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Vilchis-Landeros MM, Vázquez-Meza H, Vázquez-Carrada M, Uribe-Ramírez D, Matuz-Mares D. Antioxidant Enzymes and Their Potential Use in Breast Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5675. [PMID: 38891864 PMCID: PMC11171593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), breast cancer (BC) is the deadliest and the most common type of cancer worldwide in women. Several factors associated with BC exert their effects by modulating the state of stress. They can induce genetic mutations or alterations in cell growth, encouraging neoplastic development and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are able to activate many signal transduction pathways, producing an inflammatory environment that leads to the suppression of programmed cell death and the promotion of tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis; these effects promote the development and progression of malignant neoplasms. However, cells have both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant systems that protect them by neutralizing the harmful effects of ROS. In this sense, antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and peroxiredoxin (Prx) protect the body from diseases caused by oxidative damage. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms through which some enzymatic antioxidants inhibit or promote carcinogenesis, as well as the new therapeutic proposals developed to complement traditional treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Magdalena Vilchis-Landeros
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Cd. Universitaria, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico; (M.M.V.-L.); (H.V.-M.)
| | - Héctor Vázquez-Meza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Cd. Universitaria, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico; (M.M.V.-L.); (H.V.-M.)
| | - Melissa Vázquez-Carrada
- Institute of Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Daniel Uribe-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City C.P. 07738, Mexico;
| | - Deyamira Matuz-Mares
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Cd. Universitaria, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico; (M.M.V.-L.); (H.V.-M.)
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2
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Luciani L, Sargentoni N, Graiff C, Monge M, Rodríguez-Castillo M, López-de-Luzuriaga JM, Galassi R. Mechanochemical preparation of strongly emissive monosubstituted triarylphosphane gold(i) compounds activated by hydrogen bonding driven aggregations. RSC Adv 2023; 13:25425-25436. [PMID: 37636510 PMCID: PMC10448354 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03681b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold(i) triarylphosphane compounds are a well-known class of coordination compounds displaying from mild to strong emissive properties. Mechanochemical approaches to the preparation, spectroscopic characterization, X-ray diffraction structural determination, and photophysical studies of green emissive neutral linear monophosphane or neutral pseudo-T-shaped or cationic bis-phosphane gold(i) compounds, are herein discussed. The mechanochemical approach to the preparation of gold(i) derivatives was particularly successful for ligands bearing the carboxylic group, while the preparation with esterified ligands yields better results with solvent-mediated methods. The introduction of carboxyl or ester substituents in one aryl group favors the ligand-centered emissions. The analysis of the origin of the emissions was elucidated on the basis of DFT calculations, addressing the emissive behavior to ligand-centered excited states, strongly affected by supramolecular reversible hydrogen bonding aggregation. The study indicates that the ligand with the carboxylic group is particularly suitable for the mechanochemical preparation of emissive gold(i) complexes for material science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Luciani
- University of Camerino, School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division c/o ChIP, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 10 Camerino I-62032 Italy
| | - Nicola Sargentoni
- University of Camerino, School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division c/o ChIP, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 10 Camerino I-62032 Italy
| | - Claudia Graiff
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università degli Studi di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A Parma I-43124 Italy
| | - Miguel Monge
- Universidad de La Rioja, Departamento de Química, Área de Química Inorgánica, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, Complejo Científico-Tecnológico Madre de Dios, 53 26004 Logroño La Rioja Spain
| | - María Rodríguez-Castillo
- Universidad de La Rioja, Departamento de Química, Área de Química Inorgánica, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, Complejo Científico-Tecnológico Madre de Dios, 53 26004 Logroño La Rioja Spain
| | - José M López-de-Luzuriaga
- Universidad de La Rioja, Departamento de Química, Área de Química Inorgánica, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, Complejo Científico-Tecnológico Madre de Dios, 53 26004 Logroño La Rioja Spain
| | - Rossana Galassi
- University of Camerino, School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division c/o ChIP, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 10 Camerino I-62032 Italy
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3
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Pellei M, Santini C, Bagnarelli L, Caviglia M, Sgarbossa P, De Franco M, Zancato M, Marzano C, Gandin V. Novel Silver Complexes Based on Phosphanes and Ester Derivatives of Bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetate Ligands Targeting TrxR: New Promising Chemotherapeutic Tools Relevant to SCLC Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044091. [PMID: 36835512 PMCID: PMC9960633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid (HC(pz)2COOH) and bis(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid (HC(pzMe2)2COOH) were converted into the methyl ester derivatives 1 (LOMe) and 2 (L2OMe), respectively, and were used for the preparation of silver(I) complexes 3-5. The Ag(I) complexes were prepared by the reaction of AgNO3 and 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) or triphenylphosphine (PPh3) with LOMe and L2OMe in methanol solution. All Ag(I) complexes showed a significant in vitro antitumor activity, proving to be more effective than the reference drug cisplatin in the in-house human cancer cell line panel containing examples of different solid tumors. Compounds were particularly effective against the highly aggressive and intrinsically resistant human small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cells, either in 2D and 3D cancer cell models. Mechanistic studies revealed their ability to accumulate into cancer cells and to selectively target Thioredoxin (TrxR), thus leading to redox homeostasis unbalance and ultimately inducing cancer cell death through apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Pellei
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Santini
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Luca Bagnarelli
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Miriam Caviglia
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Paolo Sgarbossa
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Michele De Franco
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mirella Zancato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Marzano
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Valentina Gandin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
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4
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Andreani C, Bartolacci C, Scaglioni PP. Ferroptosis: A Specific Vulnerability of RAS-Driven Cancers? Front Oncol 2022; 12:923915. [PMID: 35912247 PMCID: PMC9337859 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.923915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis has emerged as a new type of programmed cell death that can be harnessed for cancer therapy. The concept of ferroptosis was for the first time proposed in in the early 2000s, as an iron-dependent mode of regulated cell death caused by unrestricted lipid peroxidation (LPO) and subsequent plasma membrane rupture. Since the discovery and characterization of ferroptosis, a wealth of research has improved our understanding of the main pathways regulating this process, leading to both the repurposing and the development of small molecules.However, ferroptosis is still little understood and several aspects remain to be investigated. For instance, it is unclear whether specific oncogenes, cells of origin or tumor niches impose specific susceptibility/resistance to ferroptosis or if there are some ferroptosis-related genes that may be used as bona fide pan-cancer targetable dependencies. In this context, even though RAS-driven cancer cell lines seemed to be selectively sensitive to ferroptosis inducers, subsequent studies have questioned these results, indicating that in some cases mutant RAS is necessary, but not sufficient to induce ferroptosis. In this perspective, based on publicly available genomic screening data and the literature, we discuss the relationship between RAS-mutation and ferroptosis susceptibility in cancer.
