1
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Genoux A, Severin K. Nitrous oxide as diazo transfer reagent. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04530k. [PMID: 39156938 PMCID: PMC11323477 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04530k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrous oxide, commonly known as "laughing gas", is formed as a by-product in several industrial processes. It is also readily available by thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate. Traditionally, the chemical valorization of N2O is achieved via oxidation chemistry, where N2O acts as a selective oxygen atom transfer reagent. Recent results have shown that N2O can also function as an efficient diazo transfer reagent. Synthetically useful methods for synthesizing triazenes, N-heterocycles, and azo- or diazo compounds were developed. This review article summarizes significant advancements in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Genoux
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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2
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Mondal H, Chattaraj PK. Unraveling Reactivity Pathways: Dihydrogen Activation and Hydrogenation of Multiple Bonds by Pyramidalized Boron-Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs. ChemistryOpen 2024; 13:e202300179. [PMID: 38117941 PMCID: PMC11004477 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of H2 by pyramidalized boron-based frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs) (B/E-FLP systems where "E" refers to N, P, As, Sb, and Bi) have been explored using density functional theory (DFT) based computational study. The activation pathway for the entire process is accurately characterized through the utilization of the activation strain model (ASM) of reactivity, shedding light on the underlying physical factors governing the process. The study also explores the hydrogenation process of multiple bonds with the help of B/N-FLP. The research findings demonstrate that the liberation of activated dihydrogen occurs in a synchronized, albeit noticeably asynchronous, fashion. The transformation is extensively elucidated using the activation strain model and the energy decomposition analysis. This approach suggests a co-operative double hydrogen-transfer mechanism, where the B-H hydride triggers a nucleophilic attack on the carbon atom of the multiple bonds, succeeded by the migration of the protic N-H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himangshu Mondal
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of TechnologyKharagpur721302India
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3
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Pomogaeva AV, Lisovenko AS, Zavgorodnii AS, Timoshkin AY. Lewis acid stabilized group 13-15 element analogs of ethylene. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:218-228. [PMID: 35435275 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stabilization of hydrogen-substituted group 13-15 compounds H2 EE'H2 (E = B, Al, Ga; E' = P, As, Sb) by Lewis acids is considered at B3LYP/def2-TZVP, B3LYP-D3/def2-TZVP and M06-2X/def2-TZVP levels of theory. It is shown, that for many Lewis acids additional reactivity beyond the DA complex formation with H2 EE'H2 monomer is expected. In case of complexation with E(C6 F5 )3 , F/H exchange reactions with group 13 bound hydrides are predicted to be exothermic and accompanied by the activation energies which are smaller than dissociation of the complex into components. In case of complex formation with transition metal (TM) carbonyls, additional O → Al, TM-C → Al interactions are observed, which in several cases lead to cyclic structures. The most promising candidates for the experimental studies have been identified. Synthetic approaches to the most promising LA-only stabilized compounds are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Pomogaeva
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna S Lisovenko
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Artem S Zavgorodnii
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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4
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Pomogaeva AV, Timoshkin AY. Hydrogen Activation by Frustrated and Not So Frustrated Lewis Pairs Based on Pyramidal Lewis Acid 9-Boratriptycene: A Computational Study. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:48493-48505. [PMID: 36591180 PMCID: PMC9798527 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Structural features and reactivity of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) formed by pyramidal group 13 Lewis acids based on 9-bora and 9-alatriptycene and bulky phosphines P t Bu3, PPh3, and PCy3 are considered at the M06-2X/def2-TZVP level of theory. Classic FLP is formed only in the B(C6Me4)3CH/P t Bu3 system, while both FLP and donor-acceptor (DA) complex are observed in the B(C6F4)3CF/P t Bu3 system. Formation of DA complexes was observed in other systems; the B(C6H4)3CH·P t Bu3 complex features an elongated DA bond and can be considered a "latent" FLP. Transition states and reaction pathways for molecular hydrogen activation have been obtained. Processes of heterolytic hydrogen splitting are energetically more favored in solution compared to the gas phase, while activation energies in the gas phase and in solution are close. The alternative processes of hydrogenation of B-C or Al-C bonds in the source pyramidal Lewis acids in the absence of a Lewis base are exergonic but have larger activation energies than those for heterolytic hydrogen splitting. The tuning of Lewis acidity of 9-boratriptycene by changing the substituents allows one to control its reactivity with respect to hydrogen activation. Interestingly, the most promising system from the practical point of view is the DA complex B(C6H4)3CH·P t Bu3, which is predicted to provide both low activation energy and thermodynamic reversibility of the heterolytic hydrogen splitting process. It appears that such "not so frustrated" or "latent" FLPs are the best candidates for reversible heterolytic hydrogen splitting.
