1
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Kunz S, Barnå F, Urrutia MP, Ingner FJL, Martínez-Topete A, Orthaber A, Gates PJ, Pilarski LT, Dyrager C. Derivatization of 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole via Regioselective C-H Functionalization and Aryne Reactivity. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6138-6148. [PMID: 38648018 PMCID: PMC11077497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite growing interest in 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD) as an integral component of many functional molecules, methods for the functionalization of its benzenoid ring have remained limited, and many even simply decorated BTDs have required de novo synthesis. We show that regioselective Ir-catalyzed C-H borylation allows access to versatile 5-boryl or 4,6-diboryl BTD building blocks, which undergo functionalization at the C4, C5, C6, and C7 positions. The optimization and regioselectivity of C-H borylation are discussed. A broad reaction scope is presented, encompassing ipso substitution at the C-B bond, the first examples of ortho-directed C-H functionalization of BTD, ring closing reactions to generate fused ring systems, as well as the generation and capture reactions of novel BTD-based heteroarynes. The regioselectivity of the latter is discussed with reference to the Aryne Distortion Model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Kunz
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Barnå
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 75120, Sweden
| | - Paul J. Gates
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Lukasz T. Pilarski
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Christine Dyrager
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
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2
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Bora HJ, Boruah PJ, Kalita P, Gogoi G, Bailung H, Sen Sarma N, Kalita A. Enabling Ultrahigh Surface Area of Covalently-linked Organic Framework for Boosted CO2 Capture: An Air Liquid Interfacial Plasma as Post-furnishing Protocol. Chemistry 2023:e202300756. [PMID: 37186106 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The cognitive intent of a highly ordered and robust adsorbent is extremely sensible and, in this context, Covalent Organic Framework (COF) materials have significantly burgeoned their scope in diverse applications. Herein, we present a simple time-competent hydrothermal procedure to construct a covalent framework with an ultrahigh surface area of 1428 m2/g that shows active adsorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) at variable temperature ranges. Moreover, we substantiate a facile scalably controlled post-synthetic air-liquid interfacial plasma (ALIP) induced protocol that explicitly amplifies the surface area of the pristine framework even to a higher value of 2051 m2/g. The post-synthetic plasma approach presented here led to the rapid enhancement of the surface area of the pristine COF by 43%, which concurrently advances the CO2 uptake up to 67%. Hence, the current study may open up a new frontier in the design as well as fine-tune the properties of the covalent framework that unfolds the advanced outlook in addressing the challenges of CO2 capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hridoy Jyoti Bora
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Physical Sciences Division, Vigyan Path, 781035, Guwahati, INDIA
| | - Palash Jyoti Boruah
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Physical Sciences Division, Vigyan Path, 781035, Guwahati, INDIA
| | - Parishmita Kalita
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Physical Sciences Division, Vigyan Path, 781035, Guwahati, INDIA
| | - Gautomi Gogoi
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Physical Sciences Division, Vigyan Path, 781035, Guwahati, INDIA
| | - Heremba Bailung
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Physical Sciences Division, Vigyan Path, 781035, Guwahati, INDIA
| | - Neelotpal Sen Sarma
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Physical Sciences Division, Vigyan Path, 781035, Guwahati, INDIA
| | - Anamika Kalita
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Physical Sciences Division, Vigyan Path, 781035, Guwahati, INDIA
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3
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Bukhari SNA, Ahmed N, Amjad MW, Hussain MA, Elsherif MA, Ejaz H, Alotaibi NH. Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) as Multi-Target Multifunctional Frameworks. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020267. [PMID: 36679148 PMCID: PMC9866219 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), synthesized from organic monomers, are porous crystalline polymers. Monomers get attached through strong covalent bonds to form 2D and 3D structures. The adjustable pore size, high stability (chemical and thermal), and metal-free nature of COFs make their applications wider. This review article briefly elaborates the synthesis, types, and applications (catalysis, environmental Remediation, sensors) of COFs. Furthermore, the applications of COFs as biomaterials are comprehensively discussed. There are several reported COFs having good results in anti-cancer and anti-bacterial treatments. At the end, some newly reported COFs having anti-viral and wound healing properties are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Wahab Amjad
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Muhammad Ajaz Hussain
- Centre for Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mervat A. Elsherif