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Alkorta I, Benito MT, Elguero J, Doyagüez EG, Patterson MR, Jimeno ML, Dias HVR, Reviriego F. The use of DOSY experiments to determine the solution structures of coinage metal pyrazolates: The case of {[3,5-(CF 3 ) 2 Pz]Ag} 3. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2022; 60:442-451. [PMID: 34935188 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of DOSY experiments have been carried out to determine the solution stoichiometry of silver(I) 3,5-bis (trifluoromethyl)pyrazolate species. This compound exists as a trimer in the solid state (n = 3) but in solutions of chlorinated solvents, the DOSY data suggest the presence of a mixture of solvent stabilized monomer (n = 1) and dimer (n = 2) in equilibrium. Different approximations have been used including the Stokes-Einstein and the Stokes-Einstein-Gierer-Wirtz equations. Some methodological problems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Benito
- Servicio de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Química Orgánica 'Lora-Tamayo', CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa García Doyagüez
- Servicio de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Química Orgánica 'Lora-Tamayo', CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Monika R Patterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - María Luisa Jimeno
- Servicio de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Centro de Química Orgánica 'Lora-Tamayo', CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - H V Rasika Dias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Felipe Reviriego
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Valente A, Podolski-Renić A, Poetsch I, Filipović N, López Ó, Turel I, Heffeter P. Metal- and metalloid-based compounds to target and reverse cancer multidrug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 58:100778. [PMID: 34403910 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance remains the major cause of cancer treatment failure especially at the late stage of the disease. However, based on their versatile chemistry, metal and metalloid compounds offer the possibility to design fine-tuned drugs to circumvent and even specifically target drug-resistant cancer cells. Based on the paramount importance of platinum drugs in the clinics, two main areas of drug resistance reversal strategies exist: overcoming resistance to platinum drugs as well as multidrug resistance based on ABC efflux pumps. The current review provides an overview of both aspects of drug design and discusses the open questions in the field. The areas of drug resistance covered in this article involve: 1) Altered expression of proteins involved in metal uptake, efflux or intracellular distribution, 2) Enhanced drug efflux via ABC transporters, 3) Altered metabolism in drug-resistant cancer cells, 4) Altered thiol or redox homeostasis, 5) Altered DNA damage recognition and enhanced DNA damage repair, 6) Impaired induction of apoptosis and 7) Altered interaction with the immune system. This review represents the first collection of metal (including platinum, ruthenium, iridium, gold, and copper) and metalloid drugs (e.g. arsenic and selenium) which demonstrated drug resistance reversal activity. A special focus is on compounds characterized by collateral sensitivity of ABC transporter-overexpressing cancer cells. Through this approach, we wish to draw the attention to open research questions in the field. Future investigations are warranted to obtain more insights into the mechanisms of action of the most potent compounds which target specific modalities of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Valente
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Podolski-Renić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Isabella Poetsch
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nenad Filipović
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Óscar López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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7
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Galassi R, Luciani L, Gambini V, Vincenzetti S, Lupidi G, Amici A, Marchini C, Wang J, Pucciarelli S. Multi-Targeted Anticancer Activity of Imidazolate Phosphane Gold(I) Compounds by Inhibition of DHFR and TrxR in Breast Cancer Cells. Front Chem 2021; 8:602845. [PMID: 33490036 PMCID: PMC7821381 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.602845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A class of phosphane gold(I) compounds, made of azoles and phosphane ligands, was evaluated for a screening on the regards of Breast Cancer cell panels (BC). The compounds possess N-Au-P or Cl-Au-P bonds around the central metal, and they differ for the presence of aprotic or protic polar groups in the azoles and/or the phosphane moieties to tune their hydrophilicity. Among the six candidates, only the compounds having the P-Au-N environment and not displaying neither the hydroxyl nor carboxyl groups in the ligands were found active. The compounds were screened by MTT tests in SKBR3, A17, and MDA-MB231 cancer cells, and two compounds (namely the 4,5-dicyano-imidazolate-1yl-gold(I)-(triphenylphosphane, 5, and 4,5-dichloro-imidazolate-1yl-gold(I)-triphenylphosphane, 6) were found very cytotoxic, with the most active with an IC50 value of 3.46 μM in MDA-MB231 cells. By performing enzymatic assays in the treated cells lysates, the residual enzymatic activity of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) has been measured after cell treatment for 4 or 12 h in comparison with control cells. Upon 12 h of treatment, the activity of DHFR was significantly reduced in both SKBR3 and A17 cells by compounds 5 and 6, but not in human MDA-MB231 cells; interestingly, it was found remarkably high after 4 h of treatment, revealing a time dependence for the DHFR enzymatic assays. The DHFR inhibition data have been compared to those for the thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), the most recognized molecular target for gold compounds. For this latter, similar residual activities (i.e., 37 and 49% for the match of SKBR3 cells and compound 5 or 6, respectively) were found. Binding studies on the regards of ct-DNA (calf-thymus-DNA) and of plasma transporters proteins, such as BSA (bovine serum albumin) and ATF (apo transferrin), were performed. As expected for gold compounds, the data support strong binding to proteins (Ksv values range: 1.51 ÷ 2.46 × 104 M−1) and a weaker interaction with ct-DNA's minor groove (Ksv values range: 1.55 ÷ 6.12 × 103 M−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Galassi