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Osi A, Mahaut D, Tumanov N, Fusaro L, Wouters J, Champagne B, Chardon A, Berionni G. Taming the Lewis Superacidity of Non‐Planar Boranes: C−H Bond Activation and Non‐Classical Binding Modes at Boron. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Osi
- Chemistry Department—Namur Institute of Structured Matter— University of Namur 61 rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Damien Mahaut
- Chemistry Department—Namur Institute of Structured Matter— University of Namur 61 rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Nikolay Tumanov
- Chemistry Department—Namur Institute of Structured Matter— University of Namur 61 rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Luca Fusaro
- Chemistry Department—Namur Institute of Structured Matter— University of Namur 61 rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Johan Wouters
- Chemistry Department—Namur Institute of Structured Matter— University of Namur 61 rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Chemistry Department—Namur Institute of Structured Matter— University of Namur 61 rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Aurélien Chardon
- Chemistry Department—Namur Institute of Structured Matter— University of Namur 61 rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Guillaume Berionni
- Chemistry Department—Namur Institute of Structured Matter— University of Namur 61 rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgium
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6
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Henkelmann M, Omlor A, Bolte M, Schünemann V, Lerner HW, Noga J, Hrobárik P, Wagner M. A free boratriptycene-type Lewis superacid. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1608-1617. [PMID: 35282635 PMCID: PMC8826627 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06404e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An exceptionally strong ferrocene-containing, cationic boratriptycene-type Lewis acid is stabilized by a weak Fe⋯B through-space interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Henkelmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Omlor
- Physics Department, University Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 56, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volker Schünemann
- Physics Department, University Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 56, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jozef Noga
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Hrobárik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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7
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Osi A, Mahaut D, Tumanov N, Fusaro L, Wouters J, Champagne B, Chardon A, Berionni G. Taming the Lewis Superacidity of Non-Planar Boranes: C-H Bond Activation and Non-Classical Binding Modes at Boron. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202112342. [PMID: 34623002 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The rational design of a geometrically constrained boron Lewis superacid featuring exceptional structure and reactivity is disclosed. It allowed the formation of non-classical electron deficient B-H-B type of bonding which was supported by spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction parameters as well as computational studies. Taming the pyramidal Lewis acid electrophilicity through weak coordinating anion dissociation enabled a series of highly challenging chemical transformations such as Csp 2 -H and Csp 3 -H activation under frustrated Lewis pair regime and the cleavage of Csp 3 -Si bonds. The demonstration of such type of rich chemical behavior and flexibility on a single molecular compound make it a unique mediator of chemical transformations generally restricted to transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Osi
- University of Namur: Universite de Namur, Chemistry, BELGIUM
| | - Damien Mahaut
- University of Namur: Universite de Namur, Chemistry, BELGIUM
| | - Nikolay Tumanov
- University of Namur: Universite de Namur, Chemistry, BELGIUM
| | - Luca Fusaro
- University of Namur: Universite de Namur, Chemistry, BELGIUM
| | - Johan Wouters
- University of Namur: Universite de Namur, Chemistry, BELGIUM
| | | | | | - Guillaume Berionni
- University of Namur, Chemistry Department, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, BELGIUM
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8
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Berionni G, Chardon A, Osi A, Mahaut D, Saida AB. Non-planar Boron Lewis Acids Taking the Next Step: Development of Tunable Lewis Acids, Lewis Superacids and Bifunctional Catalysts. Synlett 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although boron Lewis acids commonly adopt a trigonal planar geometry, a number of compounds in which the trivalent boron atom is located in a pyramidal environment have been described. This review will highlight the recent developments of the chemistry and applications of non-planar boron Lewis acids, including a series of non-planar triarylboranes derived from the triptycene core. A thorough analysis of the properties and of the influence of the pyramidalization of boron Lewis acids on their stereoelectronic properties and reactivities is presented based on recent theoretical and experimental studies.1 Non-planar Trialkylboranes2 Non-planar Alkyl and Aryl-Boronates3 Non-planar Triarylboranes and Alkenylboranes3.1 Previous Investigations on Bora Barrelenes and Triptycenes3.2 Recent Work on Boratriptycenes from Our Research Group4 Applications of Non-planar Boranes4.1 Non-planar Alkyl Boranes and Boronates4.2 Non-planar Triarylboranes (Boratriptycenes)5 Other Non-planar Group 13 Lewis Acids6 Further Work and Perspectives
