1
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Heintz C, Schnödewind L, Braubach O, Kersten H, Benter T, Wißdorf W. Observation of Large, Charged Droplet Signatures within the High-Vacuum Region of a Commercial Electrospray TOF-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:508-517. [PMID: 38408762 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is one of the most prominent atmospheric pressure ionization techniques in modern mass spectrometry. It generates charged droplets from an analyte-containing solution as an initial step in the ionization process. Textbooks and the majority of the articles assume the entire droplet evaporation and release of bare analyte ions within the ionization chamber. However, non-mass-spectrometry-related literature and recent reports demonstrate droplet observation in regions of the vacuum systems of a variety of mass spectrometers. In this work, we report on the observation of large droplet fragments within the orthogonal acceleration stage of a Bruker micrOTOF by connecting an oscilloscope to an auxiliary ion current detector downstream of the acceleration stage. Moreover, we detected fragment debris even with the MCP TOF detector by evaluating individual TOF spectra. Droplet fragments appear as pronounced and intensive pulses of the ion current. This observation is clearly connected to ESI, as other atmospheric pressure ionization methods do not show this behavior. The recorded droplet signatures show clear dependencies on the ion source and transfer stage parameters. The existence of large and highly charged droplets may adversely affect or at least impact the analytical performance of the instrument due to space charge or complex heterogeneous chemical reactions. Furthermore, the penetration of large charged aggregates into the vacuum system explains the reported surface contamination after multipole stages. This contamination of critical components leads to substantially higher maintenance efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Heintz
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Lisa Schnödewind
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Oliver Braubach
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hendrik Kersten
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Walter Wißdorf
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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2
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Souihi A, Mohai MP, Martin JW, Kruve A. Mobile phase and column chemistry selection for high sensitivity non-targeted LC/ESI/HRMS screening of water. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1274:341573. [PMID: 37455083 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Systematic selection of mobile phase and column chemistry type can be critical for achieving optimal chromatographic separation, high sensitivity, and low detection limits in liquid chromatography electrospray high resolution mass spectrometry (LC/MS). However, the selection process is challenging for non-targeted screening where the compounds of interest are not preselected nor available for method optimization. To provide general guidance, twenty different mobile phase compositions and four columns were compared for the analysis of 78 compounds with a wide range of physicochemical properties (logP range from -1.46 to 5.48), and analyte sensitivity was compared between methods. The pH, additive type, column, and organic modifier had significant effects on the analyte response factors, and acidic mobile phases (e.g. 0.1% formic acid) yielded highest sensitivity. In some cases, the effect was attributable to the difference in organic modifier content at the time of elution, depending on the mobile phase and column chemistry. Based on these findings, 0.1% formic acid, 0.1% ammonia and 5.0 mM ammonium fluoride were further evaluated for their performance in non-targeted LC/ESI/HRMS analysis of wastewater treatment plan influent and effluent, using a data dependent MS2 acquisition and two different data processing workflows (MS-DIAL, patRoon 2.1) to compare number of detected features and sensitivity. Both data-processing workflows indicated that 0.1% formic acid yielded the highest number of features in full scan spectrum (MS1), as well as the highest number of features that triggered fragmentation spectra (MS2) when dynamic exclusion was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Souihi
- Department of Environmental and Materials Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miklos Peter Mohai
- Department of Environmental and Materials Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Department of Environmental and Materials Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Aliyari E, Konermann L. Formation of Gaseous Peptide Ions from Electrospray Droplets: Competition between the Ion Evaporation Mechanism and Charged Residue Mechanism. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7713-7721. [PMID: 35587384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The transfer of peptide ions from solution into the gas phase by electrospray ionization (ESI) is an integral component of mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics. The mechanisms whereby gaseous peptide ions are released from charged ESI nanodroplets remain unclear. This is in contrast to intact protein ESI, which has been the focus of detailed investigations using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and other methods. Under acidic liquid chromatography/MS conditions, many peptides carry a solution charge of 3+ or 2+. Because of this pre-existing charge and their relatively small size, prevailing views suggest that peptides follow the ion evaporation mechanism (IEM). The IEM entails analyte ejection from ESI droplets, driven by electrostatic repulsion between the analyte and droplet. Surprisingly, recent peptide MD investigations reported a different behavior, that is, the release of peptide ions via droplet evaporation to dryness which represents the hallmark of the charged residue mechanism (CRM). Here, we resolved this conundrum by performing MD simulations on a common model peptide (bradykinin) in Rayleigh-charged aqueous droplets. The primary focus was on pH 2 conditions (bradykinin solution charge = 3+), but we also verified that our MD strategy captured pH-dependent charge state shifts seen in ESI-MS experiments. In agreement with earlier simulations, we found that droplets with initial radii of 1.5-3 nm predominantly release peptide ions via the CRM. In contrast, somewhat larger radii (4-5 nm) favor IEM behavior. It appears that these are the first MD data to unequivocally demonstrate the viability of peptide IEM events. Electrostatic arguments can account for the observed droplet size dependence. In summary, both CRM and IEM can be operative in peptide ESI-MS. The prevalence of one over the other mechanism depends on the droplet size distribution in the ESI plume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Aliyari
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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4
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Markert C, Thinius M, Lehmann L, Heintz C, Stappert F, Wissdorf W, Kersten H, Benter T, Schneider BB, Covey TR. Observation of charged droplets from electrospray ionization (ESI) plumes in API mass spectrometers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5587-5600. [PMID: 34215914 PMCID: PMC8410725 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) generates bare analyte ions from charged droplets, which result from spraying a liquid in a strong electric field. Experimental observations available in the literature suggest that at least a significant fraction of the initially generated droplets remain large, have long lifetimes, and can thus aspirate into the inlet system of an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer (API-MS). We report on the observation of fragment signatures from charged droplets penetrating deeply the vacuum stages of three commercial mass spectrometer systems with largely different ion source and spray configurations. Charged droplets can pass through the ion source and pressure reduction stages and even into the mass analyzer region. Since droplet signatures were found in all investigated instruments, the incorporation of charged droplets is considered a general phenomenon occurring with common spray conditions in ESI sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Markert
- Institute for Pure and Applied Mass Spectrometry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Marco Thinius
- Institute for Pure and Applied Mass Spectrometry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Laura Lehmann
- Institute for Pure and Applied Mass Spectrometry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Chris Heintz
- Institute for Pure and Applied Mass Spectrometry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Florian Stappert
- Institute for Pure and Applied Mass Spectrometry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Walter Wissdorf
- Institute for Pure and Applied Mass Spectrometry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Kersten
- Institute for Pure and Applied Mass Spectrometry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Institute for Pure and Applied Mass Spectrometry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Thomas R Covey
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, ON, L4K 4V8, Canada
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5
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Li X, Attanayake K, Valentine, Li P. Vibrating Sharp-edge Spray Ionization (VSSI) for voltage-free direct analysis of samples using mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35 Suppl 1:e8232. [PMID: 29993155 PMCID: PMC6529299 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The development of miniaturized and field portable mass spectrometers could not succeed without a simple, compact, and robust ionization source. Here we present a voltage-free ionization method, Vibrating Sharp-edge Spray Ionization (VSSI), which can generate a spray of liquid samples using only one standard microscope glass slide to which a piezoelectric transducer is attached. Compared with existing ambient ionization methods, VSSI eliminates the need for a high electric field (~5000 V·cm-1 ) for spray generation, while sharing a similar level of simplicity and flexibility with the simplest direct ionization techniques currently available such as paper spray ionization (PSI) and other solid substrate-based electrospray ionization methods. METHODS The VSSI device was fabricated by attaching a piezoelectric transducer onto a standard glass microscope slide using epoxy glue. Liquid sample was aerosolized by either placing a droplet onto the vibrating edge of the glass slide or touching a wet surface with the glass edge. Mass spectrometric detection was achieved by placing the VSSI device 0.5-1 cm from the inlet of the mass spectrometer (Q-Exactive, ThermoScientific). RESULTS VSSI is demonstrated to ionize a diverse array of chemical species, including small organic molecules, carbohydrates, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids. Preliminary sensitivity experiments show that high-quality mass spectra of acetaminophen can be obtained by consuming 100 femtomoles of the target. The dual spray of VSSI was also demonstrated by performing in-droplet denaturation of ubiquitin. Finally, due to the voltage-free nature and the direct-contact working mode of VSSI, it has been successfully applied for the detection of chemicals directly from human fingertips. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we report a compact ionization method based on vibrating sharp-edges. The simplicity and voltage-free nature of VSSI make it an attractive option for field portable applications or analyzing biological samples that are sensitive to high voltage or difficult to access by conventional ionization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kushani Attanayake
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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6
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Liigand P, Liigand J, Kaupmees K, Kruve A. 30 Years of research on ESI/MS response: Trends, contradictions and applications. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1152:238117. [PMID: 33648645 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The variation of ionization efficiency for different compounds has puzzled researchers since the invention of the electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). Ionization depends on the properties of the compound, eluent, matrix, and instrument. Despite significant research, some aspects have remained unclear. For example, research groups have reached contradicting conclusions regarding the ionization processes. One of the best-known is the significance of the logP value for predicting the ionization efficiency. In this tutorial review, we analyse the methodology used for ionization efficiency measurements as well as the most important trends observed in the data. Additionally, we give suggestions regarding the measurement methodology and modelling strategies to yield meaningful and consistent ionization efficiency data. Finally, we have collected a wide range of ionization efficiency values from the literature and evaluated the consistency of these data. We also make this collection available for everyone for downloading as well as for uploading additional and new ionization efficiency data. We hope this GitHub based ionization efficiency repository will allow a joined community effort to collect and unify the current knowledge about the ionization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piia Liigand
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Liigand
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Karl Kaupmees
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 16, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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7
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Tycova A, Prikryl J, Kotzianova A, Datinska V, Velebny V, Foret F. Electrospray: More than just an ionization source. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:103-121. [PMID: 32841405 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrospraying (ES) is a potential-driven process of liquid atomization, which is employed in the field of analytical chemistry, particularly as an ionization technique for mass spectrometric analyses of biomolecules. In this review, we demonstrate the extraordinary versatility of the electrospray by overviewing the specifics and advanced applications of ES-based processing of low molecular mass compounds, biomolecules, polymers, nanoparticles, and cells. Thus, under suitable experimental conditions, ES can be used as a powerful tool for highly controlled deposition of homogeneous films or various patterns, which may sometimes even be organized into 3D structures. We also emphasize its capacity to produce composite materials including encapsulation systems and polymeric fibers. Further, we present several other, less common ES-based applications. This review provides an insight into the remarkable potential of ES, which can be very useful in the designing of innovative and unique strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tycova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Prikryl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Adela Kotzianova
- R&D Department, Contipro a.s., Dolni Dobrouc, 561 02, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimira Datinska
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Velebny
- R&D Department, Contipro a.s., Dolni Dobrouc, 561 02, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic
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8
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Jing X, Edwards KC, Vincent JB, Cassady CJ. The use of chromium(III) complexes to enhance peptide protonation by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:1198-1206. [PMID: 30281192 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The addition of trivalent chromium, Cr(III), reagents to peptide solutions can increase the intensity of doubly protonated peptides, [M + 2H]2+ , through electrospray ionization (ESI). Three model heptapeptides were studied: neutral (AAAAAAA), acidic (AAEEEAA), and basic (AAAKAAA). The neutral and acidic peptides form almost no 2+ ions in the absence of Cr(III). Twenty Cr(III) complexes were used as potential enhanced protonation reagents, including 11 complexes with nonlabile ligands and nine with labile ligands. The complexes that provide the most abundant [M + 2H]2+ , the greatest [M + 2H]2+ to [M + H]+ ratio, and the cleanest mass spectra are [Cr(H2 O)6 ](NO3 )3 ·3H2 O and [Cr(THF)3 ]Cl3 . Anions in Cr(III) reagents can also affect the intensity of [M + 2H]2+ and the [M + 2H]2+ to [M + H]+ ratio through cation-anion interactions. The influence of anions on the extent of peptide protonation follows the trend ClO4 - ˃ SO4 2- ˃ Br- ˃ Cl- ˃ F- ≈ NO3 - . Solvent effects and complexes with varying number of water ligands were investigated to study the importance of water in enhanced protonation. Aqueous solvent systems and Cr(III) complexes that have at least one bound water ligand in solution must be used for successful increase in the intensity of [M + 2H]2+ , which indicates that water is involved in the mechanism of Cr(III)-induced enhanced protonation. The ESI source design is also important because no enhanced protonation was observed using a Z-spray source. The current results suggest that this Cr(III)-induced effect occurs during the ESI desolvation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Jing
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Kyle C Edwards
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - John B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Carolyn J Cassady
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
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9