- School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Luciani
- School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Valentina Gambini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Silvia Vincenzetti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Giulio Lupidi
- School of Drugs and Health Products Sciences, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Augusto Amici
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Cristina Marchini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Junbiao Wang
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Stefania Pucciarelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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8
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Astolfi P, Pisani M, Giorgini E, Rossi B, Damin A, Vita F, Francescangeli O, Luciani L, Galassi R. Synchrotron Characterization of Hexagonal and Cubic Lipidic Phases Loaded with Azolate/Phosphane Gold(I) Compounds: A New Approach to the Uploading of Gold(I)-Based Drugs. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1851. [PMID: 32947840 PMCID: PMC7558674 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Gold(I) phosphane compounds have recently attracted a renewed interest as potential new protagonists in cancer therapy. A class of phosphane gold(I) complexes containing azolate ligands has been successfully tested against several cancer cell lines and, in particular, against basal-like breast (BLB) cancer, a form characterized by strongly severe diagnosis and short life lapse after classic chemotherapy. Even though the anticancer activity of gold(I) phosphane compounds is thoroughly ascertained, no study has been devoted to the possibility of their delivery in nanovectors. Herein, nonlamellar lyotropic liquid crystalline lipid nanosystems, a promising class of smart materials, have been used to encapsulate gold(I) azolate/phosphane complexes. In particular, ((triphenylphosphine)-gold(I)-(4,5-dichloroimidazolyl-1H-1yl)) (C-I) and ((triphenylphosphine)-gold(I)-(4,5-dicyanoimidazolyl-1H-1yl)) (C-II) have been encapsulated in three different lipid matrices: monoolein (GMO), phytantriol (PHYT) and dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). An integrated experimental approach involving X-ray diffraction and UV resonant Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy, based on synchrotron light and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, has been employed to establish the effects of drug encapsulation on the structure and phase behavior of the host mesophases. The results indicate that gold(I) complexes C-I and C-II are successfully encapsulated in the three lipid matrices as evidenced by the drug-induced phase transitions or by the changes in the mesophase lattice parameters observed in X-ray diffraction experiments and by the spectral changes occurring in UV resonant Raman spectra upon loading the lipid matrices with C-I and C-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Astolfi
- Dipartimento SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (P.A.); (F.V.); (O.F.)
| | - Michela Pisani
- Dipartimento SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (P.A.); (F.V.); (O.F.)
| | - Elisabetta Giorgini
- Dipartimento DiSVA, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14-km 163.5, Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Damin
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM Reference Centre University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15, I-10135 Turin, Italy;
| | - Francesco Vita
- Dipartimento SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (P.A.); (F.V.); (O.F.)
| | - Oriano Francescangeli
- Dipartimento SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy; (P.A.); (F.V.); (O.F.)
| | - Lorenzo Luciani
- Scuola di Scienze e Tecnologie, Divisione Chimica, Università di Camerino, I-62032 Via Sant’Agostino 1, Italy; (L.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Rossana Galassi
- Scuola di Scienze e Tecnologie, Divisione Chimica, Università di Camerino, I-62032 Via Sant’Agostino 1, Italy; (L.L.); (R.G.)
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9
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Daneshyar A, Nematollahi D, Varmaghani F, Goljani H, Alizadeh H. Electrochemical synthesis of a new phosphonium betaine. Kinetic evaluation and antibacterial susceptibility. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Studies on the Interaction between Poly-Phosphane Gold(I) Complexes and Dihydrofolate Reductase: An Interplay with Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Cofactor. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071802. [PMID: 30979096 PMCID: PMC6479694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A class of gold(I) phosphane complexes have been identified as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from E. coli, an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of dihydrofolate (DHF) to tetrahydrofolate (THF), using NADPH as a coenzyme. In this work, to comprehend the nature of the interaction at the basis of these inhibitory effects, the binding properties of bis- and tris-phosphane gold(I) chloride compounds in regards to DHFR have been studied by emission spectroscopy and spectrophotometric assays. The lack of cysteine and seleno-cysteine residues in the enzyme active site, the most favorable sites of attack of Au(I) moieties, makes this work noteworthy. The interaction with the gold compounds results into the quenching of the DHFR tryptophan's emissions and in an enhancement of their intrinsic emission intensities. Moreover, a modulating action of NADPH is highlighted by means of an increase of the gold compound affinity toward the enzyme; in fact, the dissociation constants calculated for the interactions between DHFR and each gold compound in the presence of saturating NADPH were lower than the ones observed for the apo-enzyme. The fluorimetric data afforded to Kd values ranged from 2.22 ± 0.25 µM for (PPh₃)₂AuCl in the presence of NADPH to 21.4 ± 3.85 µM for ⁴L₃AuTf in the absence of NADPH. By elucidating the energetic aspects of the binding events, we have attempted to dissect the role played by the gold phosphane/protein interactions in the inhibitory activity, resulting in an exothermic enthalpy change and a positive entropic contribution (ΔH° = -5.04 ± 0.08 kcal/mol and ΔS° = 7.34 ± 0.005 cal/mol·K).