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Berionni
- Department of Chemistry, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur
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9
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Chardon A, Osi A, Mahaut D, Doan T, Tumanov N, Wouters J, Fusaro L, Champagne B, Berionni G. Controlled Generation of 9‐Boratriptycene by Lewis Adduct Dissociation: Accessing a Non‐Planar Triarylborane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Chardon
- Department of Chemistry Namur Institute of Structured Matter University of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Arnaud Osi
- Department of Chemistry Namur Institute of Structured Matter University of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Damien Mahaut
- Department of Chemistry Namur Institute of Structured Matter University of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Thu‐Hong Doan
- Department of Chemistry Namur Institute of Structured Matter University of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Nikolay Tumanov
- Department of Chemistry Namur Institute of Structured Matter University of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Johan Wouters
- Department of Chemistry Namur Institute of Structured Matter University of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Luca Fusaro
- Department of Chemistry Namur Institute of Structured Matter University of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Department of Chemistry Namur Institute of Structured Matter University of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Guillaume Berionni
- Department of Chemistry Namur Institute of Structured Matter University of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
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10
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Chardon A, Osi A, Mahaut D, Doan T, Tumanov N, Wouters J, Fusaro L, Champagne B, Berionni G. Controlled Generation of 9‐Boratriptycene by Lewis Adduct Dissociation: Accessing a Non‐Planar Triarylborane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12402-12406. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Chardon
- Department of Chemistry Namur Institute of Structured Matter University of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Arnaud Osi
- Department of Chemistry Namur Institute of Structured Matter University of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Damien Mahaut
- Department of Chemistry Namur Institute of Structured Matter University of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Thu‐Hong Doan
- Department of Chemistry Namur Institute of Structured Matter University of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Nikolay Tumanov
- Department of Chemistry Namur Institute of Structured Matter University of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Johan Wouters
- Department of Chemistry Namur Institute of Structured Matter University of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Luca Fusaro
- Department of Chemistry Namur Institute of Structured Matter University of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Department of Chemistry Namur Institute of Structured Matter University of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Guillaume Berionni
- Department of Chemistry Namur Institute of Structured Matter University of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
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11
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Carden JL, Dasgupta A, Melen RL. Halogenated triarylboranes: synthesis, properties and applications in catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:1706-1725. [PMID: 32100762 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00769e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Halogenated triarylboranes (BAr3) have been known for decades, however it has only been since the surge of interest in main group catalysis that their application as strong Lewis acid catalysts has been recognised. This review aims to look past the popular tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane [B(C6F5)3] to the other halogenated triarylboranes, to give a greater breadth of understanding as to how tuning the Lewis acidity of BAr3 by modifications of the aryl rings can lead to improved reactivity. In this review, a discussion on Lewis acidity determination of boranes is given, the synthesis of these boranes is discussed, and examples of how they are being used for catalysis and frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Carden
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
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12
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Gallardo-Fuentes S, Ormazábal-Toledo R. Theoretical insights into the activation of N2O by a model Frustrated Lewis Pair. An ab-initio metadynamics study. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.137002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Ben Saida A, Chardon A, Osi A, Tumanov N, Wouters J, Adjieufack AI, Champagne B, Berionni G. Pushing the Lewis Acidity Boundaries of Boron Compounds With Non‐Planar Triarylboranes Derived from Triptycenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16889-16893. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ben Saida
- Department of ChemistryNamur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Aurélien Chardon
- Department of ChemistryNamur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Arnaud Osi
- Department of ChemistryNamur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Nikolay Tumanov
- Department of ChemistryNamur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Johan Wouters
- Department of ChemistryNamur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Abel I. Adjieufack
- Department of ChemistryNamur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Department of ChemistryNamur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Guillaume Berionni
- Department of ChemistryNamur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
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14
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Ben Saida A, Chardon A, Osi A, Tumanov N, Wouters J, Adjieufack AI, Champagne B, Berionni G. Pushing the Lewis Acidity Boundaries of Boron Compounds With Non‐Planar Triarylboranes Derived from Triptycenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ben Saida
- Department of ChemistryNamur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Aurélien Chardon
- Department of ChemistryNamur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Arnaud Osi
- Department of ChemistryNamur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Nikolay Tumanov
- Department of ChemistryNamur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Johan Wouters
- Department of ChemistryNamur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Abel I. Adjieufack
- Department of ChemistryNamur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Department of ChemistryNamur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Guillaume Berionni
- Department of ChemistryNamur Institute of Structured MatterUniversity of Namur 5000 Namur Belgium
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15
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Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Domingo LR, Rojas RS, Toro-Labbé A, Pérez P. A molecular electron density theory study of the insertion of CO into frustrated Lewis pair boron-amidines: a [4 + 1] cycloaddition reaction. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:9214-9224. [PMID: 31157816 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01489f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The insertion of CO into hydrogenated boron-amidine 1 yielding five-membered diazaborolone (5DAB) 3 has been studied within the molecular electron density theory (MEDT) at the DFT ωB97X-D/6-311G(d,p) level. This is a domino process comprised of two consecutive reactions: (i) the dehydrogenation of 1 yielding the frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) boron-amidine 4, which quickly equilibrates with four-membered diazaborolone (4DAB) 2; and (ii) the addition of CO into FLP 4, yielding the final 5DAB 3. Analysis of the Gibbs free energies indicates that the extrusion of H2 demands a high ΔG≠ of 28.6 kcal·mol-1, being endergonic by 6.7 kcal·mol-1. The subsequent addition of CO into FLP 4 presents a low ΔG≠ of 15.0 kcal·mol-1; formation of 5DAB 3 being exergonic by -5.7 kcal·mol-1 from hydrogenated boron-amidine 1. An analysis of the bonding changes along the insertion of CO in a smaller FLP model indicates that this reaction can be considered a [4 + 1] cycloaddition reaction taking place via a five-membered pseudocyclic transition state associated with a two-stage one-step mechanism. Analysis of the conceptual DFT reactivity indices suggests that the initial attack of CO on FLP 4 is an acid/base process in which the carbenoid carbonyl character allows CO to participate as a Lewis base, rather than a nucleophilic/electrophilic interaction. The results arising from the analysis of the Parr functions, however, coincide with this behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Universidad de Valencia, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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16
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Jiang B, Zhang Q, Dang L. Theoretical studies on bridged frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) mediated H2 activation and CO2 hydrogenation. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00192h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations show that H2 and CO2 activation by bridged phosphane/borane frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) experiences a one-step concerted mechanism with small reaction barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province
- Shantou University
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Guangdong
- P. R. China
| | - Li Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province
- Shantou University
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
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17
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Antiñolo A, Carrillo-Hermosilla F, Fernández-Galán R, Martínez-Ferrer J, Alonso-Moreno C, Bravo I, Moreno-Blázquez S, Salgado M, Villaseñor E, Albaladejo J. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane as an efficient catalyst in the guanylation reaction of amines. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:10717-29. [PMID: 27278089 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01237j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, [B(C6F5)3], has been used as an efficient catalyst in the guanylation reaction of amines with carbodiimide under mild conditions. A combined approach involving NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations was employed to gain a better insight into the mechanistic features of this process. The results allowed us to propose a new Lewis acid-assisted Brønsted acidic pathway for the guanylation reaction. The process starts with the interaction of tris(pentafluorphenyl)borane and the amine to form the corresponding adduct, [(C6F5)3B-NRH2] , followed by a straightforward proton transfer to one of the nitrogen atoms of the carbodiimide, (i)PrN[double bond, length as m-dash]C[double bond, length as m-dash]N(i)Pr, to produce, in two consequent steps, a guanidine-borane adduct, [(C6F5)3B-NRC(N(i)PrH)2] . The rupture of this adduct liberates the guanidine product RNC(N(i)PrH)2 and interaction with additional amine restarts the catalytic cycle. DFT studies have been carried out in order to study the thermodynamic characteristics of the proposed pathway. Significant borane adducts with amines and guanidines have been isolated and characterized by multinuclear NMR in order to study the N-B interaction and to propose the existence of possible Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Additionally, the molecular structures of significant components of the catalytic cycle, namely 4-tert-butylaniline-[B(C6F5)3] adduct and both free and [B(C6F5)3]-bonded 1-(phenyl)-2,3-diisopropylguanidine, and respectively, have been established by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Antiñolo
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Fernando Carrillo-Hermosilla
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Rafael Fernández-Galán
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Jaime Martínez-Ferrer
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Carlos Alonso-Moreno
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario de Albacete, 02071-Albacete, Spain
| | - Iván Bravo
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario de Albacete, 02071-Albacete, Spain
| | - Sonia Moreno-Blázquez
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Manuel Salgado
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Elena Villaseñor
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - José Albaladejo
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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18
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Mo Z, Kolychev EL, Rit A, Campos J, Niu H, Aldridge S. Facile reversibility by design: tuning small molecule capture and activation by single component frustrated Lewis pairs. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:12227-30. [PMID: 26356306 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A series of single component FLPs has been investigated for small molecule capture, with the finding that through tuning of both the thermodynamics of binding/activation and the degree of preorganization (i.e., ΔS(⧧)) reversibility can be brought about at (or close to) room temperature. Thus, the dimethylxanthene system {(C6H4)2(O)CMe2}(PMes2)(B(C6F5)2): (i) heterolytically cleaves dihydrogen to give an equilibrium mixture of FLP and H2 activation product in solution at room temperature and (ii) reversibly captures nitrous oxide (uptake at room temperature, 1 atm; release at 323 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Mo
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Dept of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene L Kolychev
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Dept of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Arnab Rit
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Dept of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Jesús Campos
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Dept of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Haoyu Niu
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Dept of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Dept of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
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19
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Pérez P, Yepes D, Jaque P, Chamorro E, Domingo LR, Rojas RS, Toro-Labbé A. A computational and conceptual DFT study on the mechanism of hydrogen activation by novel frustrated Lewis pairs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:10715-25. [PMID: 25812082 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00306g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A computational and conceptual density functional theory (DFT) study on the mechanism of molecular hydrogen activation by a set of three frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) was performed at the ωB97X-D/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. A reduced model and other two prototypes derived from experimental data, based on the donor nitrogen and acceptor boron atoms, were used. Analysis based on the energy results, geometries and the global electron density transfer at the TSs made it possible to obtain some interesting conclusions: (i) despite the well-known very low reactivity of molecular hydrogen, the catalytic effectiveness of the three FLPs produces reactions with almost unappreciable activation energies; (ii) the reactions, being exothermic, follow a one-step mechanism via polarised TSs; (iii) there are neither substituent effects on the kinetics nor on the thermodynamics of these reactions; (iv) the activation of molecular hydrogen seems to be attained when the N-B distance in the FLP derivatives is around 2.74 Å; and (v) the proposed FLP model is consistent with the behaviour of the experimental prototypes. Finally, the ability of the three FLPs as efficient catalysts was evaluated studying the hydrogenation of acetylene to yield ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Av. República 275, 8370146 Santiago, Chile.
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20
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Yang S, Zhang C. Theoretical Investigation of Obtaining Compounds with Planar Tetracoordinate Carbons by Frustrated Lewis Pairs. J Phys Chem A 2015. [PMID: 26218898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ten derivatives of 2-borabicyclo[1.1.0]but-1(3)-ene (1a-1j) with different degrees of frustration have been investigated using density functional theory. Moreover, 1a-1j as Lewis bases were used to form Lewis adducts C3X2BYH/B(C6F5)3 (2a-2j) with Lewis acid B(C6F5)3. Optimized geometries and the thermodynamic properties of giving the Lewis adducts C3X2BYH/B(C6F5)3 reveal that 2a-2j are frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). Their reactivity of activating H2 and HF show that 2a-2j are unfavorable to heterolytically cleave H2, whereas 2c-2j can cleave HF to form [C3X2BYH](+)[FB(C6F5)3](-). In addition, we found the structures of [C3X2BYH](+) in [C3X2BYH](+)[FB(C6F5)3](-) contained a planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC). Therefore, a new method of obtaining main group element compounds with ptC by using FLPs was presented.
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21
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Chung LW, Sameera WMC, Ramozzi R, Page AJ, Hatanaka M, Petrova GP, Harris TV, Li X, Ke Z, Liu F, Li HB, Ding L, Morokuma K. The ONIOM Method and Its Applications. Chem Rev 2015; 115:5678-796. [PMID: 25853797 DOI: 10.1021/cr5004419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 752] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lung Wa Chung
- †Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - W M C Sameera
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Romain Ramozzi
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Alister J Page
- §Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Miho Hatanaka
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Galina P Petrova
- ∥Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Bulgaria Boulevard James Bourchier 1, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Travis V Harris
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.,⊥Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York 13126, United States
| | - Xin Li
- #State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- ∇School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fengyi Liu
- ○Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Hai-Bei Li
- ■School of Ocean, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Lina Ding
- ▲School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Keiji Morokuma
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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22
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Pu M, Privalov T. Chemistry of Intermolecular Frustrated Lewis Pairs in Motion: Emerging Perspectives and Prospects. Isr J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O, ‘laughing gas’) is a very inert molecule. Still, it can be used as a reagent in synthetic organic and inorganic chemistry, serving as O-atom donor, as N-atom donor, or as a oxidant in metal-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
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24
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Rudkevich DM, Zyryanov GV. Solid-State Materials and Molecular Cavities and Containers for the Supramolecular Recognition and Storage of NOX-Species: A Review. COMMENT INORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/02603594.2014.994610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Pu M, Privalov T. How Frustrated Lewis Acid/Base Systems Pass through Transition-State Regions: H2Cleavage by [tBu3P/B(C6F5)3]. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:2936-44. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Pu M, Privalov T. Uncovering the role of intra- and intermolecular motion in frustrated Lewis acid/base chemistry: ab initio molecular dynamics study of CO2 binding by phosphorus/boron frustrated Lewis pair [tBu3P/B(C6F5)3]. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:4598-609. [PMID: 24735335 DOI: 10.1021/ic500284q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of the intra- and intermolecular motion, i.e., molecular vibrations and the relative motion of reactants, remains largely unexplored in the frustrated Lewis acid/base chemistry. Here, we address the issue with the ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) study of CO2 binding by a Lewis acid (LA) and a Lewis base (LB), i.e., tBu3P + CO2 + B(C6F5)3 → tBu3P-C(O)O-B(C6F5)3 ([1]). Reasonably large ensemble of AIMD trajectories propagated at 300 K from structures in the saddle region as well as trajectories propagated directly from the reactants region revealed an effect arising from significant recrossing of the saddle area. The effect is that transient complexes composed of weakly interacting reactants nearly cease to progress along the segment of the minimum energy pathway (MEP) at the saddle region for a (subpicosecond) period of time during which the dominant factor is the light-to-heavy type of relative motion of the vibrating reactants, i.e., the "bouncing"-like movement of CO2 with respect to much heavier phosphine and borane as main contributor to the mode that is perpendicular to the MEP-direction. In terms of how P···C and B···O distances change with time, the roaming-like patterns of typical AIMD trajectories, reactive and nonreactive alike, extend far beyond the saddle region. In addition to the dynamical portrayal of [1], we provide the energy-landscape perspective that takes into account the hierarchy of time scales. The verifiable implication of the effect found here is that the isotopically substituted (heavier) LB/LA "pair" should be less reactive that the "normal" and thus lighter counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoping