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Hurkes N, Belaj F, Koe JR, Pietschnig R. Synthesis, structure and catalytic properties of bis[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]silanediol. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Hurkes
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT); University of Kassel; Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
| | - Ferdinand Belaj
- Institute of Chemistry; Karl-Franzens-University; Schubertstraße 1 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Julian R. Koe
- Department of Natural Sciences; International Christian University; 3-10-2 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo 181-8585 Japan
| | - Rudolf Pietschnig
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT); University of Kassel; Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
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Scilabra P, Kumar V, Ursini M, Resnati G. Close contacts involving germanium and tin in crystal structures: experimental evidence of tetrel bonds. J Mol Model 2018; 24:37. [PMID: 29313131 PMCID: PMC5758658 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Modeling indicates the presence of a region of low electronic density (a "σ-hole") on group 14 elements, and this offers an explanation for the ability of these elements to act as electrophilic sites and to form attractive interactions with nucleophiles. While many papers have described theoretical investigations of interactions involving carbon and silicon, such investigations of the heavier group 14 elements are relatively scarce. The purpose of this review is to rectify, to some extent, the current lack of experimental data on interactions formed by germanium and tin with nucleophiles. A survey of crystal structures in the Cambridge Structural Database is reported. This survey reveals that close contacts between Ge or Sn and lone-pair-possessing atoms are quite common, they can be either intra- or intermolecular contacts, and they are usually oriented along the extension of the covalent bond formed by the tetrel with the most electron-withdrawing substituent. Several examples are discussed in which germanium and tin atoms bear four carbon residues or in which halogen, oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen substituents replace one, two, or three of those carbon residues. These close contacts are assumed to be the result of attractive interactions between the involved atoms and afford experimental evidence of the ability of germanium and tin to act as electrophilic sites, namely tetrel bond (TB) donors. This ability can govern the conformations and the packing of organic derivatives in the solid state. TBs can therefore be considered a promising and robust tool for crystal engineering. Graphical abstract Intra- and intermolecular tetrel bonds involving organogermanium and -tin derivatives in crystalline solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Scilabra
- NFMLab-D.C.M.I.C. "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Vijith Kumar
- NFMLab-D.C.M.I.C. "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ursini
- NFMLab-D.C.M.I.C. "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Resnati
- NFMLab-D.C.M.I.C. "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy.
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Algera RF, Gupta L, Hoepker AC, Liang J, Ma Y, Singh KJ, Collum DB. Lithium Diisopropylamide: Nonequilibrium Kinetics and Lessons Learned about Rate Limitation. J Org Chem 2017; 82:4513-4532. [PMID: 28368117 PMCID: PMC6059656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) in tetrahydrofuran under nonequilibrium conditions are reviewed. These conditions correspond to a class of substrates in which the rates of LDA aggregation and solvation events are comparable to the rates at which various fleeting intermediates react with substrate. Substrates displaying these reactivities, by coincidence, happen to be those that react at tractable rates on laboratory time scales at -78 °C. In this strange region of nonlimiting behavior, rate-limiting steps are often poorly defined, sometimes involve deaggregation, and at other times include reaction with substrate. Changes in conditions routinely cause shifts in the rate-limiting steps, and autocatalysis is prevalent and can be acute. The studies are described in three distinct portions: (1) methods and strategies used to deconvolute complex reaction pathways, (2) the resulting conclusions about organolithium reaction mechanisms, and (3) perspectives on the concept of rate limitation reinforced by studies of LDA in tetrahydrofuran at -78 °C under nonequilibrium conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell F. Algera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Lekha Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Alexander C. Hoepker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Yun Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Kanwal J. Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - David B. Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
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Zaitsev KV, Lam K, Zhanabil Z, Suleimen Y, Kharcheva AV, Tafeenko VA, Oprunenko YF, Poleshchuk OK, Lermontova EK, Churakov AV. Oligogermanes Containing Only Electron-Withdrawing Substituents: Synthesis and Properties. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V. Zaitsev
- Department
of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Kevin Lam
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan, 010000
| | - Zhaisan Zhanabil
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan, 010000
| | - Yerlan Suleimen
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan, 010000
| | - Anastasia V. Kharcheva
- Department
of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Viktor A. Tafeenko
- Department
of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yuri F. Oprunenko
- Department
of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Oleg Kh. Poleshchuk
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue, 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Tomsk State Pedagogical University, Kievskaya Street, 60, Tomsk 634061, Russia
| | - Elmira Kh. Lermontova
- Russian Academy of Science, N.S. Kurnakov General and Inorganic Chemistry Institute, Leninskii
pr., 31, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei V. Churakov
- Russian Academy of Science, N.S. Kurnakov General and Inorganic Chemistry Institute, Leninskii
pr., 31, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Cornet SM, Dillon KB, Xue BY. 19F NMR studies on positional variations of trifluoromethyl groups in CF3-substituted aromatic group 15 trivalent chlorides. J Fluor Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Liang J, Hoepker AC, Algera RF, Ma Y, Collum DB. Mechanism of Lithium Diisopropylamide-Mediated Ortholithiation of 1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene under Nonequilibrium Conditions: Condition-Dependent Rate Limitation and Lithium Chloride-Catalyzed Inhibition. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6292-303. [PMID: 25900574 PMCID: PMC4788392 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lithiation of 1,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene with lithium diisopropylamide in tetrahydrofuran at -78 °C occurs under conditions at which the rates of aggregate exchanges are comparable to the rates of metalation. Under such nonequilibrium conditions, a substantial number of barriers compete to be rate limiting, making the reaction sensitive to trace impurities (LiCl), reactant concentrations, and isotopic substitution. Rate studies using the perdeuterated arene reveal odd effects of LiCl, including catalyzed rate acceleration at lower temperature and catalyzed rate inhibition at higher temperatures. The catalytic effects are accompanied by corresponding changes in the rate law. A kinetic model is presented that captures the critical features of the LiCl catalysis, focusing on the influence of LiCl-catalyzed re-aggregation of the fleeting monomer that can reside above, at, or below the equilibrium population without catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Alexander C. Hoepker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Russell F. Algera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Yun Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - David B. Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
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Zeppek C, Fischer RC, Torvisco A, Uhlig F. Stabilizing, non-covalent interactions in the solid state structure of novel aryltin hydrides and halogenides. CAN J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2013-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A group of novel aryltin chlorides, bromides and hydrides (ArnSnY4-n) (Ar = o-tolyl, 2,6-xylyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, p-n-butylphenyl; Y = Cl, Br, H) have been synthesized and structurally characterized via X-ray diffraction. These compounds display noncovalent intermolecular interactions in the form of edge to face, π–π stacking and C–H···π interactions resulting in discrete arrangements in the solid state. The strength of these interactions and their effect on resulting structural parameters, as well as the consequence of the aromatic substituent on the type of interactions present, will be highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin Zeppek
- TU Graz, 6330 Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 8010 Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, Austria
| | - Roland C. Fischer
- TU Graz, 6330 Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 8010 Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, Austria
| | - Ana Torvisco
- TU Graz, 6330 Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 8010 Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, Austria
| | - Frank Uhlig
- TU Graz, 6330 Institut für Anorganische Chemie, 8010 Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, Austria
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Hurkes N, Spirk S, Belaj F, Pietschnig R. At the Edge of Stability - Preparation of Methyl-substituted Arylsilanetriols and Investigation of their Condensation Behavior. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201300349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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