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11
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Afolabi F, Souissi W, Rivière G, Lemaitre C, Roe SM, Crickmore N, Viseux EME. Synthesis of novel heteroleptic delocalised cationic pyrazole gold complexes as potent HepG2 cytotoxic agents. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:15338-15343. [PMID: 30276377 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02832j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new series of cationic gold(i) pyrazole complexes were prepared in excellent yields as their perchlorate salts. Results of cell viability assays show that these novel complexes have good cytotoxic properties against the human HepG2 cancer cell line. These complexes showed promising anti-cancer activities and to our knowledge, pyrazoles have never been tested against this cell line. The regioselectivity of the complexation is also discussed in regards to the substitution pattern of the pyrazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatai Afolabi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK.
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12
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Yu B, Ma L, Jin J, Jiang F, Zhou G, Yan K, Liu Y. Mitochondrial toxicity induced by a thiourea gold(i) complex: mitochondrial permeability transition and respiratory deficit. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:1081-1090. [PMID: 30542602 PMCID: PMC6240812 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00169c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold(i) complexes have been widely used as antibacterial and antitumor agents because of their excellent biological activities. However, there are few reports on the study of gold(i) complexes at the subcellular level. Herein, we investigated the toxicity of a gold(i) complex (N,N'-disubstituted cyclic thiourea ligand) - AuTuCl - to isolated mitochondria via various methods. The results showed that AuTuCl induced mitochondrial swelling, elevated ROS generation and triggered collapse of the membrane potential, which indicated the induction of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). It also enhanced the permeability of H+ and K+ of the inner membrane and declined membrane fluidity, which might be the result of MPT. Moreover, AuTuCl impaired the mitochondrial respiratory chain and suppressed the activities of complexes II and IV in the respiratory chain. It also triggered the deficiency of ATP and the effusion of Cyt c, which were strictly related to respiration and apoptosis. These results indicated that AuTuCl severely affected the structure and function of mitochondria. It was proposed that MPT and impairment of the respiratory chain were responsible for the mitotoxicity of AuTuCl, thus causing energy deficiency and even apoptosis. This conceivable mechanism can serve as a clue for better understanding of the toxicology of AuTuCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +8627-68753465
| | - Long Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +8627-68753465
| | - Jiancheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +8627-68753465
| | - Fenglei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +8627-68753465
| | - Gangcheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +8627-68753465
| | - Kun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +8627-68753465
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +8627-68753465
- College of Chemistry and Material Sciences , Guangxi Teachers Education University , Nanning 530001 , P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Wuhan University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430081 , P. R. China
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Scalcon V, Bindoli A, Rigobello MP. Significance of the mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase in cancer cells: An update on role, targets and inhibitors. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 127:62-79. [PMID: 29596885 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase 2 (TrxR2) is a key component of the mitochondrial thioredoxin system able to transfer electrons to peroxiredoxin 3 (Prx3) in a reaction mediated by thioredoxin 2 (Trx2). In this way, both the level of hydrogen peroxide and thiol redox state are modulated. TrxR2 is often overexpressed in cancer cells conferring apoptosis resistance. Due to their exposed flexible arm containing selenocysteine, both cytosolic and mitochondrial TrxRs are inhibited by a large number of molecules. The various classes of inhibitors are listed and the molecules acting specifically on TrxR2 are extensively described. Particular emphasis is given to gold(I/III) complexes with phosphine, carbene or other ligands and to tamoxifen-like metallocifens. Also chemically unrelated organic molecules, including natural compounds and their derivatives, are taken into account. An important feature of many TrxR2 inhibitors is provided by their nature of delocalized lipophilic cations that allows their accumulation in mitochondria exploiting the organelle membrane potential. The consequences of TrxR2 inhibition are presented focusing especially on the impact on mitochondrial pathophysiology. Inhibition of TrxR2, by hindering the activity of Trx2 and Prx3, increases the mitochondrial concentration of reactive oxygen species and shifts the thiol redox state toward a more oxidized condition. This is reflected by alterations of specific targets involved in the release of pro-apoptotic factors such as cyclophilin D which acts as a regulator of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Therefore, the selective inhibition of TrxR2 could be utilized to induce cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Scalcon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Alberto Bindoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience (CNR), Padova Section, c/o Department of Biomedical Sciences, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Rigobello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Xenogiannis I, Tajti P, Karmpaliotis D, Garbo R, Gagnor A, Burke MN, Brilakis ES. Intravascular Imaging for Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-018-9471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Yeo CI, Ooi KK, Tiekink ERT. Gold-Based Medicine: A Paradigm Shift in Anti-Cancer Therapy? Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061410. [PMID: 29891764 PMCID: PMC6100309 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new era of metal-based drugs started in the 1960s, heralded by the discovery of potent platinum-based complexes, commencing with cisplatin [(H₃N)₂PtCl₂], which are effective anti-cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. While clinical applications of gold-based drugs largely relate to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, attention has turned to the investigation of the efficacy of gold(I) and gold(III) compounds for anti-cancer applications. This review article provides an account of the latest research conducted during the last decade or so on the development of gold compounds and their potential activities against several cancers as well as a summary of possible mechanisms of action/biological targets. The promising activities and increasing knowledge of gold-based drug metabolism ensures that continued efforts will be made to develop gold-based anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Ing Yeo
- Research Centre for Crystalline Materials, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University. No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Kah Kooi Ooi
- Research Centre for Crystalline Materials, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University. No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Edward R T Tiekink
- Research Centre for Crystalline Materials, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University. No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia.