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan Ejaz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser H. Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Skorotetcky MS, Surin NM, Svidchenko EA, Pisarev SA, Fedorov YV, Borshchev OV, Kuleshov BS, Shaposhnik PA, Maloshitskaya OA, Ponomarenko SA. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Novel Meta-Conjugated Organic Molecules with 1,3,5-Benzene Branching Units. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10893-10906. [PMID: 36519926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and photophysical investigation of three novel meta-conjugated molecules based on 3,1,2-benzothiadiazole and thiophene-2,5-diyl derivatives linked through 1,3,5-benzene branching units are described. Each of them is a symmetrical molecule with two branching units, four identical lateral thiophene-containing fragments, and one central benzothiadiazole-containing fragment. To study the effect of the chemical structure on their photophysical properties, the molecules with different linearly conjugated lateral and central fragments due to incorporation of additional thiophene rings were synthesized and compared. It was shown that absorption spectra of the meta-conjugated molecules can be represented as a sum of absorption bands of model compounds for their peripheral and central fragments containing a common benzene ring being branched at the 1,3,5-benzene unit in the meta-conjugated molecules. Therefore, they cannot be considered simply as isolated π-conjugated systems of their peripheral and central fragments. Instead, DFT calculations showed that several transitions between the orbitals located in different regions of the meta-conjugated molecule are responsible for the formation of their absorption spectra, and they strongly depend on the degree of their overlapping. Theoretical absorption spectra reconstructed from the DFT data demonstrated a good agreement with the experimental results: the transitions with larger oscillator strength correspond to the bands with higher molar extinction coefficients and vice versa. It was shown that luminescence spectral maxima of the meta-conjugated molecules monotonically shift to the lower energy from 489 to 540 and 613 nm with increasing the number of thiophene rings in the peripheral and central fragments, respectively. However, luminescence quantum yield of the meta-conjugated molecules critically depends on the length of linearly conjugated fragments in its structure decreasing from 24% to 1.3% with increasing the number of thiophene rings in the lateral fragments but increasing to 90% in the molecule with more thiophene rings in both types of the fragments. The results obtained are well correlated to the ratio of radiative and nonradiative deactivation rate constants of the meta-conjugated molecules that indicates a high rate of internal conversion between the excited states corresponding to different fragments of the molecule. The CV measurements allowed estimating the HOMO, LUMO, and bandgap values of the target and model compounds, which confirm the presence of meta-conjugation within the molecules investigated. Thus, connection of linearly conjugated fragments through meta-positions (meta-conjugation) of a benzene ring leads to an intermediate option between fully conjugated and nonconjugated molecules due to partial delocalization of electron density through the 1,3,5-substituted benzene branching center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim S Skorotetcky
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St. 70, Moscow117393, Russia
| | - Nikolay M Surin
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St. 70, Moscow117393, Russia
| | - Evgeniya A Svidchenko
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St. 70, Moscow117393, Russia
| | - Sergey A Pisarev
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St. 70, Moscow117393, Russia.,Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow119991, Russia
| | - Yury V Fedorov
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, Moscow119991, Russia
| | - Oleg V Borshchev
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St. 70, Moscow117393, Russia
| | - Bogdan S Kuleshov
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St. 70, Moscow117393, Russia
| | - Polina A Shaposhnik
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St. 70, Moscow117393, Russia
| | - Olga A Maloshitskaya
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow119991, Russia
| | - Sergey A Ponomarenko
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya St. 70, Moscow117393, Russia.,Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow119991, Russia
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5
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Evans AM, Strauss MJ, Corcos AR, Hirani Z, Ji W, Hamachi LS, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Chavez AD, Smith BJ, Dichtel WR. Two-Dimensional Polymers and Polymerizations. Chem Rev 2021; 122:442-564. [PMID: 34852192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemists have developed robust methods to synthesize discrete molecules, linear and branched polymers, and disordered cross-linked networks. However, two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) prepared from designed monomers have been long missing from these capabilities, both as objects of chemical synthesis and in nature. Recently, new polymerization strategies and characterization methods have enabled the unambiguous realization of covalently linked macromolecular sheets. Here we review 2DPs and 2D polymerization methods. Three predominant 2D polymerization strategies have emerged to date, which produce 2DPs either as monolayers or multilayer assemblies. We discuss the fundamental understanding and scope of each of these approaches, including: the bond-forming reactions used, the synthetic diversity of 2DPs prepared, their multilayer stacking behaviors, nanoscale and mesoscale structures, and macroscale morphologies. Additionally, we describe the analytical tools currently available to characterize 2DPs in their various isolated forms. Finally, we review emergent 2DP properties and the potential applications of planar macromolecules. Throughout, we highlight achievements in 2D polymerization and identify opportunities for continued study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amanda R Corcos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Xavier Aguilar-Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton D Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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6
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Hamzehpoor E, Jonderian A, McCalla E, Perepichka DF. Synthesis of Boroxine and Dioxaborole Covalent Organic Frameworks via Transesterification and Metathesis of Pinacol Boronates. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13274-13280. [PMID: 34428908 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Boroxine and dioxaborole are the first and some of the most studied synthons of covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Despite their wide application in the design of functional COFs over the last 15 years, their synthesis still relies on the original Yaghi's condensation of boronic acids (with itself or with polyfunctional catechols), some of which are difficult to prepare, poorly soluble, or unstable in the presence of water. Here, we propose a new synthetic approach to boroxine COFs (on the basis of the transesterification of pinacol aryl boronates (aryl-Bpins) with methyl boronic acid (MBA) and dioxaborole COFs (through the metathesis of pinacol boronates with MBA-protected catechols). The aryl-Bpin and MBA-protected catechols are easy to purify, highly soluble, and bench-stable. Furthermore, the kinetic analysis of the two model reactions reveals high reversibility (Keq ∼ 1) and facile control over the equilibrium. Unlike the conventional condensation, which forms water as a byproduct, the byproduct of the metathesis (MBA pinacolate) allows for easy kinetic measurements of the COF formation by conventional 1H NMR. We show the generality of this approach by the synthesis of seven known boroxine/dioxaborole COFs whose crystallinity is better or equal to those reported by conventional condensation. We also apply metathesis polymerization to obtain two new COFs, Py4THB and B2HHTP, whose synthesis was previously precluded by the insolubility and hydrolytic instability, respectively, of the boronic acid precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Hamzehpoor
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Antranik Jonderian
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Eric McCalla
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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7
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Bagheri AR, Li C, Zhang X, Zhou X, Aramesh N, Zhou H, Jia J. Recent advances in covalent organic frameworks for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:5745-5761. [PMID: 34318797 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00960e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the number of patients diagnosed with cancer has been soaring. Therefore, the design, development, and implementation of new approaches for the diagnosis and therapy of different types of cancers have attracted an increasing amount of attention. To date, different methods have been used for cancer diagnosis and therapy with main drawbacks in terms of severe side effects, e.g., damage to healthy cells, development of drug resistance and tumor recurrence. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the introduction and application of innovative methods. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are versatile materials with excellent properties in terms of biocompatibility, porous and crystalline structure, and easy functionalization. The porous structure and organic monomers in COFs allow them to load different therapeutic drugs and/or functional species efficiently. These promising properties make COFs ideal candidates for medical application, especially in cancer diagnosis and therapy. To date, many studies have focused on the design and synthesis of novel COFs while their application as diagnostic and therapeutic materials remains less understood. In this review, different synthesis and functionalization approaches of COFs were summarized. In particular, cancer diagnosis and therapy based on COFs were investigated and the advantages and limitations of each method were discussed. Most importantly, the mechanism for cancer therapy of COFs and fundamental challenges and perspectives for the application of COFs in cancer theranostics were assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Reza Bagheri
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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8
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Synthesis of a Benzothiadiazole-Based D−A Molecule with Aggregation-Induced Emission and Controlled Assembly Properties. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9071094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An electron-donating−accepting (D−A) molecule, namely, 4-(1-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (BT-SCC) containing carbazole as the donor moiety and benzothiadiazole as the acceptor moiety is prepared. Single-crystal X-ray structure analysis elucidated the multiple intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, CH…π, and π…π interplays. Interestingly, the aggregation-induced emission phenomenon is observed for BT-SCC featured with enhanced fluorescent quantum yield from diluted solution of CH2Cl2 (Φ = ca. 0.1) to CH2Cl2/hexane mixed solutions or solid states (Φ = ca. 0.8). Finally, aggregates of BT-SCC are obtained through precipitating from hot and saturated solutions or solvent-vapor methods and the aggregating morphologies could be easily controlled through different preparation methods. Fabulous cube-like micro-crystals and nanospherical structures are obtained, which is established by the synergistic effects of the multiple non-covalent interactions, endowing potential utility in the field of optoelectronic devices.
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9
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Castano I, Evans AM, Dos Reis R, Dravid VP, Gianneschi NC, Dichtel WR. Mapping Grains, Boundaries, and Defects in 2D Covalent Organic Framework Thin Films. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021; 33:1341-1352. [PMID: 35296112 PMCID: PMC8922717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c04382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To improve their synthesis and ultimately realize the technical promise of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs), it is imperative that a robust understanding of their structure be developed. However, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) imaging of such beam-sensitive materials is an outstanding characterization challenge. Here, we overcome this challenge by leveraging low electron flux imaging conditions and high-speed direct electron counting detectors to acquire high-resolution images of 2D COF films. We developed a Fourier mapping technique to rapidly extract nanoscale structural information from these TEM images. This postprocessing script analyzes the evolution of 2D Fourier transforms across a TEM image, which yields information about polycrystalline domain orientations and enables quantification of average domain sizes. Moreover, this approach provides information about several types of defects present in a film, such as overlapping grains and various types of grain boundaries. We also find that the pre-eminent origin of defects in COF-5 films, a prototypical boronate ester-linked COF, arises as a consequence of broken B-O bonds formed during polymerization. These results suggest that the nanoscale features observed are a direct consequence of chemical phenomena. Taken together, this mapping approach provides information about the fundamental microstructure and crystallographic underpinnings of 2D COF films, which will guide the development of future 2D polymerization strategies and help realize the goal of using 2D COFs in a host of thin-film device architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Roberto Dos Reis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Center, and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology, Simpson Querrey Institute, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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10
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Díaz de Greñu B, Torres J, García-González J, Muñoz-Pina S, de Los Reyes R, Costero AM, Amorós P, Ros-Lis JV. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks: A Review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:208-233. [PMID: 32871058 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are relatively recent materials. They have received great attention due to their interesting properties. However, the application of microwaves in their synthesis, despite its advantages such as faster and more reproducible processes, is a minority. Herein, a comprehensive compilation of the research results published in the microwave-assisted synthesis (MAS) of COFs is presented. This review includes articles of 2D and 3D COFs prepared using microwaves as source of energy. The articles have been classified depending on the functional groups including boronate ester, imines, enamines, azines, and triazines, among others. It compiles the main parameters of synthesis and characteristics of the materials together with some general issues related with COFs and microwaves. Additionally, current and future perspectives of the topic have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Díaz de Greñu
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, REDOLí Group, Universitat de València Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Torres
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, REDOLí Group, Universitat de València Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier García-González
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, REDOLí Group, Universitat de València Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Muñoz-Pina
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, REDOLí Group, Universitat de València Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Ana M Costero
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Amorós
- Institut de Ciència dels Materials (ICMUV), Universitat de València, P.O. Box 22085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose V Ros-Lis
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, REDOLí Group, Universitat de València Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
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11
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Li Y, Chen W, Xing G, Jiang D, Chen L. New synthetic strategies toward covalent organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2852-2868. [PMID: 32377651 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00199f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) enable precise reticulation of organic building units into extended 2D and 3D open networks using strong covalent bonds to constitute predesignable topologies and tunable pore structures, presenting an emerging class of crystalline porous polymers. Although rapid progress and substantial achievements in COF chemistry over the past 15 years have been realised, highly efficient strategies and reproducible procedures still play a central role in achieving high-quality COFs and serve as a major driving force for the further advancement of this promising field. In this review, we focused on the key progress in synthesising high-quality COF crystallites and films by highlighting their uniqueness from the viewpoints of synthetic strategies and procedures. We discussed representative synthetic methods including mechanochemical synthesis, microwave synthesis, multicomponent reaction, multistep synthesis and linker exchange strategies to compare their features in producing COFs. We scrutinised the recently developed "two-in-one" molecular design strategy to showcase advantages in optimising synthetic conditions such as catalyst, monomer feeding rate and tolerance to functional groups. We analysed interfacial polymerisation for fabricating various COF films by emphasising their scope and applicability. Moreover, we proposed key underlying challenges to be solved and predicted future frontiers from the perspectives of synthesising high quality crystallites and films that are key to practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Plus, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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12
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Li X, Yadav P, Loh KP. Function-oriented synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks – from 3D solids to 2D sheets. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:4835-4866. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00236d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review provides guidelines for the function-oriented synthesis of 2D COFs from 3D solids to 2D sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
- Singapore
| | - Priya Yadav
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
- Singapore
| | - Kian Ping Loh
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
- Singapore
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13
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Tang Y, Feng S, Fan L, Pang J, Fan W, Kong G, Kang Z, Sun D. Covalent organic frameworks combined with graphene oxide to fabricate membranes for H2/CO2 separation. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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14
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In-situ grown covalent organic framework nanosheets on graphene for membrane-based dye/salt separation. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Jiménez-Urias A, Lugo-Aranda AZ, Miranda-Olvera M, Farfán N, Santillan R, Arcos-Ramos R, Carreón-Castro MDP. Synthesis and characterization of dumbbell-like BTD-based derivatives to engineer organic building blocks in solid-state. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Zhao F, Liu H, Mathe SDR, Dong A, Zhang J. Covalent Organic Frameworks: From Materials Design to Biomedical Application. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 8:E15. [PMID: 29283423 PMCID: PMC5791102 DOI: 10.3390/nano8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are newly emerged crystalline porous polymers with well-defined skeletons and nanopores mainly consisted of light-weight elements (H, B, C, N and O) linked by dynamic covalent bonds. Compared with conventional materials, COFs possess some unique and attractive features, such as large surface area, pre-designable pore geometry, excellent crystallinity, inherent adaptability and high flexibility in structural and functional design, thus exhibiting great potential for various applications. Especially, their large surface area and tunable porosity and π conjugation with unique photoelectric properties will enable COFs to serve as a promising platform for drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing and theranostic applications. In this review, we trace the evolution of COFs in terms of linkages and highlight the important issues on synthetic method, structural design, morphological control and functionalization. And then we summarize the recent advances of COFs in the biomedical and pharmaceutical sectors and conclude with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities of COFs for biomedical purposes. Although currently still at its infancy stage, COFs as an innovative source have paved a new way to meet future challenges in human healthcare and disease theranostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Zhao
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Huiming Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Salva D R Mathe
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Anjie Dong
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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17
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Dey K, Pal M, Rout KC, Kunjattu H S, Das A, Mukherjee R, Kharul UK, Banerjee R. Selective Molecular Separation by Interfacially Crystallized Covalent Organic Framework Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13083-13091. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Dey
- Physical/Materials
Chemistry Division, CSIR−National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110020, India
| | - Manas Pal
- Physical/Materials
Chemistry Division, CSIR−National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Kanhu Charan Rout
- Polymer
Science and Engineering Division, CSIR−National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Shebeeb Kunjattu H
- Polymer
Science and Engineering Division, CSIR−National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Anuja Das
- Instability
and Soft Patterning Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Rabibrata Mukherjee
- Instability
and Soft Patterning Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Ulhas K. Kharul
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110020, India
- Polymer
Science and Engineering Division, CSIR−National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Physical/Materials
Chemistry Division, CSIR−National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110020, India
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18
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Zhu L, Zhang YB. Crystallization of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Gas Storage Applications. Molecules 2017; 22:E1149. [PMID: 28698519 PMCID: PMC6152021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as a new class of crystalline porous materials prepared by integrating organic molecular building blocks into predetermined network structures entirely through strong covalent bonds. The consequently encountered "crystallization problem" has been conquered by dynamic covalent chemistry in syntheses and reticular chemistry in materials design. In this contribution, we have reviewed the progress in the crystallization of COF materials and their hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide gas storage properties for clean energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yue-Biao Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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19
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Karak S, Kandambeth S, Biswal BP, Sasmal HS, Kumar S, Pachfule P, Banerjee R. Constructing Ultraporous Covalent Organic Frameworks in Seconds via an Organic Terracotta Process. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1856-1862. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Karak
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110025, India
- Physical/Materials
Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sharath Kandambeth
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110025, India
- Physical/Materials
Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Bishnu P. Biswal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110025, India
- Physical/Materials
Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Himadri Sekhar Sasmal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110025, India
- Physical/Materials
Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Physical/Materials
Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Pradip Pachfule
- Physical/Materials
Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110025, India
- Physical/Materials
Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
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20
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Debnath M, Sasmal S, Haldar D. Fabrication of egg shell-like nanovesicles from a thiocoumarin-based ε-amino ester: a potential carrier. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:5450-5457. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00025a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A thiocoumarin-based ε-amino ester has been designed and synthesized and used to fabricate egg shell-like nanovesicles for sustained release of sulfamethoxazole antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mintu Debnath
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur
- India
| | - Supriya Sasmal
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur
- India
| | - Debasish Haldar
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur
- India
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21
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Abstract
The development of environmentally benign and scalable synthetic routes to chemically stable covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is key to their real world application in areas such as gas storage and proton conduction. Banerjee et al. [IUCrJ (2016), 3, 402-407] have exploited the high chemical stability of the keto-enamine linkage to develop a 'green' water-mediated procedure, presenting a scalable route to chemically robust COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Yu-ling Chong
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, Merseyside L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
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22
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Li ZJ, Ding SY, Xue HD, Cao W, Wang W. Synthesis of -C[double bond, length as m-dash]N- linked covalent organic frameworks via the direct condensation of acetals and amines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:7217-20. [PMID: 27090755 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00947f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate herein a facile approach for constructing -C[double bond, length as m-dash]N- linked COFs from acetals. Three new COFs (imine-linked LZU-20, hydrazone-linked LZU-21, and azine-linked LZU-22) were synthesized by the direct condensation of dimethyl acetals and amines. All the synthesized COFs are highly crystalline and exhibit good thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China.
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23
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Shiraki T, Kim G, Nakashima N. Room-temperature Synthesis of a Covalent Organic Framework with Enhanced Surface Area and Thermal Stability and Application to Nitrogen-doped Graphite Synthesis. CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.150678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Shiraki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University
- WPI-I2CNER, Kyushu University
| | - Gayoung Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University
| | - Naotoshi Nakashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University
- WPI-I2CNER, Kyushu University
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24
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Medina DD, Rotter JM, Hu Y, Dogru M, Werner V, Auras F, Markiewicz JT, Knochel P, Bein T. Room temperature synthesis of covalent-organic framework films through vapor-assisted conversion. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:1016-9. [PMID: 25539131 PMCID: PMC4706366 DOI: 10.1021/ja510895m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
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We describe the facile synthesis
of several two-dimensional covalent–organic
frameworks (2D COFs) as films by vapor-assisted conversion at room
temperature. High-quality films of benzodithiophene-containing BDT-COF
and COF-5 with tunable thickness were synthesized under different
conditions on various substrates. BDT-COF films of several micrometer
thickness exhibit mesoporosity as well as textural porosity, whereas
thinner BDT-COF films materialize as a cohesive dense layer. In addition,
we studied the formation of COF-5 films with different solvent mixture
compositions serving as vapor source. Room temperature vapor-assisted
conversion is an excellent method to form COF films of fragile precursors
and on sensitive substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana D Medina
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
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25
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Calik M, Auras F, Salonen LM, Bader K, Grill I, Handloser M, Medina DD, Dogru M, Löbermann F, Trauner D, Hartschuh A, Bein T. Extraction of photogenerated electrons and holes from a covalent organic framework integrated heterojunction. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17802-7. [PMID: 25412210 PMCID: PMC4706362 DOI: 10.1021/ja509551m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer a strategy to position molecular semiconductors within a rigid network in a highly controlled and predictable manner. The π-stacked columns of layered two-dimensional COFs enable electronic interactions between the COF sheets, thereby providing a path for exciton and charge carrier migration. Frameworks comprising two electronically separated subunits can form highly defined interdigitated donor-acceptor heterojunctions, which can drive the photogeneration of free charge carriers. Here we report the first example of a photovoltaic device that utilizes exclusively a crystalline organic framework with an inherent type II heterojunction as the active layer. The newly developed triphenylene-porphyrin COF was grown as an oriented thin film with the donor and acceptor units forming one-dimensional stacks that extend along the substrate normal, thus providing an optimal geometry for charge carrier transport. As a result of the degree of morphological precision that can be achieved with COFs and the enormous diversity of functional molecular building blocks that can be used to construct the frameworks, these materials show great potential as model systems for organic heterojunctions and might ultimately provide an alternative to the current disordered bulk heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Calik
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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26
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Zhang J, Wang L, Li N, Liu J, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Zhou N, Zhu X. A novel azobenzene covalent organic framework. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00369a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first example of a novel Azo-linked 2D COF with a hexagonal skeleton, high crystallinity and permanent porosity. The trans-to-cis photoisomerization can lead to the decline of Azo-COF crystallinity but cannot impact the pore size of Azo-COF. The current results will provide a strategy for designing smart COF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, PR China
| | - Laibing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, PR China
| | - Na Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, PR China
| | - Jiangfei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, PR China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, PR China
| | - Nianchen Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, PR China
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou, PR China
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27
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Dogru M, Bein T. On the road towards electroactive covalent organic frameworks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:5531-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc46767h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Liu XH, Guan CZ, Ding SY, Wang W, Yan HJ, Wang D, Wan LJ. On-surface synthesis of single-layered two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks via solid-vapor interface reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:10470-4. [PMID: 23786481 DOI: 10.1021/ja403464h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Surface covalent organic frameworks (SCOFs), featured by atomic thick sheet with covalently bonded organic building units, are promised to possess unique properties associated with reduced dimensionality, well-defined in-plane structure, and tunable functionality. Although a great deal of effort has been made to obtain SCOFs with different linkages and building blocks via both "top-down" exfoliation and "bottom-up" surface synthesis approaches, the obtained SCOFs generally suffer a low crystallinity, which impedes the understanding of intrinsic properties of the materials. Herein, we demonstrate a self-limiting solid-vapor interface reaction strategy to fabricate highly ordered SCOFs. The coupling reaction is tailored to take place at the solid-vapor interface by introducing one precursor via vaporization to the surface preloaded with the other precursor. Following this strategy, highly ordered honeycomb SCOFs with imine linkage are obtained. The controlled formation of SCOFs in our study shows the possibility of a rational design and synthesis of SCOFs with desired functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-He Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, PR China
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29
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Rationally synthesized two-dimensional polymers. Nat Chem 2013; 5:453-65. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 800] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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30
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Jin S, Furukawa K, Addicoat M, Chen L, Takahashi S, Irle S, Nakamura T, Jiang D. Large pore donor–acceptor covalent organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52034j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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