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Liigand P, Heering Suu A, Kaupmees K, Leito I, Girod M, Antoine R, Kruve A. The Evolution of Electrospray Generated Droplets is Not Affected by Ionization Mode. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2124-2131. [PMID: 28744770 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1737-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionization efficiency and mechanism in ESI is strongly affected by the properties of mobile phase. The use of mobile-phase properties to accurately describe droplets in ESI source is convenient but may be inadequate as the composition of the droplets is changing in the plume due to electrochemical reactions occurring in the needle tip as well as continuous drying and fission of droplets. Presently, there is paucity of research on the effect of the polarity of the ESI mode on mobile phase composition in the droplets. In this paper, the change in the organic solvent content, pH, and droplet size are studied in the ESI plume in both ESI+ and ESI- ionization mode. We introduce a rigorous way - the absolute pH (pHabsH2O) - to describe pH change in the plume that takes into account organic solvent content in the mobile phase. pHabsH2O enables comparing acidities of ESI droplets with different organic solvent contents. The results are surprisingly similar for both ionization modes, indicating that the dynamics of the change of mobile-phase properties is independent from the ESI mode used. This allows us to conclude that the evolution of ESI droplets first of all proceeds via the evaporation of the organic modifier and to a lesser extent via fission of smaller droplets from parent droplets. Secondly, our study shows that qualitative findings related to the ESI process obtained on the ESI+ mode can almost directly be applied also in the ESI- mode. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piia Liigand
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Agnes Heering Suu
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karl Kaupmees
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marion Girod
- CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, University of Lyon, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, University of Lyon, UMR 5306, F-69622, Lyon, France
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 3200008, Israel
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10
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Zhang X, Kew K, Reisdorph R, Sartain M, Powell R, Armstrong M, Quinn K, Cruickshank-Quinn C, Walmsley S, Bokatzian S, Darland E, Rain M, Imatani K, Reisdorph N. Performance of a High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography-Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry System for Metabolic Profiling. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6384-6391. [PMID: 28528542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A commercial liquid chromatography/drift tube ion mobility-mass spectrometer (LC/IM-MS) was evaluated for its utility in global metabolomics analysis. Performance was assessed using 12 targeted metabolite standards where the limit of detection (LOD), linear dynamic range, resolving power, and collision cross section (Ω) are reported for each standard. Data were collected in three different instrument operation modes: flow injection analysis with IM-MS (FIA/IM-MS), LC/MS, and LC/IM-MS. Metabolomics analyses of human plasma and HaCaT cells were used to compare the above three operation modes. LC/MS provides linearity in response, data processing automation, improved limits of detection, and ease of use. Advantages of LC/IM-MS and FIA/IM-MS include the ability to develop mobility-mass trend lines for structurally similar biomolecules, increased peak capacity, reduction of chemical/matrix noise, improvement in signal-to-noise, and separations of isobar/isomer compounds that are not resolved by LC. We further tested the feasibility of incorporating IM-MS into conventional LC/MS metabolomics workflows. In general, the addition of ion mobility dimension has increased the separation of compounds in complex biological matrixes and has the potential to largely improve the throughput of metabolomics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Kimberly Kew
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University , Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
| | - Richard Reisdorph
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Mark Sartain
- Life Sciences Group, Agilent Technologies , Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
| | - Roger Powell
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Michael Armstrong
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Kevin Quinn
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Charmion Cruickshank-Quinn
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Scott Walmsley
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Samantha Bokatzian
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Ed Darland
- Life Sciences Group, Agilent Technologies , Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
| | - Matthew Rain
- Life Sciences Group, Agilent Technologies , Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
| | - Ken Imatani
- Life Sciences Group, Agilent Technologies , Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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11
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Liigand P, Kaupmees K, Haav K, Liigand J, Leito I, Girod M, Antoine R, Kruve A. Think Negative: Finding the Best Electrospray Ionization/MS Mode for Your Analyte. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5665-5668. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piia Liigand
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karl Kaupmees
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristjan Haav
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Liigand
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marion Girod
- Univ Lyon,
CNRS,
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ens de Lyon, Institut des
Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue
de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Univ Lyon, Université
Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, UMR 5306, F-69622, Lyon, France
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