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16
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Gambini V, Tilio M, Maina EW, Andreani C, Bartolacci C, Wang J, Iezzi M, Ferraro S, Ramadori AT, Simon OC, Pucciarelli S, Wu G, Dou QP, Marchini C, Galassi R, Amici A. In vitro and in vivo studies of gold(I) azolate/phosphane complexes for the treatment of basal like breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:418-427. [PMID: 29906688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Basal like breast cancer (BLBC) is a very aggressive subtype of breast cancer giving few chances of survival, against which cisplatin based therapy is a compromise among the anticancer activity, the resistance development and the severe side effects. With the aim of finding new anticancer agents alternative to cisplatin, seven gold(I) azolate/phosphane compounds were evaluated in vitro by MTT tests in human MDA-MB-231, human mammary epithelial HMLE cells overexpressing FoxQ1, and murine A17 cells as models of BLBC. Two compounds, (4,5-dichloro-1H-imidazolate-1-yl)-(triphenylphosphane)-gold(I) 1 and (4,5-dicyano-1H-imidazolate-1-yl)-(triphenylphosphane)-gold(I) 2 were found very active and chosen for an in vivo study in A17 tumors transplanted in syngeneic mice. The compounds resulted to be more active than cisplatin, less nephrotoxic and generally more tolerated by the mice. This study also provides evidence that both gold(I) complexes inhibited the 19 S proteasome-associated deubiquitinase USP14 and induced apoptosis, while compound 1's mechanism of action depends also on its ability to down-regulate key molecules governing cancer growth and progression, such as STAT3 and Cox-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gambini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Martina Tilio
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Eunice Wairimu Maina
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Cristina Andreani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Caterina Bartolacci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Junbiao Wang
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Manuela Iezzi
- Aging Research Centre, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferraro
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Camerino, I-62032, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Ramadori
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Camerino, I-62032, Italy
| | - Oumarou Camille Simon
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Camerino, I-62032, Italy
| | - Stefania Pucciarelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Guojun Wu
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Q Ping Dou
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Cristina Marchini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy.
| | - Rossana Galassi
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Camerino, I-62032, Italy.
| | - Augusto Amici
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
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17
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Zhang J, Zhang B, Li X, Han X, Liu R, Fang J. Small molecule inhibitors of mammalian thioredoxin reductase as potential anticancer agents: An update. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:5-39. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Ruijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
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18
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19
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Al-Majid AM, Choudhary MI, Yousuf S, Jabeen A, Imad R, Javeed K, Shaikh NN, Collado A, Sioriki E, Nahra F, Nolan SP. In vitro Biological Activities of Gold(I) and Gold(III) Bis(N-Heterocyclic Carbene) Complexes. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M. Al-Majid
- Chemistry Department, College of Science; King Saud University; PO Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
- Chemistry Department, College of Science; King Saud University; PO Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences; University of Karachi; Karachi- 75270 Pakistan
| | - Sammer Yousuf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences; University of Karachi; Karachi- 75270 Pakistan
| | - Almas Jabeen
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences; University of Karachi; Karachi- 75270 Pakistan
| | - Rehan Imad
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences; University of Karachi; Karachi- 75270 Pakistan
| | - Kulsoom Javeed
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences; University of Karachi; Karachi- 75270 Pakistan
| | - Nimra Naveed Shaikh
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences; University of Karachi; Karachi- 75270 Pakistan
| | - Alba Collado
- School of Chemistry; University of St Andrews; St Andrews KY169ST United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Sioriki
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Universiteit Gent; Krijgslaan 281, S-3, B- 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Fady Nahra
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Universiteit Gent; Krijgslaan 281, S-3, B- 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science; King Saud University; PO Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Universiteit Gent; Krijgslaan 281, S-3, B- 9000 Ghent Belgium
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20
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Colorectal Carcinoma: A General Overview and Future Perspectives in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010197. [PMID: 28106826 PMCID: PMC5297828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 767] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death. Most cases of CRC are detected in Western countries, with its incidence increasing year by year. The probability of suffering from colorectal cancer is about 4%–5% and the risk for developing CRC is associated with personal features or habits such as age, chronic disease history and lifestyle. In this context, the gut microbiota has a relevant role, and dysbiosis situations can induce colonic carcinogenesis through a chronic inflammation mechanism. Some of the bacteria responsible for this multiphase process include Fusobacterium spp, Bacteroides fragilis and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. CRC is caused by mutations that target oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and genes related to DNA repair mechanisms. Depending on the origin of the mutation, colorectal carcinomas can be classified as sporadic (70%); inherited (5%) and familial (25%). The pathogenic mechanisms leading to this situation can be included in three types, namely chromosomal instability (CIN), microsatellite instability (MSI) and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). Within these types of CRC, common mutations, chromosomal changes and translocations have been reported to affect important pathways (WNT, MAPK/PI3K, TGF-β, TP53), and mutations; in particular, genes such as c-MYC, KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, PTEN, SMAD2 and SMAD4 can be used as predictive markers for patient outcome. In addition to gene mutations, alterations in ncRNAs, such as lncRNA or miRNA, can also contribute to different steps of the carcinogenesis process and have a predictive value when used as biomarkers. In consequence, different panels of genes and mRNA are being developed to improve prognosis and treatment selection. The choice of first-line treatment in CRC follows a multimodal approach based on tumour-related characteristics and usually comprises surgical resection followed by chemotherapy combined with monoclonal antibodies or proteins against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth receptor (EGFR). Besides traditional chemotherapy, alternative therapies (such as agarose tumour macrobeads, anti-inflammatory drugs, probiotics, and gold-based drugs) are currently being studied to increase treatment effectiveness and reduce side effects.
