1
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Brotherton EE, Chan DHH, Armes SP, Janani R, Sammon C, Wills JL, Tandy JD, Burchell MJ, Wozniakiewicz PJ, Alesbrook LS, Tabata M. Synthesis of Phenanthrene/Pyrene Hybrid Microparticles: Useful Synthetic Mimics for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Based Cosmic Dust. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:20802-20813. [PMID: 39018427 PMCID: PMC11295189 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are found throughout the interstellar medium and are important markers for the evolution of galaxies and both star and planet formation. They are also widely regarded as a major source of carbon, which has implications in the search for extraterrestrial life. Herein we construct a melting point phase diagram for a series of phenanthrene/pyrene binary mixtures to identify the eutectic composition (75 mol % phenanthrene) and its melting point (83 °C). The molten oil obtained on heating this eutectic composition to 90 °C in aqueous solution is homogenized in the presence of a water-soluble polymeric emulsifier. On cooling to 20 °C, polydisperse spherical phenanthrene/pyrene hybrid microparticles are obtained. Varying the stirring rate and emulsifier type enables the mean microparticle diameter to be adjusted from 11 to 279 μm. Importantly, the phenanthrene content of individual microparticles remains constant during processing, as expected for the eutectic composition. These new hybrid microparticles form impact craters and undergo partial fragmentation when fired into a metal target at 1 km s-1 using a light gas gun. When fired into an aerogel target at the same speed, microparticles are located at the ends of characteristic "carrot tracks". Autofluorescence is observed in both types of experiments, which at first sight suggests minimal degradation. However, Raman microscopy analysis of the aerogel-captured microparticles indicates prominent pyrene signals but no trace of the more volatile phenanthrene component. Such differential ablation during aerogel capture is expected to inform the in situ analysis of PAH-rich cosmic dust in future space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E. Brotherton
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Derek H. H. Chan
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Ronak Janani
- Materials
and Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield
Hallam University, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S1 1WB, U.K.
| | - Chris Sammon
- Materials
and Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield
Hallam University, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S1 1WB, U.K.
| | - Jessica L. Wills
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, U.K.
| | - Jon D. Tandy
- School
of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University
of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, U.K.
| | - Mark J. Burchell
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, U.K.
| | | | - Luke S. Alesbrook
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, U.K.
| | - Makoto Tabata
- Department
of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 2638522, Japan
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2
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Curchod BFE, Orr-Ewing AJ. Perspective on Theoretical and Experimental Advances in Atmospheric Photochemistry. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 39021090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Research that explores the chemistry of Earth's atmosphere is central to the current understanding of global challenges such as climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, and poor air quality in urban areas. This research is a synergistic combination of three established domains: earth observation, for example, using satellites, and in situ field measurements; computer modeling of the atmosphere and its chemistry; and laboratory measurements of the properties and reactivity of gas-phase molecules and aerosol particles. The complexity of the interconnected chemical and photochemical reactions which determine the composition of the atmosphere challenges the capacity of laboratory studies to provide the spectroscopic, photochemical, and kinetic data required for computer models. Here, we consider whether predictions from computational chemistry using modern electronic structure theory and nonadiabatic dynamics simulations are becoming sufficiently accurate to supplement quantitative laboratory data for wavelength-dependent absorption cross-sections, photochemical quantum yields, and reaction rate coefficients. Drawing on presentations and discussions from the CECAM workshop on Theoretical and Experimental Advances in Atmospheric Photochemistry held in March 2024, we describe key concepts in the theory of photochemistry, survey the state-of-the-art in computational photochemistry methods, and compare their capabilities with modern experimental laboratory techniques. From such considerations, we offer a perspective on the scope of computational (photo)chemistry methods based on rigorous electronic structure theory to become a fourth core domain of research in atmospheric chemistry.
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3
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Feige J, Airo A, Berger D, Brückner D, Gärtner A, Genge M, Leya I, Habibi Marekani F, Hecht L, Klingner N, Lachner J, Li X, Merchel S, Nissen J, Patzer ABC, Peterson S, Schropp A, Sager C, Suttle MD, Trappitsch R, Weinhold J. Transport of dust across the Solar System: Constraints on the spatial origin of individual micrometeorites from cosmic-ray exposure. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2024; 382:20230197. [PMID: 38736334 PMCID: PMC11225960 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The origin of micrometeorites (MMs) from asteroids and comets is well-established, but the relative contribution from these two classes remains poorly resolved. Likewise, determining the precise origin of individual MMs is an open challenge. Here, cosmic-ray exposure ages are used to resolve the spatial origins of 12 MMs collected from urban areas and Antarctica. Their 26Al and 10Be concentration, produced during cosmic-ray irradiation in space, were measured by accelerator mass spectrometry. These data are compared to results from a model simulating the transport and irradiation of the MM precursors in space. This model, for the first time, considers a variety of orbits, precursor particle sizes, compositions and densities and incorporates non-isotropic solar and galactic cosmic-ray flux profiles, depth-dependent production rates, as well as spherical evaporation during atmospheric entry. While the origin for six MMs remains ambiguous, two MMs show a preferential tendency towards an origin in the Inner Solar System (Near Earth Objects to the Asteroid Belt) and four towards an origin in the Outer Solar System (Jupiter Family Comets to the Kuiper Belt). These findings challenge the notion that dust originating from the Outer Solar System is unlikely to survive long-term transport and delivery to the terrestrial planets. This article is part of the theme issue 'Dust in the Solar System and beyond'.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Feige
- Department of Solar System, Impacts and Meteorites, Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin10115, Germany
- Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin10623, Germany
| | - A. Airo
- Department of Solar System, Impacts and Meteorites, Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin10115, Germany
- Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin10623, Germany
| | - D. Berger
- Center for Electron Microscopy (ZELMI), Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin10623, Germany
| | - D. Brückner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg22607, Germany
| | - A. Gärtner
- Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Mineralogie und Geologie, Sektion Mineralogie/Isotope Forensics, Dresden01109, Germany
| | - M. Genge
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, UK
| | - I. Leya
- Space Science and Planetology, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern3012, Switzerland
| | - F. Habibi Marekani
- Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin10623, Germany
| | - L. Hecht
- Department of Solar System, Impacts and Meteorites, Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin10115, Germany
| | - N. Klingner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden01328, Germany
| | - J. Lachner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden01328, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Isotope Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna1090, Austria
| | - X. Li
- Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz-Maier-Leibnitz FRM II, Technische Universität München, Garching85748, Germany
| | - S. Merchel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden01328, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Isotope Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna1090, Austria
| | - J. Nissen
- Center for Electron Microscopy (ZELMI), Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin10623, Germany
| | - A. B. C. Patzer
- Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin10623, Germany
| | - S. Peterson
- Electron Microprobe Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455-0153, USA
| | - A. Schropp
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg22607, Germany
- Helmholtz Imaging, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg22607, Germany
| | - C. Sager
- Department of Solar System, Impacts and Meteorites, Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin10115, Germany
- Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin10623, Germany
| | - M. D. Suttle
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton KeynesMK7 6AA, UK
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, Pisa56126, Italy
| | - R. Trappitsch
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne1015, Switzerland
| | - J. Weinhold
- Zentraleinrichtung 3D Technologien (ZE3D), Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin10623, Germany
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4