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12
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Abstract
LC/ESI/MS is a technique widely used for qualitative and quantitative analysis in various fields. However, quantification is currently possible only for compounds for which the standard substances are available, as the ionization efficiency of different compounds in ESI source differs by orders of magnitude. In this paper we present an approach for quantitative LC/ESI/MS analysis without standard substances. This approach relies on accurately predicting the ionization efficiencies in ESI source based on a model, which uses physicochemical parameters of analytes. Furthermore, the model has been made transferable between different mobile phases and instrument setups by using a suitable set of calibration compounds. This approach has been validated both in flow injection and chromatographic mode with gradient elution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Kruve
- University of Tartu , Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia.,Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Karl Kaupmees
- University of Tartu , Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
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13
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Campbell MT, Glish GL. Increased Ion Transmission for Differential Ion Mobility Combined with Mass Spectrometry by Implementation of a Flared Inlet Capillary. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:119-124. [PMID: 27752912 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Differential ion mobility spectrometry (DIMS) is capable of separating components of complex mixtures prior to mass spectrometric analysis, thereby increasing signal-to-noise and signal-to-background ratios on millisecond timescales. However, adding a DIMS device to the front end of a mass spectrometer can reduce the signal intensity of subsequent mass spectrometric analysis. This is a result, in part, of ions lost due to inefficient transfer of ions from the DIMS device through the aperture leading into the mass spectrometer. This problem of transferring ions can be at least partially corrected by modifying the front end of the inlet capillary leading to the vacuum of the mass spectrometer. The inner diameter of the ion-sampling end of the inlet capillary was enlarged by drilling into the face. This results in a conical flare at the front end of the capillary, while the other end of the capillary remains unmodified. These flared capillaries allow for a greater number of ions from the DIMS device to be sampled relative to the unmodified standard capillary. Four flare dimensions were tested, differing by the angle between the wall of the flare and the outer wall of the inlet capillary. All flared capillaries showed greater signal intensity than the standard capillary with a DIMS device present without reducing the resolving power. It was also observed that the signal intensity increased as the flare angle decreased. The flared capillary with the smallest flare angle showed greater than a fivefold increase in signal intensity compared with the standard capillary. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Gary L Glish
- Department of Chemistry, Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA.
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14
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Kiontke A, Oliveira-Birkmeier A, Opitz A, Birkemeyer C. Electrospray Ionization Efficiency Is Dependent on Different Molecular Descriptors with Respect to Solvent pH and Instrumental Configuration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167502. [PMID: 27907110 PMCID: PMC5132301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has become one of the most commonly employed techniques in analytical chemistry, mainly due to its broad applicability to polar and semipolar compounds and the superior selectivity which is achieved in combination with high resolution separation techniques. However, responsiveness of an analytical method also determines its suitability for the quantitation of chemical compounds; and in electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry, it can vary significantly among different analytes with identical solution concentrations. Therefore, we investigated the ESI-response behavior of 56 nitrogen-containing compounds including aromatic amines and pyridines, two compound classes of high importance to both, synthetic organic chemistry as well as to pharmaceutical sciences. These compounds are increasingly analyzed employing ESI mass spectrometry detection due to their polar, basic character. Signal intensities of the peaks from the protonated molecular ion (MH+) were acquired under different conditions and related to compound properties such as basicity, polarity, volatility and molecular size exploring their quantitative impact on ionization efficiency. As a result, we found that though solution basicity of a compound is the main factor initially determining the ESI response of the protonated molecular ion, other factors such as polarity and vaporability become more important under acidic solvent conditions and may nearly outweigh the importance of basicity under these conditions. Moreover, we show that different molecular descriptors may become important when using different types of instruments for such investigations, a fact not detailed so far in the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kiontke
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr., Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Opitz
- Institute of Linguistics, University of Leipzig, Beethovenstr., Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Birkemeyer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr., Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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15
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Kruve A. Influence of mobile phase, source parameters and source type on electrospray ionization efficiency in negative ion mode. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:596-601. [PMID: 28239972 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) efficiency is known to be affected by the properties of the analytes, source design and source parameters. In this study, the ionization efficiency of 17 acidic compounds at various conditions in ESI negative ion mode was evaluated. Namely, the influence of organic solvent content in the mobile phase, ionization source parameters, ionization source geometry and functionality (conventional ESI, ESI with thermal focussing and with additional internal nebulizer gas) was studied. It was observed that the ionization efficiency in thermal focussing ESI is only marginally affected by the organic solvent composition, while for conventional ESI and ESI with internal nebulizer gas, the ionization efficiency increases significantly with increasing organic modifier content. For all ionization sources and mobile phase compositions, the ionization efficiency values between different setups showed good correlation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Kruve
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
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16
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Soleilhac A, Girod M, Dugourd P, Burdin B, Parvole J, Dugas PY, Bayard F, Lacôte E, Bourgeat-Lami E, Antoine R. Temperature Response of Rhodamine B-Doped Latex Particles. From Solution to Single Particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:4052-4058. [PMID: 27042942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based temperature imaging is an emerging field of advanced applications. Herein, the sensitivity of the fluorescence of rhodamine B-doped latex nanoparticles toward temperature is described. Submicrometer size latex particles were prepared by a surfactant-free emulsion polymerization method that allowed a simple and inexpensive way to incorporate rhodamine B into the nanoparticles. Also, rhodamine B-coated latex nanoparticles dispersed in water were prepared in order to address the effect of the dye location in the nanoparticles on their temperature dependence. A better linearity of the temperature dependence emission of the rhodamine B-embedded latex particles, as compared to that of free rhodamine B dyes or rhodamine B-coated latex particles, is observed. Temperature-dependent fluorescence measurements by fluorescent confocal microscopy on individual rhodamine B-embedded latex particles were found similar to those obtained for fluorescent latex nanoparticles in solution, indicating that these nanoparticles could be good candidates to probe thermal processes as nanothermometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Soleilhac
- Institut lumière matière, UMR 5306 Université Claude Bernard Lyon1-CNRS, Université de Lyon , 69622 Villeurbanne, Cedex, France
| | - Marion Girod
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280/CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon , Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Institut lumière matière, UMR 5306 Université Claude Bernard Lyon1-CNRS, Université de Lyon , 69622 Villeurbanne, Cedex, France
| | - Béatrice Burdin
- Centre Technologique des Microstructures, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Bâtiment Darwin B, 5 rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne, Cedex, France
| | - Julien Parvole
- Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Laboratoire de Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Université de Lyon , 43, Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Dugas
- Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Laboratoire de Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Université de Lyon , 43, Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - François Bayard
- Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Laboratoire de Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Université de Lyon , 43, Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuel Lacôte
- Hydrazines, et Composés Energétiques Polyazotés (LHCEP), UMR 5278, CNRS, CNES, HERAKLES-SAFRAN, UCBL , Bâtiment Berthollet, 22 Avenue Gaston Berger, 69622 Villeurbanne, Cedex, France
| | - Elodie Bourgeat-Lami
- Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Laboratoire de Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Université de Lyon , 43, Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Institut lumière matière, UMR 5306 Université Claude Bernard Lyon1-CNRS, Université de Lyon , 69622 Villeurbanne, Cedex, France
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17
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Structure–response relationship in electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry of sartans by artificial neural networks. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1438:123-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Liigand J, Kruve A, Liigand P, Laaniste A, Girod M, Antoine R, Leito I. Transferability of the electrospray ionization efficiency scale between different instruments. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1923-1930. [PMID: 26246121 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, quantitative electrospray (ESI) ionization efficiencies (IE), expressed as logIE values, obtained on different mass-spectrometric setups (four mass analyzers and four ESI sources) are compared for 15 compounds of diverse properties. The general trends of change of IE with molecular structure are the same with all experimental setups. The obtained IE scales could be applied on different setups: there were no statistically significant changes in the order of ionization efficiency and the root mean of squared differences of the logIE values of compounds between the scales compiled on different instruments were found to be between 0.21 and 0.55 log units. The results show that orthogonal ESI source geometry gives better differentiating power and additional pneumatic assistance improves it even more. It is also shown that the ionization efficiency values are transferable between different mass-spectrometric setups by three anchoring points and a linear model. The root mean square error of logIE prediction ranged from 0.24 to 0.72 depending on the instrument. This work demonstrates for the first time the inter-instrument transferability of quantitative electrospray ionization efficiency data. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaanus Liigand
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Piia Liigand
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Asko Laaniste
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marion Girod
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France
- CNRS et Université de Lyon 1, UMR 5280 ISA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France
- CNRS et Université de Lyon 1, UMR 5306 ILM, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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19
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Soleilhac A, Dagany X, Dugourd P, Girod M, Antoine R. Correlating Droplet Size with Temperature Changes in Electrospray Source by Optical Methods. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8210-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Soleilhac
- Institut
Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Claude Bernard
Lyon1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 CEDEX Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xavier Dagany
- Institut
Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Claude Bernard
Lyon1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 CEDEX Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Institut
Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Claude Bernard
Lyon1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 CEDEX Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marion Girod
- Institut
des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280 CNRS Université Lyon1, Université de Lyon, 69622 CEDEX Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Institut
Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Claude Bernard
Lyon1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 CEDEX Villeurbanne, France
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20
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Metwally H, McAllister RG, Konermann L. Exploring the Mechanism of Salt-Induced Signal Suppression in Protein Electrospray Mass Spectrometry Using Experiments and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2434-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5044016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haidy Metwally
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Robert G. McAllister
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lars Konermann
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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21
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Liigand J, Kruve A, Leito I, Girod M, Antoine R. Effect of mobile phase on electrospray ionization efficiency. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1853-1861. [PMID: 25142325 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray (ESI) ionization efficiencies (IE) of a set of 10 compounds differing by chemical nature, extent of ionization in solution (basicity), and by hydrophobicity (tetrapropylammonium and tetraethylammonium ion, triethylamine, 1-naphthylamine, N,N-dimethylaniline, diphenylphthalate, dimethylphtahalate, piperidine, pyrrolidine, pyridine) have been measured in seven mobile phases (three acetonitrile percentages 20%, 50%, and 80%, and three different pH-adjusting additives, 0.1% formic acid, 1 mM ammonia, pH 5.0 buffer combination) using the relative measurement method. MS parameters were optimized separately for each ion. The resulting relative IE data were converted into comparable logIE values by anchoring them to the logIE of tetrapropylammonium ion taking into account the differences of ionization in different solvents and thereby making the logIE values of the compounds comparable across solvents. The following conclusions were made from analysis of the data. The compounds with pK(a) values in the range of the solution pH values displayed higher IE at lower pH. The sensitivity of IE towards pH depends on hydrophobicity being very strong with pyridine, weaker with N,N-dimethylaniline, and weakest with 1-naphthylamine. IEs of tetraalkylammonium ions and triethylamine were expectedly insensitive towards solution pH. Surprisingly high IEs of phthalate esters were observed. The differences in solutions with different acetonitrile content and similar pH were smaller compared with the pH effects. These results highlight the importance of hydrophobicity in electrospray and demonstrate that high hydrophobicity can sometimes successfully compensate for low basicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaanus Liigand
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia,
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22
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Kruve A, Kaupmees K, Liigand J, Leito I. Negative Electrospray Ionization via Deprotonation: Predicting the Ionization Efficiency. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4822-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac404066v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Kruve
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Karl Kaupmees
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Liigand
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
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23
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Pauly M, Sroka M, Reiss J, Rinke G, Albarghash A, Vogelgesang R, Hahne H, Kuster B, Sesterhenn J, Kern K, Rauschenbach S. A hydrodynamically optimized nano-electrospray ionization source and vacuum interface. Analyst 2014; 139:1856-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01836a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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24
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Konermann L, Vahidi S, Sowole MA. Mass Spectrometry Methods for Studying Structure and Dynamics of Biological Macromolecules. Anal Chem 2013; 86:213-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4039306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Siavash Vahidi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Modupeola A. Sowole
