solvent Interface. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:5331-5337. [PMID: 31430167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy and cyclic voltammetry are used to probe how ionic surfactant adsorbed layer structure affects redox processes at deep eutectic solvent (DES)/graphite interfaces. Unlike its behavior in water, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in DESs only adsorbs as a complete layer of hemicylindrical hemimicelles far above its critical micelle concentration (CMC). Near the CMC it forms a tail-to-tail monolayer at open-circuit potential (OCP) and positive potentials, and it desorbs at negative potentials. In contrast, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) adsorbs as hemimicelles at low concentrations and remains adsorbed at both positive and negative potentials. The SDS horizontal monolayer has little overall effect on redox processes at the graphite interface, but hemimicelles form an effective and stable barrier. The stronger solvophobic interactions between the C16 versus C12 alkyl chains in the DES allow CTAB to self-assemble into a robust coating at low concentrations and illustrate how the structure of the DES/electrode interface and electrochemical response can be engineered by controlling surfactant structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Häckl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Perth , WA 6009 , Australia
| | - Hua Li
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Perth , WA 6009 , Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis , The University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Perth , WA 6009 , Australia
| | - Iain M Aldous
- Materials Centre, Department of Chemistry , University of Leicester , Leicester LE1 7RH , U.K
| | - Terrence Tsui
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Perth , WA 6009 , Australia
| | - Werner Kunz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Andrew P Abbott
- Materials Centre, Department of Chemistry , University of Leicester , Leicester LE1 7RH , U.K
| | - Gregory G Warr
- School of Chemistry and University of Sydney Nano Institute , The University of Sydney , Camperdown , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Perth , WA 6009 , Australia
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11
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Niemann T, Neumann J, Stange P, Gärtner S, Youngs TGA, Paschek D, Warr GG, Atkin R, Ludwig R. Die zweigesichtige Natur der Wasserstoffbrückenbindung in hydroxylfunktionalisierten ionischen Flüssigkeiten, offenbart durch Neutronendiffraktometrie und Molekulardynamik‐Simulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Niemann
- Universität Rostock Institut für Chemie Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Jan Neumann
- Universität Rostock Institut für Chemie Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie Albert-Einstein-Str. 21 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Peter Stange
- Universität Rostock Institut für Chemie Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Sabrina Gärtner
- ISIS Faculty, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | | | - Dietmar Paschek
- Universität Rostock Institut für Chemie Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie Albert-Einstein-Str. 21 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Gregory G. Warr
- School of Chemistry and Sydney Nano The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australien
| | - Rob Atkin
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia 6009 Australien
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Universität Rostock Institut für Chemie Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 18059 Rostock Deutschland
- Department LL&M University of Rostock Albert-Einstein-Str. 25 18059 Rostock Deutschland
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e.V. Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
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12
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Niemann T, Neumann J, Stange P, Gärtner S, Youngs TGA, Paschek D, Warr GG, Atkin R, Ludwig R. The Double-Faced Nature of Hydrogen Bonding in Hydroxy-Functionalized Ionic Liquids Shown by Neutron Diffraction and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12887-12892. [PMID: 31177605 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We characterize the double-faced nature of hydrogen bonding in hydroxy-functionalized ionic liquids by means of neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution (NDIS), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and quantum chemical calculations. NDIS data are fit using the empirical potential structure refinement technique (EPSR) to elucidate the nearest neighbor H⋅⋅⋅O and O⋅⋅⋅O pair distribution functions for hydrogen bonds between ions of opposite charge and the same charge. Despite the presence of repulsive Coulomb forces, the cation-cation interaction is stronger than the cation-anion interaction. We compare the hydrogen-bond geometries of both "doubly charged hydrogen bonds" with those reported for molecular liquids, such as water and alcohols. In combination, the NDIS measurements and MD simulations reveal the subtle balance between the two types of hydrogen bonds: The small transition enthalpy suggests that the elusive like-charge attraction is almost competitive with conventional ion-pair formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Niemann
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Chemie, Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan Neumann
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Chemie, Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 21, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Stange
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Chemie, Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sabrina Gärtner
- ISIS Faculty, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Tristan G A Youngs
- ISIS Faculty, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Dietmar Paschek
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Chemie, Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 21, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gregory G Warr
- School of Chemistry and Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Chemie, Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Department LL&M, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 25, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der, Universität Rostock e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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13
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Hoffmann V, Pulletikurthi G, Carstens T, Lahiri A, Borodin A, Schammer M, Horstmann B, Latz A, Endres F. Influence of a silver salt on the nanostructure of a Au(111)/ionic liquid interface: an atomic force microscopy study and theoretical concepts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:4760-4771. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08243f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We combine in situ atomic force microscopy and non-equilibrium thermodynamics to investigate the Au(111)/electrolyte interface. Experiment and theory show that the concentration of solutes strongly influences the structure of the electrode/electrolyte interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Hoffmann