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21
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Al-Majid AM, Yousuf S, Choudhary MI, Nahra F, Nolan SP. Gold-NHC complexes as potent bioactive compounds. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M. Al-Majid
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sammer Yousuf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry; International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences; University of Karachi Karachi- 75270 Pakistan
| | - M. Iqbal Choudhary
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry; International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences; University of Karachi Karachi- 75270 Pakistan
| | - Fady Nahra
- Universiteit Gent; Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Krijgslaan 281, S-3 B-9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
- Universiteit Gent; Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Krijgslaan 281, S-3 B-9000 Ghent Belgium
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22
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Pyrazolyl Pd(II) complexes containing triphenylphosphine: Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Galassi R, Oumarou CS, Burini A, Dolmella A, Micozzi D, Vincenzetti S, Pucciarelli S. A study on the inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from Escherichia coli by gold(i) phosphane compounds. X-ray crystal structures of (4,5-dichloro-1H-imidazolate-1-yl)-triphenylphosphane-gold(i) and (4,5-dicyano-1H-imidazolate-1-yl)-triphenylphosphane-gold(i). Dalton Trans 2015; 44:3043-56. [PMID: 25567238 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01542h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented study on the inhibitory activities of a class of phosphane gold(i) complexes on E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is reported. The gold(i) complexes considered in this work consist of azolate or chloride ligands and phosphane as co-ligands. The ligands have been functionalized with polar groups (-COOH, -COO(-), NO2, Cl, CN) to obtain better solubility in polar media. Neutral, anionic and cationic gold(i) complexes have been tested as DHFR inhibitors by means of a continuous direct spectrophotometric method. X-ray structural characterizations were performed on ((triphenylphosphine)-gold(i)-(4,5-dicyanoimidazolyl-1H-1yl) and on the analog (triphenylphosphine)-gold(i)-(4,5-dichloroimidazolyl-1H-1yl). The inhibition constants obtained from the enzyme tests range from 20 μM to 63 nM (auranofin) and are conducive to promoting these compounds as potential DHFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Galassi
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
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Gandin V, Fernandes AP. Metal- and Semimetal-Containing Inhibitors of Thioredoxin Reductase as Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2015; 20:12732-56. [PMID: 26184149 PMCID: PMC6331895 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200712732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) are a family of selenium-containing pyridine nucleotide disulfide oxidoreductases playing a central role in cellular redox homeostasis and signaling pathways. Recently, these selenoproteins have emerged as promising therapeutic targets for anticancer drug development, often being overexpressed in tumor cells and contributing to drug resistance. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on metal- and semimetal-containing molecules capable of hampering mammalian TrxRs, with an emphasis on compounds reported in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gandin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Aristi P Fernandes
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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25
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Medici S, Peana M, Nurchi VM, Lachowicz JI, Crisponi G, Zoroddu MA. Noble metals in medicine: Latest advances. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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26
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Vančo J, Gáliková J, Hošek J, Dvořák Z, Paráková L, Trávníček Z. Gold(I) complexes of 9-deazahypoxanthine as selective antitumor and anti-inflammatory agents. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109901. [PMID: 25333949 PMCID: PMC4198181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gold(I) mixed-ligand complexes involving O-substituted derivatives of 9-deazahypoxanthine (HLn) and triphenylphosphine (PPh3) with the general formula [Au(Ln)(PPh3)] (1–5) were prepared and thoroughly characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, ESI+ mass spectrometry, single crystal X-ray (HL5 and complex 2) and TG/DTA analyses. Complexes 1–5 were evaluated for their in vitro antitumor activity against nine human cancer lines, i.e. MCF7 (breast carcinoma), HOS (osteosarcoma), A549 (adenocarcinoma), G361 (melanoma), HeLa (cervical cancer), A2780 (ovarian carcinoma), A2780R (ovarian carcinoma resistant to cisplatin), 22Rv1 (prostate cancer) and THP-1 (monocytic leukaemia), for their in vitro anti-inflammatory activity using a model of LPS-activated macrophages, and for their in vivo antiedematous activity by λ-carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model on rats. The results showed that the complexes 1–5 exhibit selective in vitro cytotoxicity against MCF7, HOS, 22Rv1, A2780 and A2780R, with submicromolar IC50 values for 2 against the MCF7 (0.6 µM) and HOS (0.9 µM). The results of in vitro cytotoxicity screening on primary culture of human hepatocytes (HEP220) revealed up to 30-times lower toxicity of compounds against healthy cells as compared with cancer cells. Additionally, the complexes 1–5 significantly influence the secretion and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β by a similar manner as a commercially used anti-arthritic drug Auranofin. The tested complexes also significantly influence the rate and overall volume of the edema, caused by the intraplantar application of λ-carrageenan polysaccharide to rats. Based on these promising results, the presented compounds could qualify to become feasible candidates for advanced testing as potential antitumor and anti-inflammatory drug-like compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Vančo
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials & Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Gáliková
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials & Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hošek
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials & Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials & Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Paráková
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Trávníček
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials & Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Milenković M, Pevec A, Turel I, Vujčić M, Milenković M, Jovanović K, Gligorijević N, Radulović S, Swart M, Gruden-Pavlović M, Adaila K, Cobeljić B, Anđelković K. Synthesis, characterization, DFT calculation and biological activity of square-planar Ni(II) complexes with tridentate PNO ligands and monodentate pseudohalides. Part II. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 87:284-97. [PMID: 25262049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Three square-planar complexes of Ni(II) with condensation derivative of 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzaldehyde and 4-phenylsemicarbazide and monodentate pseudohalides have been synthesized and characterized on the basis of the results of X-ray, NMR and IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Investigated complexes exhibited moderate antibacterial and cytotoxic activity. The most pronounced cytotoxic activity (in the range of cisplatin) to HeLa cell line was observed for ligand and all the complexes. Azido complex and ligand induced concentration dependent cell cycle arrest in the S phase, as well as decrease of percentage of cells in G1 phase, without significant increase of apoptotic fraction of cells. The interaction of the azido complex and ligand with CT-DNA results in changes in UV-Vis spectra typical for non-covalent bonding. The observed intrinsic binding constant of azido complex-CT-DNA and ligand-CT-DNA were 3.22 × 10(5) M(-1) and 2.79 × 10(5) M(-1). The results of DNA cleavage experiments showed that azido complex nicked supercoiled plasmid DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Milenković
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrej Pevec
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miroslava Vujčić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, P.O. Box 815, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Milenković
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Serbia
| | - Katarina Jovanović
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Department of Experimental Oncology, Laboratory for Experimental Pharmacology, Pasterova 14, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevenka Gligorijević
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Department of Experimental Oncology, Laboratory for Experimental Pharmacology, Pasterova 14, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Siniša Radulović
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Department of Experimental Oncology, Laboratory for Experimental Pharmacology, Pasterova 14, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marcel Swart
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Maja Gruden-Pavlović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Kawther Adaila
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Božidar Cobeljić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Anđelković
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Gold(I)-triphenylphosphine complexes with hypoxanthine-derived ligands: in vitro evaluations of anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107373. [PMID: 25226034 PMCID: PMC4167326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of gold(I) complexes involving triphenylphosphine (PPh3) and one N-donor ligand derived from deprotonated mono- or disubstituted hypoxanthine (HLn) of the general composition [Au(Ln)(PPh3)] (1–9) is reported. The complexes were thoroughly characterized, including multinuclear high resolution NMR spectroscopy as well as single crystal X-ray analysis (for complexes 1 and 3). The complexes were screened for their invitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines MCF7 (breast carcinoma), HOS (osteosarcoma) and THP-1 (monocytic leukaemia), which identified the complexes 4–6 as the most promising representatives, who antiproliferative activity was further tested against A549 (lung adenocarcinoma), G-361 (melanoma), HeLa (cervical cancer), A2780 (ovarian carcinoma), A2780R (ovarian carcinoma resistant to cisplatin), 22Rv1 (prostate cancer) cell lines. Complexes 4–6 showed a significantly higher invitro anticancer effect against the employed cancer cells, except for G-361, as compared with the commercially used anticancer drug cisplatin, with IC50 ≈ 1–30 µM. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated invitro by the assessment of the ability of the complexes to modulate secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, i.e. tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), in the lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophage-like THP-1 cell model. The results of this study identified the complexes as auspicious anti-inflammatory agents with similar or better activity as compared with the clinically applied gold-based antiarthritic drug Auranofin. In an effort to explore the possible mechanisms responsible for the biological effect, the products of interactions of selected complexes with sulfur-containing biomolecules (L-cysteine and reduced glutathione) were studied by means of the mass-spectrometry study.
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Drukenmüller IE, Klapötke TM, Morgenstern Y, Rusan M, Stierstorfer J. Metal Salts of Dinitro-, Trinitropyrazole, and Trinitroimidazole. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201400233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jortzik E, Farhadi M, Ahmadi R, Tóth K, Lohr J, Helmke BM, Kehr S, Unterberg A, Ott I, Gust R, Deborde V, Davioud-Charvet E, Réau R, Becker K, Herold-Mende C. Antiglioma activity of GoPI-sugar, a novel gold(I)-phosphole inhibitor: chemical synthesis, mechanistic studies, and effectiveness in vivo. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1415-26. [PMID: 24440405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, an aggressive brain tumor, has a poor prognosis and a high risk of recurrence. An improved chemotherapeutic approach is required to complement radiation therapy. Gold(I) complexes bearing phosphole ligands are promising agents in the treatment of cancer and disturb the redox balance and proliferation of cancer cells by inhibiting disulfide reductases. Here, we report on the antitumor properties of the gold(I) complex 1-phenyl-bis(2-pyridyl)phosphole gold chloride thio-β-d-glucose tetraacetate (GoPI-sugar), which exhibits antiproliferative effects on human (NCH82, NCH89) and rat (C6) glioma cell lines. Compared to carmustine (BCNU), an established nitrosourea compound for the treatment of glioblastomas that inhibits the proliferation of these glioma cell lines with an IC50 of 430μM, GoPI-sugar is more effective by two orders of magnitude. Moreover, GoPI-sugar inhibits malignant glioma growth in vivo in a C6 glioma rat model and significantly reduces tumor volume while being well tolerated. Both the gold(I) chloro- and thiosugar-substituted phospholes interact with DNA albeit more weakly for the latter. Furthermore, GoPI-sugar irreversibly and potently inhibits thioredoxin reductase (IC50 4.3nM) and human glutathione reductase (IC50 88.5nM). However, treatment with GoPI-sugar did not significantly alter redox parameters in the brain tissue of treated animals. This might be due to compensatory upregulation of redox-related enzymes but might also indicate that the antiproliferative effects of GoPI-sugar in vivo are rather based on DNA interaction and inhibition of topoisomerase I than on the disturbance of redox equilibrium. Since GoPI-sugar is highly effective against glioblastomas and well tolerated, it represents a most promising lead for drug development. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Thiol-Based Redox Processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jortzik