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Khawaja N, Klenner F, Szalay J, Kobayashi M, Briois C, Mann I. Exploring the universe through dusty visions. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2024; 382:20230210. [PMID: 38736331 PMCID: PMC11225966 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Nozair Khawaja
- Department of Planetary Sciences and Remote Sensing, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin12249, Germany
- Institute of Space Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart70569, Germany
| | - Fabian Klenner
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195, USA
| | - Jamey Szalay
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544, USA
| | - Masanori Kobayashi
- Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba275-0016, Japan
| | - Christelle Briois
- Laboratory of Physics and Chemistry of the Environment and Space, UMR-CNRS-University of Orléans, Orléans45071, France
| | - Ingrid Mann
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT Norwegian Arctic University, 9037, Norway
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5
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Liang MY, Wang YH. Characteristic changes and environmental indicators of magnetic spherules in the South Yellow Sea mud area for about 7.5 ka. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170814. [PMID: 38336066 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic spherules originate from anthropogenic and natural sources and can be differentiated based on morphology and composition. Using magnetic measurement, diameter measurement, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis of a 10 m sediment core in the mud area of the South Yellow Sea, we found that magnetic spherules occur at all observed depths of the core. The magnetic spherule concentrations vary from 10 spherules/0.5 g to 62 spherules/0.5 g. Here, concentrations generally less than 10 spherules/0.5 g are considered as the background value in the core. The peak value of magnetic spherules appeared at the 0.02, 0.3, 2 and 8 m, and their concentrations are 62, 52, 36, 48 spherules/0.5 g, respectively. According to the deposition age, concentration, diameter, morphology and chemical characteristics of the spherules, it is found that the spherules at 0.02 m are produced by industrial coal burning. A volcanic eruption event was the main responsible for the accumulation of spherules at 0.3 and 8 m, while the spherules located at 2 m are related to a wildfire event. Magnetic spherules are common in continental shelf regions and can well document the human activities and natural environment events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yao Liang
- Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, MOE, College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yong-Hong Wang
- Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, MOE, College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, Shandong Province, China; Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, Shandong Province, China.
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6
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Ryan RG, Marais EA, Balhatchet CJ, Eastham SD. Impact of Rocket Launch and Space Debris Air Pollutant Emissions on Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate. EARTH'S FUTURE 2022; 10:e2021EF002612. [PMID: 35865359 PMCID: PMC9287058 DOI: 10.1029/2021ef002612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Detailed examination of the impact of modern space launches on the Earth's atmosphere is crucial, given booming investment in the space industry and an anticipated space tourism era. We develop air pollutant emissions inventories for rocket launches and re-entry of reusable components and debris in 2019 and for a speculative space tourism scenario based on the recent billionaire space race. This we include in the global GEOS-Chem model coupled to a radiative transfer model to determine the influence on stratospheric ozone (O3) and climate. Due to recent surge in re-entering debris and reusable components, nitrogen oxides from re-entry heating and chlorine from solid fuels contribute equally to all stratospheric O3 depletion by contemporary rockets. Decline in global stratospheric O3 is small (0.01%), but reaches 0.15% in the upper stratosphere (∼5 hPa, 40 km) in spring at 60-90°N after a decade of sustained 5.6% a-1 growth in 2019 launches and re-entries. This increases to 0.24% with a decade of emissions from space tourism rockets, undermining O3 recovery achieved with the Montreal Protocol. Rocket emissions of black carbon (BC) produce substantial global mean radiative forcing of 8 mW m-2 after just 3 years of routine space tourism launches. This is a much greater contribution to global radiative forcing (6%) than emissions (0.02%) of all other BC sources, as radiative forcing per unit mass emitted is ∼500 times more than surface and aviation sources. The O3 damage and climate effect we estimate should motivate regulation of an industry poised for rapid growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Ryan
- Department of GeographyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | - Sebastian D. Eastham
- Laboratory for Aviation and the EnvironmentDepartment of Aeronautics and AstronauticsMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
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7
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Berera A, Brener DJ. On the force of vertical winds in the upper atmosphere: consequences for small biological particles. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2022; 478:20210626. [PMID: 35153615 PMCID: PMC8753144 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2021.0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For many decades, vertical winds have been observed at high altitudes of the Earth's atmosphere, in the mesosphere and thermosphere layers. These observations have been used with a simple one-dimensional model to make estimates of possible altitude climbs by biologically sized particles deeper into the thermosphere, in the rare occurrence where such a particle has been propelled to these altitudes. A particle transport mechanism is suggested from the literature on auroral arcs, indicating that an altitude of 120 km could be reached by a nanometre-sized particle, which is higher than the measured 77 km limit on the biosphere. Vertical wind observations in the upper mesophere and lower thermosphere are challenging to make and so we suggest that particles could reach altitudes greater than 120 km, depending on the magnitude of the vertical wind. Applications of the larger vertical winds in the upper atmosphere to astrobiology and climate science are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berera
- The Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - D J Brener
- The Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
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8
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Pinto JP, Li J, Mills FP, Marcq E, Evdokimova D, Belyaev D, Yung YL. Sulfur monoxide dimer chemistry as a possible source of polysulfur in the upper atmosphere of Venus. Nat Commun 2021; 12:175. [PMID: 33420044 PMCID: PMC7794339 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance of SO dimers (SO)2 in the upper atmosphere of Venus and their implications for the enigmatic ultraviolet absorption has been investigated in several studies over the past few years. However, the photochemistry of sulfur species in the upper atmosphere of Venus is still not well understood and the identity of the missing ultraviolet absorber(s) remains unknown. Here we update an existing photochemical model of Venus’ upper atmosphere by including the photochemistry of SO dimers. Although the spectral absorption profile of SO dimers fits the unknown absorber, their abundance is found to be too low for them to contribute significantly to the absorption. It is more likely that their photolysis and/or reaction products could contribute more substantively. Reactions of SO dimers are found to be important sources of S2O, and possibly higher order SnO species and polysulfur, Sn. All of these species absorb in the critical ultraviolet region and are expected to be found in both the aerosol and gas phase. indicating that in-situ high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry might be a useful technique for identifying the ultraviolet absorber on Venus. Photochemistry of sulfur species in the upper Venus atmosphere is not well understood and the identity of ultraviolet (UV) absorber(s) remain unknown. Here, the authors show that sulfur monoxide dimer chemistry is a possible source of polysulfur, which could be responsible for the UV absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Pinto
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jiazheng Li
- Division of Geological and Planetary Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Franklin P Mills
- Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Space Science Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Daria Evdokimova
- LATMOS/CNRS/Sorbonne Université/UVSQ, Paris, France.,Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI), Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Belyaev
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI), Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuk L Yung
- Division of Geological and Planetary Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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9
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Chu X, Nishimura Y, Xu Z, Yu Z, Plane JMC, Gardner CS, Ogawa Y. First Simultaneous Lidar Observations of Thermosphere-Ionosphere Fe and Na (TIFe and TINa) Layers at McMurdo (77.84°S, 166.67°E), Antarctica With Concurrent Measurements of Aurora Activity, Enhanced Ionization Layers, and Converging Electric Field. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 47:e2020GL090181. [PMID: 33281241 PMCID: PMC7685115 DOI: 10.1029/2020gl090181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the first simultaneous, common-volume lidar observations of thermosphere-ionosphere Fe (TIFe) and Na (TINa) layers in Antarctica. We also report the observational discovery of nearly one-to-one correspondence between TIFe and aurora activity, enhanced ionization layers, and converging electric fields. Distinctive TIFe layers have a peak density of ~384 cm-3 and the TIFe mixing ratio peaks around 123 km, ~5 times the mesospheric layer maximum. All evidence shows that Fe+ ion-neutralization is the major formation mechanism of TIFe layers. The TINa mixing ratio often exhibits a broad peak at TIFe altitudes, providing evidence for in situ production via Na+ neutralization. However, the tenuous TINa layers persist long beyond TIFe disappearance and reveal gravity wave perturbations, suggesting a dynamic background of neutral Na, but not Fe, above 110 km. The striking differences between distinct TIFe and diffuse TINa suggest differential transport between Fe and Na, possibly due to mass separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhao Chu
- Cooperative Institute of Research in Environmental Sciences and Department of Aerospace Engineering SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Yukitoshi Nishimura
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Space PhysicsBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Zhonghua Xu
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVAUSA
| | - Zhibin Yu
- Harbin Institute of TechnologyShenzhenChina
| | | | - Chester S. Gardner
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA
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10
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Origins and Spatial Distribution of Non-Pure Sulfate Particles (NSPs) in the Stratosphere Detected by the Balloon-Borne Light Optical Aerosols Counter (LOAC). ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While water and sulfuric acid droplets are the main component of stratospheric aerosols, measurements performed for about 30 years have shown that non-sulfate particles (NSPs) are also present. Such particles, released from the Earth mainly through volcanic eruptions, pollution or biomass burning, or coming from space, present a wide variety of compositions, sizes, and shapes. To better understand the origin of NSPs, we have performed measurements with the Light Optical Aerosol Counter (LOAC) during 151 flights under weather balloons in the 2013–2019 period reaching altitudes up to 35 km. Coupled with previous counting measurements conducted over the 2004–2011 period, the LOAC measurements indicate the presence of stratospheric layers of enhanced concentrations associated with NSPs, with a bimodal vertical repartition ranging between 17 and 30 km altitude. Such enhancements are not correlated with permanent meteor shower events. They may be linked to dynamical and photophoretic effects lifting and sustaining particles coming from the Earth. Besides, large particles, up to several tens of μm, were detected and present decreasing concentrations with increasing altitudes. All these particles can originate from Earth but also from meteoroid disintegrations and from the interplanetary dust cloud and comets.
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11
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Wallner A, Feige J, Fifield LK, Froehlich MB, Golser R, Hotchkis MAC, Koll D, Leckenby G, Martschini M, Merchel S, Panjkov S, Pavetich S, Rugel G, Tims SG. 60Fe deposition during the late Pleistocene and the Holocene echoes past supernova activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21873-21879. [PMID: 32839339 PMCID: PMC7486756 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916769117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclides synthesized in massive stars are ejected into space via stellar winds and supernova explosions. The solar system (SS) moves through the interstellar medium and collects these nucleosynthesis products. One such product is 60Fe, a radionuclide with a half-life of 2.6 My that is predominantly produced in massive stars and ejected in supernova explosions. Extraterrestrial 60Fe has been found on Earth, suggesting close-by supernova explosions ∼2 to 3 and ∼6 Ma. Here, we report on the detection of a continuous interstellar 60Fe influx on Earth over the past ∼33,000 y. This time period coincides with passage of our SS through such interstellar clouds, which have a significantly larger particle density compared to the local average interstellar medium embedding our SS for the past few million years. The interstellar 60Fe was extracted from five deep-sea sediment samples and accelerator mass spectrometry was used for single-atom counting. The low number of 19 detected atoms indicates a continued but low influx of interstellar 60Fe. The measured 60Fe time profile over the 33 ky, obtained with a time resolution of about ±9 ky, does not seem to reflect any large changes in the interstellar particle density during Earth's passage through local interstellar clouds, which could be expected if the local cloud represented an isolated remnant of the most recent supernova ejecta that traversed the Earth ∼2 to 3 Ma. The identified 60Fe influx may signal a late echo of some million-year-old supernovae with the 60Fe-bearing dust particles still permeating the interstellar medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wallner
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - J Feige
- Isotope Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator Laboratory, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - L K Fifield
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - M B Froehlich
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - R Golser
- Isotope Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator Laboratory, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M A C Hotchkis
- Centre for Accelerator Science, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - D Koll
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - G Leckenby
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - M Martschini
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Isotope Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator Laboratory, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - S Merchel
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - S Panjkov
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - S Pavetich
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - G Rugel
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - S G Tims
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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12
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Yu B, Scott CJ, Xue X, Yue X, Dou X. Derivation of global ionospheric Sporadic E critical frequency ( f o Es) data from the amplitude variations in GPS/GNSS radio occultations. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200320. [PMID: 32874629 PMCID: PMC7428263 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ionospheric sporadic E (Es) layer has a significant impact on the global positioning system (GPS)/global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals. These influences on the GPS/GNSS signals can also be used to study the occurrence and characteristics of the Es layer on a global scale. In this paper, 5.8 million radio occultation (RO) profiles from the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellite mission and ground-based observations of Es layers recorded by 25 ionospheric monitoring stations and held at the UK Solar System Data Centre at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and the Chinese Meridian Project were used to derive the hourly Es critical frequency (f o Es) data. The global distribution of f o Es with a high spatial resolution shows a strong seasonal variation in f o Es with a summer maximum exceeding 4.0 MHz and a winter minimum between 2.0 and 2.5 MHz. The GPS/GNSS RO technique is an important tool that can provide global estimates of Es layers, augmenting the limited coverage and low-frequency detection threshold of ground-based instruments. Attention should be paid to small f o Es values from ionosondes near the instrumental detection limits corresponding to minimum frequencies in the range 1.28-1.60 MHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingkun Yu
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6BB, UK
- CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Xianghui Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Mengcheng Geophysics National Observation and Research Station, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory for the Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinan Yue
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiankang Dou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory for the Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Escatllar AM, Lazaukas T, Woodley SM, Bromley ST. Structure and Properties of Nanosilicates with Olivine (Mg 2SiO 4) N and Pyroxene (MgSiO 3) N Compositions. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2019; 3:2390-2403. [PMID: 32055761 PMCID: PMC7009040 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium-rich silicates are ubiquitous both terrestrially and astronomically, where they are often present as small particles. Nanosized Mg-rich silicate particles are likely to be particularly important for understanding the formation, processing, and properties of cosmic dust grains. Although astronomical observations and laboratory studies have revealed much about such silicate dust, our knowledge of this hugely important class of nanosolids largely rests on top-down comparisons with the properties of bulk silicates. Herein, we provide a foundational bottom-up study of the structure and properties of Mg-rich nanosilicates based on carefully procured atomistic models. Specifically, we employ state-of-the-art global optimization methods to search for the most stable structures of silicate nanoclusters with olivine (Mg2SiO4) N and pyroxene (MgSiO3) N compositions with N = 1-10. To ensure the reliability of our searches, we develop a new interatomic potential that has been especially tuned for nanosilicates. Subsequently, we refine these searches and calculate a range of physicochemical properties of the most stable nanoclusters using accurate density functional theory based electronic structure calculations. We report a detailed analysis of structural and energy properties, charge distributions, and infrared vibrational spectra, where in all cases we compare our finding for nanosilicates with those of the corresponding bulk silicate crystals. For most properties considered, we find large differences with respect to the bulk limit, underlining the limitations of a top-down approach for describing these species. Overall, our work provides a new platform for an accurate and detailed understanding of nanoscale silicates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Macià Escatllar
- Departament
de Ciència de Materials i Química Física &
Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomas Lazaukas
- Department
of Chemistry, University College, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Scott M. Woodley
- Department
of Chemistry, University College, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Stefan T. Bromley
- Departament
de Ciència de Materials i Química Física &
Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Xue H, Lu Y, Geng H, Dong B, Wu S, Fan Q, Zhang Z, Li X, Zhou X, Wang J. Hydroxyl Groups on the Graphene Surfaces Facilitate Ice Nucleation. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2458-2462. [PMID: 31038967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although it is crucial to the formation of cirrus clouds and consequently the climate on Earth, the unambiguous effect of carbonaceous materials (CM) on ice nucleation remains to be unveiled as the chemical variation on the surface of CM is always complicated by the change in morphology. Here, we separately investigate the effects of the surface chemistry and morphology of CM on ice nucleation by studying ice nucleation on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surfaces treated with different types of plasmas. We discover unambiguously that increasing the density of hydroxyl groups leads to an increased activity of ice nucleation on the surface of graphene, while no observable effects are found when carboxylic groups are introduced. Analysis based on the classical nucleation theory reveals that the increase in the density of hydroxyl groups on the graphene surface results in an increased binding energy between the ice nucleus and the graphene surface, which consequently facilitates the formation of the critical ice nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xue
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Youhua Lu
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Hongya Geng
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Bin Dong
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Shuwang Wu
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Qingrui Fan
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Xin Zhou
- School of Physical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
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15
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Rumpf CM, Longenbaugh RS, Henze CE, Chavez JC, Mathias DL. An Algorithmic Approach for Detecting Bolides with the Geostationary Lightning Mapper. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19051008. [PMID: 30818807 PMCID: PMC6427282 DOI: 10.3390/s19051008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) instrument onboard the GOES 16 and 17 satellites can be used to detect bolides in the atmosphere. This capacity is unique because GLM provides semi-global, continuous coverage and releases its measurements publicly. Here, six filters are developed that are aggregated into an automatic algorithm to extract bolide signatures from the GLM level 2 data product. The filters exploit unique bolide characteristics to distinguish bolide signatures from lightning and other noise. Typical lightning and bolide signatures are introduced and the filter functions are presented. The filter performance is assessed on 144845 GLM L2 files (equivalent to 34 days-worth of data) and the algorithm selected 2252 filtered files (corresponding to a pass rate of 1.44%) with bolide-similar signatures. The challenge of identifying frequent but small, decimeter-sized bolide signatures is discussed as GLM reaches its resolution limit for these meteors. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated by its ability to extract confirmed and new bolide discoveries. We provide discovery numbers for November 2018 when seven likely bolides were discovered of which four are confirmed by secondary observations. The Cuban meteor on Feb 1st 2019 serves as an additional example to demonstrate the algorithms capability and the first light curve as well as correct ground track was available within 8.5 hours based on GLM data for this event. The combination of the automatic bolide extraction algorithm with GLM can provide a wealth of new measurements of bolides in Earth's atmosphere to enhance the study of asteroids and meteors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens M Rumpf
- NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
- NASA Postdoctoral Program, USRA, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
| | - Randolph S Longenbaugh
- NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
| | - Christopher E Henze
- NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
| | | | - Donovan L Mathias
- NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
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16
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Rodrigues D, Negri AE, Balpardo C, Arazi A, Faestermann T, Fernandez Niello JO, Fimiani L, Gómez Guzmán JM, Hain K, Korschinek G, Ludwig P, Marti GV. Assessment of 53Mn deposition on Earth via accelerator mass spectrometry. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 140:342-346. [PMID: 30138816 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 53Mn flux onto Earth is a quantity relevant for different extraterrestrial and astrophysical questions. It is a proxy for related fluxes, such as supernova-produced material or interplanetary dust particles. In this work, we performed a first attempt to assess the 53Mn flux by measuring the 53Mn/10Be isotopic ratio in a 1400 L sample of molten Antarctic snow by AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry). Using the 10Be production rate in the atmosphere, an upper limit of 5.5 × 103 atoms cm-2 yr-1 was estimated for the deposition of extraterrestrial 53Mn. This result is compatible with one of the two discrepant values existing in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Rodrigues
- Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499, BKNA1650 San Martín, Argentina; CONICET, Av. Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Física, FCEyN, UBA and IFIBA, Conicet, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Agustín E Negri
- CONICET, Av. Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, B1650BWA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christian Balpardo
- Laboratorio de Metrología de Radioisótopos, Centro Atómico Ezeiza, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Pbro. González y Aragón 15, Ezeiza, B1802AYA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Arazi
- Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499, BKNA1650 San Martín, Argentina; CONICET, Av. Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Thomas Faestermann
- Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Physik, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jorge O Fernandez Niello
- Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499, BKNA1650 San Martín, Argentina; CONICET, Av. Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, B1650BWA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leticia Fimiani
- Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Physik, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - José Manuel Gómez Guzmán
- Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Physik, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Karin Hain
- Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Physik, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gunther Korschinek
- Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Physik, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Ludwig
- Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Physik, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Guillermo V Marti
- Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499, BKNA1650 San Martín, Argentina
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17
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Nitric Oxide Production by Centimeter-Sized Meteoroids and the Role of Linear and Nonlinear Processes in the Shock Bound Flow Fields. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9050202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Levasseur-Regourd AC, Agarwal J, Cottin H, Engrand C, Flynn G, Fulle M, Gombosi T, Langevin Y, Lasue J, Mannel T, Merouane S, Poch O, Thomas N, Westphal A. Cometary Dust. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2018; 214:64. [PMID: 35095119 PMCID: PMC8793767 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-018-0496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This review presents our understanding of cometary dust at the end of 2017. For decades, insight about the dust ejected by nuclei of comets had stemmed from remote observations from Earth or Earth's orbit, and from flybys, including the samples of dust returned to Earth for laboratory studies by the Stardust return capsule. The long-duration Rosetta mission has recently provided a huge and unique amount of data, obtained using numerous instruments, including innovative dust instruments, over a wide range of distances from the Sun and from the nucleus. The diverse approaches available to study dust in comets, together with the related theoretical and experimental studies, provide evidence of the composition and physical properties of dust particles, e.g., the presence of a large fraction of carbon in macromolecules, and of aggregates on a wide range of scales. The results have opened vivid discussions on the variety of dust-release processes and on the diversity of dust properties in comets, as well as on the formation of cometary dust, and on its presence in the near-Earth interplanetary medium. These discussions stress the significance of future explorations as a way to decipher the formation and evolution of our Solar System.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny-Chantal Levasseur-Regourd
- Sorbonne Université; UVSQ; CNRS/INSU; Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, BC 102, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France, Tel.: + 33 144274875,
| | - Jessica Agarwal
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg, 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hervé Cottin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris-Est Créteil et Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Cécile Engrand
- Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), CNRS/IN2P3 Université Paris Sud - UMR 8609, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 104, 91405 Orsay Campus, France
| | - George Flynn
- SUNY-Plattsburgh, 101 Broad St, Plattsburgh, NY 12901, United States
| | - Marco Fulle
- INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico, Via Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste Italy
| | - Tamas Gombosi
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yves Langevin
- Institut dAstrophysique Spatiale (IAS), CNRS/Université Paris Sud, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay France
| | - Jérémie Lasue
- IRAP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, Toulouse, France
| | - Thurid Mannel
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, 8042 Graz, Austria; Physics Institute, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sihane Merouane
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg, 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olivier Poch
- Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Thomas
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Westphal
- Space Sciences Laboratory, U.C. Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7450 USA
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19
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Plane JMC, Carrillo‐Sanchez JD, Mangan TP, Crismani MMJ, Schneider NM, Määttänen A. Meteoric Metal Chemistry in the Martian Atmosphere. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. PLANETS 2018; 123:695-707. [PMID: 29780678 PMCID: PMC5947882 DOI: 10.1002/2017je005510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent measurements by the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) instrument on NASA's Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission show that a persistent layer of Mg+ ions occurs around 90 km in the Martian atmosphere but that neutral Mg atoms are not detectable. These observations can be satisfactorily modeled with a global meteoric ablation rate of 0.06 t sol-1, out of a cosmic dust input of 2.7 ± 1.6 t sol-1. The absence of detectable Mg at 90 km requires that at least 50% of the ablating Mg atoms ionize through hyperthermal collisions with CO2 molecules. Dissociative recombination of MgO+.(CO2)n cluster ions with electrons to produce MgCO3 directly, rather than MgO, also avoids a buildup of Mg to detectable levels. The meteoric injection rate of Mg, Fe, and other metals-constrained by the IUVS measurements-enables the production rate of metal carbonate molecules (principally MgCO3 and FeCO3) to be determined. These molecules have very large electric dipole moments (11.6 and 9.2 Debye, respectively) and thus form clusters with up to six H2O molecules at temperatures below 150 K. These clusters should then coagulate efficiently, building up metal carbonate-rich ice particles which can act as nucleating particles for the formation of CO2-ice clouds. Observable mesospheric clouds are predicted to occur between 65 and 80 km at temperatures below 95 K and above 85 km at temperatures about 5 K colder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M. M. J. Crismani
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP)University of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - N. M. Schneider
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP)University of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - A. Määttänen
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, MilieuxObservations Spatiales (LATMOS)GuyancourtFrance
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20
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Nachbar M, Duft D, Kiselev A, Leisner T. Composition, Mixing State and Water Affinity of Meteoric Smoke Analogue Nanoparticles Produced in a Non-Thermal Microwave Plasma Source. Z PHYS CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2017-1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The article reports on the composition, mixing state and water affinity of iron silicate particles which were produced in a non-thermal low-pressure microwave plasma reactor. The particles are intended to be used as meteoric smoke particle analogues. We used the organometallic precursors ferrocene (Fe(C5H5)2) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, Si(OC2H5)4) in various mixing ratios to produce nanoparticles with radii between 1 nm and 4 nm. The nanoparticles were deposited on sample grids and their stoichiometric composition was analyzed in an electron microscope using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). We show that the pure silicon oxide and iron oxide particles consist of SiO2 and Fe2O3, respectively. For Fe:(Fe+Si) ratios between 0.2 and 0.8 our reactor produces (in contrast to other particle sources) mixed iron silicates with a stoichiometric composition according to FexSi(1−x)O3 (0≤x≤1). This indicates that the particles are formed by polymerization of FeO3 and SiO3 and that rearrangement to the more stable silicates ferrosilite (FeSiO3) and fayalite (Fe2SiO4) does not occur at these conditions. To investigate the internal mixing state of the particles, the H2O surface desorption energy of the particles was measured. We found that the nanoparticles are internally mixed and that differential coating resulting in a core-shell structure does not occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Nachbar
- Institute of Environmental Physics , University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology – KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany , Tel.: +4972160829074
| | - Denis Duft
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology – KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Alexei Kiselev
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology – KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Thomas Leisner
- Institute of Environmental Physics , University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology – KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
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21
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Abstract
It is observed that hypervelocity space dust, which is continuously bombarding Earth, creates immense momentum flows in the atmosphere. Some of this fast space dust inevitably will interact with the atmospheric system, transferring energy and moving particles around, with various possible consequences. This paper examines, with supporting estimates, the possibility that by way of collisions the Earth-grazing component of space dust can facilitate planetary escape of atmospheric particles, whether they are atoms and molecules that form the atmosphere or larger-sized particles. An interesting outcome of this collision scenario is that a variety of particles that contain telltale signs of Earth's organic story, including microbial life and life-essential molecules, may be "afloat" in Earth's atmosphere. The present study assesses the capability of this space dust collision mechanism to propel some of these biological constituents into space. Key Words: Hypervelocity space dust-Collision-Planetary escape-Atmospheric constituents-Microbial life. Astrobiology 17, 1274-1282.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Berera
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
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22
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Pack A, Höweling A, Hezel DC, Stefanak MT, Beck AK, Peters STM, Sengupta S, Herwartz D, Folco L. Tracing the oxygen isotope composition of the upper Earth's atmosphere using cosmic spherules. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15702. [PMID: 28569769 PMCID: PMC5461487 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Molten I-type cosmic spherules formed by heating, oxidation and melting of extraterrestrial Fe,Ni metal alloys. The entire oxygen in these spherules sources from the atmosphere. Therefore, I-type cosmic spherules are suitable tracers for the isotopic composition of the upper atmosphere at altitudes between 80 and 115 km. Here we present data on I-type cosmic spherules collected in Antarctica. Their composition is compared with the composition of tropospheric O2. Our data suggest that the Earth's atmospheric O2 is isotopically homogenous up to the thermosphere. This makes fossil I-type micrometeorites ideal proxies for ancient atmospheric CO2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pack
- Universität Göttingen, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Goldschmidtstraße 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andres Höweling
- Universität Göttingen, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Goldschmidtstraße 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Angewandte Materialien - Werkstoffprozesstechnik, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dominik C. Hezel
- Universität Köln, Institut für Geologie und Mineralogie, Greinstraße 4-6, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Maren T. Stefanak
- Universität Göttingen, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Goldschmidtstraße 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne-Katrin Beck
- Universität Göttingen, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Goldschmidtstraße 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan T. M. Peters
- Universität Göttingen, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Goldschmidtstraße 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sukanya Sengupta
- Universität Göttingen, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Goldschmidtstraße 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Herwartz
- Universität Köln, Institut für Geologie und Mineralogie, Greinstraße 4-6, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Luigi Folco
- Universitá di Pisa, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Via Santa Maria 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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23
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Thomas E, Simolka J, DeLuca M, Horányi M, Janches D, Marshall RA, Munsat T, Plane JMC, Sternovsky Z. Experimental setup for the laboratory investigation of micrometeoroid ablation using a dust accelerator. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:034501. [PMID: 28372412 DOI: 10.1063/1.4977832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A facility has been developed to simulate the ablation of micrometeoroids in laboratory conditions. An electrostatic dust accelerator is used to generate iron particles with velocities of 10-70 km/s. The particles are then introduced into a chamber pressurized with a target gas, where the pressure is adjustable between 0.01 and 0.5 Torr, and the particle partially or completely ablates over a short distance. An array of biased electrodes above and below the ablation path is used to collect the generated ions/electrons with a spatial resolution of 2.6 cm along the ablating particles' path, thus allowing the study of the spatiotemporal evolution of the process. For completely ablated particles, the total collected charge directly yields the ionization coefficient of a given dust material-target gas combination. The first results of this facility measured the ionization coefficient of iron atoms with N2, air, CO2, and He target gases for impact velocities >20 km/s, and are reported by Thomas et al. [Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 3645 (2016)]. The ablation chamber is also equipped with four optical ports that allow for the detection of the light emitted by the ablating particle. A multichannel photomultiplier tube system is used to observe the ablation process with a spatial and temporal resolution of 0.64 cm and 90 ns. The preliminary results indicate that it is possible to calculate the velocity of the ablating particle from the optical observations, and in conjunction with the spatially resolved charge measurements allow for experimental validation of ablation models in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Thomas
- IMPACT, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Jonas Simolka
- Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 29, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael DeLuca
- IMPACT, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Mihály Horányi
- IMPACT, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Diego Janches
- Space Weather Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - Robert A Marshall
- Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Tobin Munsat
- IMPACT, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - John M C Plane
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Melko JJ, Ard SG, Lê T, Miller GS, Martinez O, Shuman NS, Viggiano AA. Determining Rate Constants and Mechanisms for Sequential Reactions of Fe + with Ozone at 500 K. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:24-30. [PMID: 27996263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b08971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present rate constants and product branching ratios for the reactions of FeOx+ (x = 0-4) with ozone at 500 K. Fe+ is observed to react with ozone at the collision rate to produce FeO+ + O2. The FeO+ in turn reacts with ozone at the collision rate to yield both Fe+ and FeO2+ product channels. Ions up to FeO4+ display similar reactivity patterns. Three-body clustering reactions with O2 prevent us from measuring accurate rate constants at 300 K although the data do suggest that the efficiency is also high. Therefore, it is probable that little to no temperature dependence exists over this range. Implications of our measurements to the regulation of atmospheric iron and ozone are discussed. Density functional calculations on the reaction of Fe+ with ozone show no substantial kinetic barriers to make the FeO+ + O2 product channel, which is consistent with the reaction's efficiency. While a pathway to make FeO2+ + O is also found to be barrierless, our experiments indicate no primary FeO2+ formation for this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Melko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida , 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, United States
| | - Shaun G Ard
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776, United States
| | - Trí Lê
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida , 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, United States
| | - Gregory S Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida , 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, United States
| | - Oscar Martinez
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776, United States
| | - Nicholas S Shuman
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776, United States
| | - Albert A Viggiano
- Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117-5776, United States
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26
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Carrillo‐Sánchez JD, Nesvorný D, Pokorný P, Janches D, Plane JMC. Sources of cosmic dust in the Earth's atmosphere. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 43:11979-11986. [PMID: 28275286 PMCID: PMC5319002 DOI: 10.1002/2016gl071697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There are four known sources of dust in the inner solar system: Jupiter Family comets, asteroids, Halley Type comets, and Oort Cloud comets. Here we combine the mass, velocity, and radiant distributions of these cosmic dust populations from an astronomical model with a chemical ablation model to estimate the injection rates of Na and Fe into the Earth's upper atmosphere, as well as the flux of cosmic spherules to the surface. Comparing these parameters to lidar observations of the vertical Na and Fe fluxes above 87.5 km, and the measured cosmic spherule accretion rate at South Pole, shows that Jupiter Family Comets contribute (80 ± 17)% of the total input mass (43 ± 14 t d-1), in good accord with Cosmic Background Explorer and Planck observations of the zodiacal cloud.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D. Nesvorný
- Department of Space StudiesSouthwest Research InstituteBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - P. Pokorný
- Department of PhysicsCatholic University of AmericaWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Space Weather LaboratoryGreenbeltMarylandUSA
| | - D. Janches
- Space Weather LaboratoryGreenbeltMarylandUSA
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Bones DL, Gómez Martín JC, Empson CJ, Carrillo Sánchez JD, James AD, Conroy TP, Plane JMC. A novel instrument to measure differential ablation of meteorite samples and proxies: The Meteoric Ablation Simulator (MASI). THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:094504. [PMID: 27782588 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
On entering the Earth's atmosphere, micrometeoroids partially or completely ablate, leaving behind layers of metallic atoms and ions. The relative concentration of the various metal layers is not well explained by current models of ablation. Furthermore, estimates of the total flux of cosmic dust and meteoroids entering the Earth's atmosphere vary over two orders of magnitude. To better constrain these estimates and to better model the metal layers in the mesosphere, an experimental Meteoric Ablation Simulator (MASI) has been developed. Interplanetary Dust Particle (IDP) analogs are subjected to temperature profiles simulating realistic entry heating, to ascertain the differential ablation of relevant metal species. MASI is the first ablation experiment capable of simulating detailed mass, velocity, and entry angle-specific temperature profiles whilst simultaneously tracking the resulting gas-phase ablation products in a time resolved manner. This enables the determination of elemental atmospheric entry yields which consider the mass and size distribution of IDPs. The instrument has also enabled the first direct measurements of differential ablation in a laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Bones
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - J C Gómez Martín
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - C J Empson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - J D Carrillo Sánchez
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - A D James
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - T P Conroy
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - J M C Plane
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
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28
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Time-resolved 2-million-year-old supernova activity discovered in Earth's microfossil record. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9232-7. [PMID: 27503888 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive stars ([Formula: see text]), which terminate their evolution as core-collapse supernovae, are theoretically predicted to eject [Formula: see text] of the radioisotope (60)Fe (half-life 2.61 Ma). If such an event occurs sufficiently close to our solar system, traces of the supernova debris could be deposited on Earth. Herein, we report a time-resolved (60)Fe signal residing, at least partially, in a biogenic reservoir. Using accelerator mass spectrometry, this signal was found through the direct detection of live (60)Fe atoms contained within secondary iron oxides, among which are magnetofossils, the fossilized chains of magnetite crystals produced by magnetotactic bacteria. The magnetofossils were chemically extracted from two Pacific Ocean sediment drill cores. Our results show that the (60)Fe signal onset occurs around 2.6 Ma to 2.8 Ma, near the lower Pleistocene boundary, terminates around 1.7 Ma, and peaks at about 2.2 Ma.
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29
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He Z, Xie WJ, Liu Z, Liu G, Wang Z, Gao YQ, Wang J. Tuning ice nucleation with counterions on polyelectrolyte brush surfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600345. [PMID: 27386581 PMCID: PMC4928907 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous ice nucleation (HIN) on ionic surfaces is ubiquitous in a wide range of atmospheric aerosols and at biological interfaces. Despite its great importance in cirrus cloud formation and cryopreservation of cells, organs, and tissues, it remains unclear whether the ion-specific effect on ice nucleation exists. Benefiting from the fact that ions at the polyelectrolyte brush (PB)/water interface can be reversibly exchanged, we report the effect of ions on HIN on the PB surface, and we discover that the distinct efficiency of ions in tuning HIN follows the Hofmeister series. Moreover, a large HIN temperature window of up to 7.8°C is demonstrated. By establishing a correlation between the fraction of ice-like water molecules and the kinetics of structural transformation from liquid- to ice-like water molecules at the PB/water interface with different counterions, we show that our molecular dynamics simulation analysis is consistent with the experimental observation of the ion-specific effect on HIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wen Jun Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guangming Liu
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zuowei Wang
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Corresponding author. (J.W.); (Y.Q.G.)
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Corresponding author. (J.W.); (Y.Q.G.)
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Plane JMC, Gómez-Martín JC, Feng W, Janches D. Silicon chemistry in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2016; 121:3718-3728. [PMID: 27668138 PMCID: PMC5021210 DOI: 10.1002/2015jd024691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Silicon is one of the most abundant elements in cosmic dust, and meteoric ablation injects a significant amount of Si into the atmosphere above 80 km. In this study, a new model for silicon chemistry in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere is described, based on recent laboratory kinetic studies of Si, SiO, SiO2, and Si+. Electronic structure calculations and statistical rate theory are used to show that the likely fate of SiO2 is a two-step hydration to silicic acid (Si(OH)4), which then polymerizes with metal oxides and hydroxides to form meteoric smoke particles. This chemistry is then incorporated into a whole atmosphere chemistry-climate model. The vertical profiles of Si+ and the Si+/Fe+ ratio are shown to be in good agreement with rocket-borne mass spectrometric measurements between 90 and 110 km. Si+ has consistently been observed to be the major meteoric ion around 110 km; this implies that the relative injection rate of Si from meteoric ablation, compared to metals such as Fe and Mg, is significantly larger than expected based on their relative chondritic abundances. Finally, the global abundances of SiO and Si(OH)4 show clear evidence of the seasonal meteoric input function, which is much less pronounced in the case of other meteoric species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wuhu Feng
- School of Chemistry University of Leeds Leeds UK; NCAS and School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Diego Janches
- Space Weather Laboratory, GSFC/NASA Greenbelt Maryland USA
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Gómez Martín JC, Garraway SA, Plane JMC. Reaction Kinetics of Meteoric Sodium Reservoirs in the Upper Atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:1330-46. [PMID: 25723735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase reactions of a selection of sodium-containing species with atmospheric constituents, relevant to the chemistry of meteor-ablated Na in the upper atmosphere, were studied in a fast flow tube using multiphoton ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. For the first time, unambiguous observations of NaO and NaOH in the gas phase under atmospheric conditions have been achieved. This enabled the direct measurement of the rate constants for the reactions of NaO with H2, H2O, and CO, and of NaOH with CO2, which at 300-310 K were found to be (at 2σ confidence level): k(NaO + H2O) = (2.4 ± 0.6) × 10(-10) cm(3) molecule (-1) s(-1), k(NaO + H2) = (4.9 ± 1.2) × 10(-12) cm(3) molecule (-1) s(-1), k(NaO + CO) = (9 ± 4) × 10(-11) cm(3) molecule (-1) s(-1), and k(NaOH + CO2 + M) = (7.6 ± 1.6) × 10(-29) cm(6) molecule (-2) s(-1) (P = 1-4 Torr). The NaO + H2 reaction was found to make NaOH with a branching ratio ≥ 99%. A combination of quantum chemistry and statistical rate theory calculations are used to interpret the reaction kinetics and extrapolate the atmospherically relevant experimental results to mesospheric temperatures and pressures. The NaO + H2O and NaOH + CO2 reactions act sequentially to provide the major atmospheric sink of meteoric Na and therefore have a significant impact on the underside of the Na layer in the terrestrial mesosphere: the newly determined rate constants shift the modeled peak to about 93 km, i.e., 2 km higher than observed by ground-based lidars. This highlights further uncertainties in the Na chemistry cycle such as the unknown rate constant of the NaOH + H reaction. The fast Na-recycling reaction between NaO and CO and a re-evaluated rate constant of the NaO + CO2 sink should be now considered in chemical models of the Martian Na layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Gómez Martín
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, U.K
| | - S A Garraway
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, U.K
| | - J M C Plane
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, U.K
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32
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Carrillo‐Sánchez JD, Plane JMC, Feng W, Nesvorný D, Janches D. On the size and velocity distribution of cosmic dust particles entering the atmosphere. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 42:6518-6525. [PMID: 27478282 PMCID: PMC4950038 DOI: 10.1002/2015gl065149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The size and velocity distribution of cosmic dust particles entering the Earth's atmosphere is uncertain. Here we show that the relative concentrations of metal atoms in the upper mesosphere, and the surface accretion rate of cosmic spherules, provide sensitive probes of this distribution. Three cosmic dust models are selected as case studies: two are astronomical models, the first constrained by infrared observations of the Zodiacal Dust Cloud and the second by radar observations of meteor head echoes; the third model is based on measurements made with a spaceborne dust detector. For each model, a Monte Carlo sampling method combined with a chemical ablation model is used to predict the ablation rates of Na, K, Fe, Mg, and Ca above 60 km and cosmic spherule production rate. It appears that a significant fraction of the cosmic dust consists of small (<5 µg) and slow (<15 km s-1) particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - W. Feng
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- National Centre for Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - D. Nesvorný
- Department of Space StudiesSouthwest Research InstituteBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - D. Janches
- Space Weather LaboratoryGSFC/NASAGreenbeltMarylandUSA
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33
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Plane JMC, Feng W, Dawkins ECM. The mesosphere and metals: chemistry and changes. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4497-541. [PMID: 25751779 PMCID: PMC4448204 DOI: 10.1021/cr500501m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M. C. Plane
- School of Chemistry, National Centre
for Atmospheric Science, and School of Earth
and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Wuhu Feng
- School of Chemistry, National Centre
for Atmospheric Science, and School of Earth
and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Erin C. M. Dawkins
- School of Chemistry, National Centre
for Atmospheric Science, and School of Earth
and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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34
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Goel A, Tarantino PM, Lauben DS, Close S. Design and testing of miniaturized plasma sensor for measuring hypervelocity impact plasmas. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:043304. [PMID: 25933852 DOI: 10.1063/1.4917276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An increasingly notable component of the space environment pertains to the impact of meteoroids and orbital debris on spacecraft and the resulting mechanical and electrical damages. Traveling at speeds of tens of km/s, when these particles, collectively referred to as hypervelocity particles, impact a satellite, they vaporize, ionize, and produce a radially expanding plasma that can generate electrically harmful radio frequency emission or serve as a trigger for electrostatic discharge. In order to measure the flux, composition, energy distribution, and temperature of ions and electrons in this plasma, a miniaturized plasma sensor has been developed for carrying out in-situ measurements in space. The sensor comprises an array of electrostatic analyzer wells split into 16 different channels, catering to different species and energy ranges in the plasma. We present results from numerical simulation based optimization of sensor geometry. A novel approach of fabricating the sensor using printed circuit boards is implemented. We also describe the test setup used for calibrating the sensor and show results demonstrating the energy band pass characteristics of the sensor. In addition to the hypervelocity impact plasmas, the plasma sensor developed can also be used to carry out measurements of ionospheric plasma, diagnostics of plasma propulsion systems, and in other space physics experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Goel
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - P M Tarantino
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - D S Lauben
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S Close
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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35
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Antonsen T, Havnes O. On the detection of mesospheric meteoric smoke particles embedded in noctilucent cloud particles with rocket-borne dust probes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:033305. [PMID: 25832221 DOI: 10.1063/1.4914394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mesospheric nanoparticles in the forms of water ice particles and meteoric smoke particles (MSPs) exist in the middle atmosphere where they often play a decisive role in cloud formation and in chemical processes. Direct in situ observations of mesospheric nanoparticles have been made possible by rocket probes developed during the last two decades. Although progress has been made in mapping properties such as electric charge, sizes, and interaction with the plasma and neutral gas, more observations are needed on the size distribution, chemical content, and structure of the MSP to determine their role in cloud formation and chemistry in the mesosphere and stratosphere. We here present the result of a detailed analysis of the performance of a new dust probe MUltiple Dust Detector (MUDD) [O. Havnes et al., J. Atmos Soll.-Terr. Phys. 118, 190 (2014); O. Havenes et al., ibid. (in press)], which should give information of the size distribution of MSP by fragmenting impacting ice particles and releasing a fraction of the MSP which most probably are embedded in them [O. Havnes and L. I. Naesheim, Ann. Geophys. 25, 623 (2007); M. E. Hervig et al., J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 84-85, 1 (2012)]. We first determine the electric field structure and neutral gas condition in the interior of the probe and from this compute, the dynamics and current contribution of the charged fragments to the currents measured as the probe scans the fragment energy. For the single MUDD probe flown in July 2011 on the PHOCUS payload, we find that the fragment currents at the three retarding potentials for MUDD of 0, 10, and 20 V correspond to fragment sizes of ≳0.6 nm, >1.5 nm, and >1.8 nm if the fragments have a negative unit charge. We also discuss the optimum choice of retarding potentials in future flights of MUDD probes. By launching 2 to 3 mechanically identical MUDD probes but with different retarding potentials, we will obtain a much more detailed and reliable fragment (MSP) size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Antonsen
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Tromsø, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - O Havnes
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Tromsø, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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36
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Janches D, Plane J, Nesvorný D, Feng W, Vokrouhlický D, Nicolls M. Radar detectability studies of slow and small Zodiacal Dust Cloud Particles: I. The case of Arecibo 430 MHz meteor head echo observations. THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 2014; 796:41. [PMID: 27642186 PMCID: PMC5023023 DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/796/1/41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent model development of the Zodiacal Dust Cloud (ZDC) model (Nesvorný et al. 2010, 2011b) argue that the incoming flux of meteoric material into the Earth's upper atmosphere is mostly undetected by radars because they cannot detect small extraterrestrial particles entering the atmosphere at low velocities due to the relatively small production of electrons. In this paper we present a new methodology utilizing meteor head echo radar observations that aims to constrain the ZDC physical model by ground-based measurements. In particular, for this work, we focus on Arecibo 430 MHz observations since this is the most sensitive radar utilized for this type of observations to date. For this, we integrate and employ existing comprehensive models of meteoroid ablation, ionization and radar detection to enable accurate interpretation of radar observations and show that reasonable agreement in the hourly rates is found between model predictions and Arecibo observations when: 1) we invoke the lower limit of the model predicted flux (~16 t/d) and 2) we estimate the ionization probability of ablating metal atoms using laboratory measurements of the ionization cross sections of high speed metal atom beams, resulting in values up to two orders of magnitude lower than the extensively utilized figure reported by Jones (1997) for low speeds meteors. However, even at this lower limit the model over predicts the slow portion of the Arecibo radial velocity distributions by a factor of 3, suggesting the model requires some revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Janches
- Space Weather Lab., Mail Code 674, GSFC/NASA, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - J.M.C. Plane
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - D. Nesvorný
- SouthWest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - W. Feng
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - D. Vokrouhlický
- Institute of Astronomy, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Della Corte V, Rietmeijer FJ, Rotundi A, Ferrari M. Introducing a new stratospheric dust-collecting system with potential use for upper atmospheric microbiology investigations. ASTROBIOLOGY 2014; 14:694-705. [PMID: 25046407 PMCID: PMC4126274 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2014.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The stratosphere is a known host to terrestrial microbes of most major biological lineages, but it is also host to incoming meteoric dust. Our goal is to (1) introduce DUSTER (Dust in the Upper Stratosphere Tracking Experiment and Retrieval), an active collector for the nondestructive collection of nano- to micrometer particles in the stratosphere between 30 and 40 km altitude, and (2) demonstrate that even a single particle can be collected free of resident atmospheric and laboratory contaminant particles. DUSTER improves the pervasive and persistent contamination problem in the field of aerobiology research. Here, we demonstrate the collector's advances by the identification of a (terrestrial) spore particle found among a population of nanometer-scale inorganic meteoric particles. This was possible because the size, shape, morphology, and chemical composition of each particle can be determined while still on the collector surface. Particles can be removed from DUSTER for specific laboratory analyses. So far, DUSTER has not been fitted for aerobiological purposes; that is, no attempts were made to sterilize the collector other than with isopropyl alcohol. Its design and laboratory protocols, however, allow adjustments to dedicated aerobiological sampling opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frans J.M. Rietmeijer
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Alessandra Rotundi
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali—INAF, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Parthenope”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali—INAF, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Parthenope”, Napoli, Italy
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