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Giridhar Pulletikurthi
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Timo Carstens
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Abhishek Lahiri
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Andriy Borodin
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Max Schammer
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
- German Aerospace Center
- 70569 Stuttgart
| | - Birger Horstmann
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
- German Aerospace Center
- 70569 Stuttgart
| | - Arnulf Latz
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
- German Aerospace Center
- 70569 Stuttgart
| | - Frank Endres
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
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14
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Hoffmann V, Lahiri A, Borisenko N, Carstens T, Pulletikurthi G, Borodin A, Atkin R, Endres F. Nanostructure of the H-terminated p-Si(111)/ionic liquid interface and the effect of added lithium salt. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:54-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06306c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AFM images of the ionic liquid/H-terminated p-Si(111) interface showing an ordered structure of 3.8 nm in size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Hoffmann
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Abhishek Lahiri
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Natalia Borisenko
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Timo Carstens
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Giridhar Pulletikurthi
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Andriy Borodin
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Rob Atkin
- Priority Research Centre for Advanced Fluids and Interfaces
- Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources
- The University of Newcastle
- NSW
- Australia
| | - Frank Endres
- Institute of Electrochemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
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15
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Begić S, Jónsson E, Chen F, Forsyth M. Molecular dynamics simulations of pyrrolidinium and imidazolium ionic liquids at graphene interfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:30010-30020. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03389c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
MD simulations of ionic liquids support AFM data and point towards a likely relationship between interfacial structures and electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srđan Begić
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM)
- Burwood
- Australia
| | - Erlendur Jónsson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM)
- Burwood
- Australia
| | - Fangfang Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM)
- Burwood
- Australia
| | - Maria Forsyth
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM)
- Burwood
- Australia
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Cheng Lian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Riverside, CA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Douglas Henderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University , Provo, UT, USA
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Riverside, CA, USA
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17
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In situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) studies of the electrochemical deposition of tantalum in two different ionic liquids with the 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium cation. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.07.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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The effect of the electrode material on the electrodeposition of zinc from deep eutectic solvents. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Liu Z, Cui T, Pulletikurthi G, Lahiri A, Carstens T, Olschewski M, Endres F. Dendrite-Free Nanocrystalline Zinc Electrodeposition from an Ionic Liquid Containing Nickel Triflate for Rechargeable Zn-Based Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2889-93. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Institute of Electrochemistry; Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6; Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678 Germany
| | - Tong Cui
- Institute of Electrochemistry; Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6; Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678 Germany
| | - Giridhar Pulletikurthi
- Institute of Electrochemistry; Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6; Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678 Germany
| | - Abhishek Lahiri
- Institute of Electrochemistry; Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6; Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678 Germany
| | - Timo Carstens
- Institute of Electrochemistry; Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6; Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678 Germany
| | - Mark Olschewski
- Institute of Electrochemistry; Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6; Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678 Germany
| | - Frank Endres
- Institute of Electrochemistry; Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6; Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678 Germany
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20
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Liu Z, Cui T, Pulletikurthi G, Lahiri A, Carstens T, Olschewski M, Endres F. Dendritenfreie elektrochemische Abscheidung von nanokristallinem Zink aus einer Nickeltriflat-haltigen ionischen Flüssigkeit für wiederaufladbare Zn-Batterien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Institut für Elektrochemie; Technische Universität Clausthal; Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Tong Cui
- Institut für Elektrochemie; Technische Universität Clausthal; Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Giridhar Pulletikurthi
- Institut für Elektrochemie; Technische Universität Clausthal; Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Abhishek Lahiri
- Institut für Elektrochemie; Technische Universität Clausthal; Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Timo Carstens
- Institut für Elektrochemie; Technische Universität Clausthal; Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Mark Olschewski
- Institut für Elektrochemie; Technische Universität Clausthal; Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
| | - Frank Endres
- Institut für Elektrochemie; Technische Universität Clausthal; Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Deutschland
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21
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Murphy T, Callear SK, Yepuri N, Shimizu K, Watanabe M, Canongia Lopes JN, Darwish T, Warr GG, Atkin R. Bulk nanostructure of the prototypical ‘good’ and ‘poor’ solvate ionic liquids [Li(G4)][TFSI] and [Li(G4)][NO3]. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:17224-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00176a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The bulk nanostructures of a prototypical ‘good’ solvate ionic liquid (SIL) and ‘poor’ SIL have been examined using neutron diffraction and empirical potential structure refinement (EPSR) simulated fits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Murphy
- Priority Research Centre for Advanced Fluids and Interfaces
- Newcastle Institute for Energy & Resources
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | | | - Nageshwar Yepuri
- National Deuteration Facility
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
- Kirrawee DC
- Australia
| | - Karina Shimizu
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049 001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Masayoshi Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Yokohama National University
- Yokohama 240-8501
- Japan
| | - José N. Canongia Lopes
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049 001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Tamim Darwish
- National Deuteration Facility
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
- Kirrawee DC
- Australia
| | | | - Rob Atkin
- Priority Research Centre for Advanced Fluids and Interfaces
- Newcastle Institute for Energy & Resources
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
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22
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Begić S, Li H, Atkin R, Hollenkamp AF, Howlett PC. A comparative AFM study of the interfacial nanostructure in imidazolium or pyrrolidinium ionic liquid electrolytes for zinc electrochemical systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:29337-29347. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04299f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AFM measurements show that the electrochemical performance of zinc based ionic liquid electrolytes is controlled by ion arrangements at the electrode surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srđan Begić
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES)
- Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM)
- Deakin University Burwood Campus
- Burwood
- Australia
| | - Hua Li
- Priority Research Centre for Advanced Fluids and Interfaces
- The University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- Priority Research Centre for Advanced Fluids and Interfaces
- The University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | | | - Patrick C. Howlett
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES)
- Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM)
- Deakin University Burwood Campus
- Burwood
- Australia
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23
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Ivaništšev V, Méndez-Morales T, Lynden-Bell RM, Cabeza O, Gallego LJ, Varela LM, Fedorov MV. Molecular origin of high free energy barriers for alkali metal ion transfer through ionic liquid–graphene electrode interfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:1302-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05973a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We study mechanisms of solvent-mediated ion interactions with charged surfaces in ionic liquids by molecular dynamics simulations, in an attempt to reveal the main trends that determine ion–electrode interactions in ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trinidad Méndez-Morales
- Departamento de Física da Materia Condensada
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | | | - Oscar Cabeza
- Facultade de Ciencias
- Universidade da Coruña
- A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Luis J. Gallego
- Departamento de Física da Materia Condensada
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Luis M. Varela
- Departamento de Física da Materia Condensada
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Maxim V. Fedorov
- Department of Physics
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA)
- Strathclyde University
- John Anderson Building
- Glasgow
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24
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Murphy T, Callear SK, Warr GG, Atkin R. Dissolved chloride markedly changes the nanostructure of the protic ionic liquids propylammonium and ethanolammonium nitrate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:17169-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06947e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The bulk nanostructure of 15 mol% propylammonium chloride (PACl) dissolved in propylammonium nitrate (PAN) and 15 mol% ethanolammonium chloride (EtACl) in ethanolammonium nitrate (EtAN) has been determined using neutron diffraction with empirical potential structure refinement fits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Murphy
- Priority Research Centre for Advanced Fluids and Interfaces
- The University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | | | | | - Rob Atkin
- Priority Research Centre for Advanced Fluids and Interfaces
- The University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
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25
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Li H, Somers AE, Howlett PC, Rutland MW, Forsyth M, Atkin R. Addition of low concentrations of an ionic liquid to a base oil reduces friction over multiple length scales: a combined nano- and macrotribology investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:6541-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07061a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of ionic liquids (ILs) as lubricant additives to a model base oil has been probed at the nanoscale and macroscale as a function of IL concentration using the same materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Priority Research Centre for Advanced Fluids and Interfaces
- The University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | | | | | - Mark W. Rutland
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- SE100 44, Sweden
- Chemistry
- Materials and Surfaces
| | - Maria Forsyth
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Geelong
- Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- Priority Research Centre for Advanced Fluids and Interfaces
- The University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
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26
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Smith AM, Perkin S. Influence of Lithium Solutes on Double-Layer Structure of Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4857-4861. [PMID: 26580815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ionic liquid-electrode interface has attracted much recent interest owing to its importance for development of energy storage devices; however, the important step of adding electro-active ions is not yet well understood at the molecular level. Using direct force measurements across confined electrolyte films, we study the effect of added lithium-ion solute on the double-layer structure of an ionic liquid electrolyte with molecular resolution. We find anionic clusters involving lithium can persist adjacent to the surfaces, and in many cases, this inhibits direct adsorption of lithium ions to the negative surface. Two apparently similar ionic liquid solvents show diverging properties, with one facilitating and the other preventing direct Li-ion adsorption onto the negative surface. The results have implications for the selection of ionic liquids as electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Perkin
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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27
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Elbourne A, McDonald S, Voïchovsky K, Endres F, Warr GG, Atkin R. Nanostructure of the Ionic Liquid-Graphite Stern Layer. ACS NANO 2015; 9:7608-7620. [PMID: 26051040 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are attractive solvents for devices such as lithium ion batteries and capacitors, but their uptake is limited, partially because their Stern layer nanostructure is poorly understood compared to molecular solvents. Here, in situ amplitude-modulated atomic force microscopy has been used to reveal the Stern layer nanostructure of the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMIm TFSI)-HOPG (highly ordered pyrolytic graphite) interface with molecular resolution. The effect of applied surface potential and added 0.1 wt/wt % Li TFSI or EMIm Cl on ion arrangements is probed between ±1 V. For pure EMIm TFSI at open-circuit potential, well-defined rows are present on the surface formed by an anion-cation-cation-anion (A-C-C-A) unit cell adsorbed with like ions adjacent. As the surface potential is changed, the relative concentrations of cations and anions in the Stern layer respond, and markedly different lateral ion arrangements ensue. The changes in Stern layer structure at positive and negative potentials are not symmetrical due to the different surface affinities and packing constraints of cations and anions. For potentials outside ±0.4 V, images are featureless because the compositional variation within the layer is too small for the AFM tip to detect. This suggests that the Stern layer is highly enriched in either cations or anions (depending on the potential) oriented upright to the surface plane. When Li(+) or Cl(-) is present, some Stern layer ionic liquid cations or anions (respectively) are displaced, producing starkly different structures. The Stern layer structures elucidated here significantly enhance our understanding of the ionic liquid electrical double layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Elbourne
- †Discipline of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Samila McDonald
- †Discipline of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kislon Voïchovsky
- ‡Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Endres
- §Institute of Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Gregory G Warr
- ∥School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- †Discipline of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hayes
- Discipline
of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Gregory G. Warr
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- Discipline
of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Callaghan, Australia
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29
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Wydro MJ, Warr GG, Atkin R. Amplitude-modulated atomic force microscopy reveals the near surface nanostructure of surfactant sponge (L(3)) and lamellar (L(α)) phases. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:5513-5520. [PMID: 25906083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Amplitude-modulated atomic force microscopy (AM-AFM) has been used to study the nanostructure of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPCl)-hexanol-0.2 M NaCl sponge (L3) and lamellar (Lα) phases near a mica surface. For both phases, membrane volume fractions of 22, 27, and 32 vol % were investigated, with the L3 or Lα phase selected by adjusting the co-surfactant/surfactant ratio (hexanol/CPCl). For the L3 phase, the presence of the surface flattens the three-dimensional bulk structure. AM-AFM clearly resolves the membrane and solvent passages in the near surface layer. Increasing the membrane volume fraction decreases the size of the image features because of the lower solvent content. Within error, the average passage sizes in the near surface layer are the same as those in the bulk at the same concentration. Images of the Lα phase reveal undulating near surface sheets. At the highest membrane concentration, the image is very smooth, because the lamellar sheet is confined between the surface and the next near surface layer, which is in close proximity as a result of the low solvent content. As the membrane concentration is reduced, the space between layers is increased and undulations appear in the near surface lamellar structure. Undulations are more pronounced at the lowest membrane volume fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Wydro
- †University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Gregory G Warr
- ‡University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- †University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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30
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Li H, Cooper PK, Somers AE, Rutland MW, Howlett PC, Forsyth M, Atkin R. Ionic Liquid Adsorption and Nanotribology at the Silica-Oil Interface: Hundred-Fold Dilution in Oil Lubricates as Effectively as the Pure Ionic Liquid. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:4095-4099. [PMID: 26278938 DOI: 10.1021/jz5021422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable physical properties of ionic liquids (ILs) make them potentially excellent lubricants. One of the challenges for using ILs as lubricants is their high cost. In this article, atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanotribology measurements reveal that a 1 mol % solution of IL dissolved in an oil lubricates the silica surface as effectively as the pure IL. The adsorption isotherm shows that the IL surface excess need only be approximately half of the saturation value to prevent surface contact and effectively lubricate the sliding surfaces. Using ILs in this way makes them viable for large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- †Centre for Advanced Particle Processing and Transport, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Peter K Cooper
- †Centre for Advanced Particle Processing and Transport, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Anthony E Somers
- ‡ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Mark W Rutland
- §School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE100 44, Sweden
- ⊥Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Stockholm SE100 44, Sweden
| | - Patrick C Howlett
- ‡ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Maria Forsyth
- ‡ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- †Centre for Advanced Particle Processing and Transport, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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31
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Li H, Wood RJ, Endres F, Atkin R. Influence of alkyl chain length and anion species on ionic liquid structure at the graphite interface as a function of applied potential. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:284115. [PMID: 24920055 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/28/284115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) force measurements elucidate the effect of cation alkyl chain length and the anion species on ionic liquid (IL) interfacial structure at highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces as a function of potential. Three ILs are examined: 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([HMIM] FAP), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([EMIM] FAP), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM] TFSA). The step-wise force-distance profiles indicate the ILs adopt a multilayered morphology near the surface. When the surface is biased positively or negatively versus Pt quasireference electrode, both the number of steps, and the force required to rupture each step increase, indicating stronger interfacial structure. At all potentials, push-through forces for [HMIM] FAP are the highest, because the long alkyl chain results in strong cohesive interactions between cations, leading to well-formed layers that resist the AFM tip. The most layers are observed for [EMIM] FAP, because the C2 chains are relatively rigid and the dimensions of the cation and anion are similar, facilitating neat packing. [EMIM] TFSA has the smallest push-through forces and fewest layers, and thus the weakest interfacial structure. Surface-tip attractive forces are measured for all ILs. At the same potential, the attractions are the strongest for [EMIM] TFSA and the weakest for [HMIM] FAP because the interfacial layers are better formed for the longer alkyl chain cation. This means interfacial forces are stronger, which masks the weak attractive forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Centre for Advanced Particle Processing and Transport, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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32
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Mamusa M, Sirieix-Plénet J, Cousin F, Perzynski R, Dubois E, Peyre V. Microstructure of colloidal dispersions in the ionic liquid ethylammonium nitrate: influence of the nature of the nanoparticles' counterion. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:284113. [PMID: 24919852 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/28/284113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to better identify the key parameters governing colloidal stability in ionic liquids we probe the influence of the nature of the initial counterion of citrate-coated maghemite nanoparticles (NP), with Na(+), Li(+) and ethylammonium (EA(+)) on their dispersions in ethylammonium nitrate (EAN). Chemical analysis shows that sodium and lithium counterions remain at the nanoparticle surface after their transfer from water to EAN, despite their low concentration compared with EA(+). Macroscopically, all suspensions are stable over the range of volume fractions ΦNP tested (∼ 1% to 8%). A microstructural study coupling small angle scattering and magneto-optic birefringence measurements shows that nanoparticles are perfectly dispersed with sodium counterions and interact through weak repulsions. Conversely, small clusters of a few nanoparticles are formed with lithium counterions, with the aggregation number increasing with ΦNP. However, such clusters are fragile; evidence that the attractions responsible for aggregation are of weak amplitude. Suspensions with EA(+) counterions show an intermediate behaviour. Our results demonstrate the determining role of initial counterions of the nanoparticles on the microstructure of colloidal dispersions in ionic liquids and therefore, the essential role of the interfacial zone between the solid and the liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mamusa
- Laboratoire PECSA, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 5, France
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Borisenko N, Atkin R, Lahiri A, El Abedin SZ, Endres F. Effect of dissolved LiCl on the ionic liquid-Au(111) interface: an in situ STM study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:284111. [PMID: 24919647 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/28/284111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the electrolyte/electrode interface plays a significant role in electrochemical processes. To date, most studies are focusing on understanding the interfacial structure in pure ionic liquids. In this paper in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) has been employed to elucidate the structure of the charged Au(111)-ionic liquid (1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, [Py1,4]FAP) interface in the presence of 0.1 M LiCl. The addition of the Li salt to the ionic liquid has a strong influence on the interfacial structure. In the first STM scan in situ measurements reveal that Au(111) undergoes the (22 x √3) 'herringbone' reconstruction in a certain potential regime, and there is strong evidence that the gold surface dissolves at negative electrode potentials in [Py1,4]FAP containing LiCl. Bulk deposition of Li is obtained at -2.9 V in the second STM scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Borisenko
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 6, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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In situ STM study of zinc electrodeposition on Au(111) from the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethylsulfonate. J Solid State Electrochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-014-2516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Giridhar P, Zein El Abedin S, Bund A, Ispas A, Endres F. Electrodeposition of Niobium from 1-Butyl-1-Methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide Ionic Liquid. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.02.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mamusa M, Siriex-Plénet J, Cousin F, Dubois E, Peyre V. Tuning the colloidal stability in ionic liquids by controlling the nanoparticles/liquid interface. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:1097-1101. [PMID: 24795960 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52733f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To shed light on the origin of colloidal stability in ionic liquids,we focus on a model colloidal system (maghemite nanoparticles) in which surface charge and counterion nature can be controlled at will. We thus evidence the crucial role of interfacial features on dispersion quality in a standard ionic liquid, ethylammonium nitrate.
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Smith J, Webber GB, Warr GG, Atkin R. Silica particle stability and settling in protic ionic liquids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:1506-1513. [PMID: 24450614 DOI: 10.1021/la403978b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Silica particle suspensions of 10 wt % have been investigated in the protic ionic liquids (ILs) ethylammonium nitrate (EAN), ethanolammonium nitrate (EtAN), propylammonium nitrate (PAN), and dimethylethylammonium formate (DMEAF). Static and dynamic light scattering reveal that single particles coexist in dynamic equilibrium with flocculated networks at room temperature. These types of systems are classified as weakly flocculated and are quite rare. As weakly flocculated systems generally exist only within a narrow range of conditions, the effect of temperature was probed. When temperature is increased, the thermal motion of suspended particles increases, favoring dispersion, but in ILs suspensions, heating reduces the stabilizing effect of the interfacial structure of the IL. When subjected to a small increase in temperature, particle suspensions in ILs become unstable, indicated by the absence of a peak corresponding to single particles in the light scattering data. For EAN and DMEAF, further increasing temperatures above 40 °C returns the systems to a weakly flocculated state in which thermal energy is sufficient to break particles away from aggregates. Weakly flocculated suspensions in EAN and EtAN settle more rapidly than predicted by the Stokes equation, as the particles spend a significant portion of time in large, rapidly settling flocs. Surprisingly, suspensions in PAN and DMEAF settle slower than predicted. Oscillatory rheology indicates that these suspensions are viscoelastic, due to a persistent, long-range structure in the suspension that slows settling. In aggregated systems, settling is very rapid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Advanced Particle Processing and Transport, The University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Murphy T, Hayes R, Imberti S, Warr GG, Atkin R. Nanostructure of an ionic liquid–glycerol mixture. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:13182-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01570c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abbott AP, Harris RC, Hsieh YT, Ryder KS, Sun IW. Aluminium electrodeposition under ambient conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:14675-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01508h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrodeposition of aluminium is demonstrated using a eutectic mixture of aluminium chloride and urea and the use of a protective alkane layer enable aluminium to be deposited under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi-Ting Hsieh
- Chemistry Department
- University of Leicester
- Leicester, UK
- Department of Chemistry
- National Cheng Kung University
| | - Karl S. Ryder
- Chemistry Department
- University of Leicester
- Leicester, UK
| | - I-Wen Sun
- Department of Chemistry
- National Cheng Kung University
- Tainan, Taiwan
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Hayes R, Imberti S, Warr GG, Atkin R. The Nature of Hydrogen Bonding in Protic Ionic Liquids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hayes R, Imberti S, Warr GG, Atkin R. The Nature of Hydrogen Bonding in Protic Ionic Liquids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:4623-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Liu Z, Abedin SZE, Endres F. Electrodeposition of zinc films from ionic liquids and ionic liquid/water mixtures. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Li H, Rutland MW, Atkin R. Ionic liquid lubrication: influence of ion structure, surface potential and sliding velocity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:14616-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52638k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li H, Endres F, Atkin R. Effect of alkyl chain length and anion species on the interfacial nanostructure of ionic liquids at the Au(111)–ionic liquid interface as a function of potential. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:14624-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52421c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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