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 Canada
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25
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Banerjee S. Induction of protein conformational change inside the charged electrospray droplet. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:193-204. [PMID: 23378092 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of the analyte molecules inside the neutral core of the charged electrospray (ES) droplet is not unambiguously known to date. The possibility of protein conformational change inside the charged ES droplet has been investigated. The ES droplets encapsulating the protein molecules were exposed to the acetic acid vapor in the ionization chamber to absorb the acetic acid vapor. Because of the faster evaporation of water than that of acetic acid, the droplets became enriched with acetic acid and thus altered the solvent environment (e.g. pH and polarity) of the final charged droplets from where the naked charged analytes (proteins) are formed. Thus, the perturbation of the ES droplet solvent environment resulted in the protein conformational change (unfolding) during the short lifespan of the ES droplet and that is reflected by the multimodal charge state distribution in the corresponding mass spectra. Further, the extent of this conformational change inside the ES droplet was found to be related to the structural flexibility of the protein. Although the protein conformational change inside the ES droplet has been driven by using acetic acid vapor in the present study, the results would help in the near future to understand the spontaneity of the conformational change of the analyte on the millisecond timescale of phase transition in the natural way of ES process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibdas Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India.
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26
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Doussineau T, Santacreu M, Antoine R, Dugourd P, Zhang W, Chaduc I, Lansalot M, D'Agosto F, Charleux B. The Charging of Micellar Nanoparticles in Electrospray Ionization. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:603-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Chaduc I, Girod M, Antoine R, Charleux B, D’Agosto F, Lansalot M. Batch Emulsion Polymerization Mediated by Poly(methacrylic acid) MacroRAFT Agents: One-Pot Synthesis of Self-Stabilized Particles. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300875y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Chaduc
- Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265,
Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés
(C2P2), Equipe LCPP Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne,
France
| | - Marion Girod
- CNRS, UMR5280, ISA, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- CNRS, UMR5579, LASIM, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Bernadette Charleux
- Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265,
Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés
(C2P2), Equipe LCPP Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne,
France
| | - Franck D’Agosto
- Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265,
Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés
(C2P2), Equipe LCPP Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne,
France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265,
Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés
(C2P2), Equipe LCPP Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne,
France
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28
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Girod M, Antoine R, Dugourd P, Love C, Mordehai A, Stafford G. Basic vapor exposure for tuning the charge state distribution of proteins in negative electrospray ionization: elucidation of mechanisms by fluorescence spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1221-1231. [PMID: 22565506 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation for simplifying or increasing the observed charge state distributions of proteins can be highly desirable in mass spectrometry experiments. In the present work, we implemented a vapor introduction technique to an Agilent Jet Stream ESI (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) source. An apparatus was designed to allow for the enrichment of the nitrogen sheath gas with basic vapors. An optical setup, using laser-induced fluorescence and a pH-chromic dye, permits the pH profiling of the droplets as they evaporate in the electrospray plume. Mechanisms of pH droplet modification and its effect on the protein charging phenomenon are elucidated. An important finding is that the enrichment with basic vapors of the nitrogen sheath gas, which surrounds the nebulizer spray, leads to an increase in the spray current. This is attributed to an increase in the electrical conductivity of water-amine enriched solvent at the tip exit. Here, the increased current results in a generation of additional electrolytically produced OH(-) ions and a corresponding increase in the pH at the tip exit. Along the electrospray plume, the pH of the droplets increases due to both droplet evaporation and exposure to basic vapors from the seeded sheath gas. The pH evolution in the ESI plume obtained using pure and basic seeded sheath gas was correlated with the evolution of the charge state distribution observed in mass spectra of proteins, in the negative ion mode. Taking advantage of the Agilent Jet Stream source geometry, similar protein charge state distributions and ion intensities obtained with basic initial solutions, can be obtained using native solution conditions by seeding the heated sheath gas with basic vapors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Girod
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire Villeurbanne, France, Université de Lyon, 69622, Lyon, France
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