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - M Farhadi
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Ahmadi
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Tóth
- Division Biophysics of Macromolecules, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Lohr
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B M Helmke
- Institute of Pathology, Elbe Klinikum Stade, Germany; Department of General Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Kehr
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - A Unterberg
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - I Ott
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany; Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany
| | - R Gust
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - V Deborde
- UMR 6509 Institut de Chimie, CNRS Université de Rennes, France
| | - E Davioud-Charvet
- UMR7509 CNRS and University of Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), France; Center of Biochemistry, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Réau
- UMR 6509 Institut de Chimie, CNRS Université de Rennes, France
| | - K Becker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - C Herold-Mende
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Galassi R, Ricci S, Burini A, Macchioni A, Rocchigiani L, Marmottini F, Tekarli SM, Nesterov VN, Omary MA. Solventless supramolecular chemistry via vapor diffusion of volatile small molecules upon a new trinuclear silver(I)-nitrated pyrazolate macrometallocyclic solid: an experimental/theoretical investigation of the dipole/quadrupole chemisorption phenomena. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:14124-37. [PMID: 24256298 DOI: 10.1021/ic401948p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study on the tendency of a new trinuclear silver(I) pyrazolate, namely, [N,N-(3,5-dinitropyrazolate)Ag]3 (1), and a similar compound known previously, [N,N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolate]Ag]3 (2), to adsorb small volatile molecules was performed. It was found that 1 has a remarkable tendency to form adducts, at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, with acetone, acetylacetone, ammonia, pyridine, acetonitrile, triethylamine, dimethyl sulfide, and tetrahydrothiophene, while carbon monoxide, tetrahydrofuran, alcohols, and diethyl ether were not adsorbed. On the contrary, 2 did not undergo adsorption of any of the aforementioned volatile molecules. Adducts of 1 were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, and diffusion NMR measurements. The crystal structures of 1·2CH3CN and compound 3, derived from an attempt to crystallize the adduct of 1 with ammonia, were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffractometric studies. The former shows a sandwich structure with a 1:2 stoichiometric [Ag3]/[CH3CN] ratio in which one acetonitrile molecule points above and the other below the centroid of the Ag3N6 metallocycle. Compound 3 formed via rearrangement of the ammonia adduct to yield an anionic trinuclear silver(I) derivative with an additional bridging 3,5-dinitropyrazolate and having [Ag(NH3)2](+) as the counterion, [Ag(NH3)2][N,N-(3,5-dinitropyrazolate)4Ag3]. Irreversible sorption and/or decomposition upon vapor exposure are desirable advantages toward toxic gas filtration applications, including ammonia inhalation. TGA confirms the analytical data for all of the samples, showing weight loss for each adsorbed molecule at temperatures significantly higher than the corresponding boiling temperature, which suggests a chemical-bonding nature for adsorption as opposed to physisorption. BET surface measurements of the "naked" compound 1 excluded physical adsorption in its porous cavities. Density functional theory simulation results are also consistent with the chemisorption model, explain the experimental adsorption selectivity for 1, and attribute the lack of similar adsorption by 2 to significantly less polarizable electrostatic potential and also to strong argentophilic bonding whose energy is even higher than the quadrupole-dipole adduct bond energy upon proper selection of the density functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Galassi
- School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino , Via Sant'Agostino 1, Camerino I-62032, Italy
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Milenković M, Bacchi A, Cantoni G, Vilipić J, Sladić D, Vujčić M, Gligorijević N, Jovanović K, Radulović S, Anđelković K. Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of three square-planar complexes of Ni(II) with ethyl (2E)-2-[2-(diphenylphosphino)benzylidene]hydrazinecarboxylate and monodentate pseudohalides. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 68:111-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zhang L, Peng XM, Damu GLV, Geng RX, Zhou CH. Comprehensive review in current developments of imidazole-based medicinal chemistry. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:340-437. [PMID: 23740514 DOI: 10.1002/med.21290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Imidazole ring is an important five-membered aromatic heterocycle widely present in natural products and synthetic molecules. The unique structural feature of imidazole ring with desirable electron-rich characteristic is beneficial for imidazole derivatives to readily bind with a variety of enzymes and receptors in biological systems through diverse weak interactions, thereby exhibiting broad bioactivities. The related research and developments of imidazole-based medicinal chemistry have become a rapidly developing and increasingly active topic. Particularly, numerous imidazole-based compounds as clinical drugs have been extensively used in the clinic to treat various types of diseases with high therapeutic potency, which have shown the enormous development value. This work systematically gives a comprehensive review in current developments of imidazole-based compounds in the whole range of medicinal chemistry as anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antitubercular, anti-inflammatory, antineuropathic, antihypertensive, antihistaminic, antiparasitic, antiobesity, antiviral, and other medicinal agents, together with their potential applications in diagnostics and pathology. It is hoped that this review will be helpful for new thoughts in the quest for rational designs of more active and less toxic imidazole-based medicinal drugs, as well as more effective diagnostic agents and pathologic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Laboratory of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
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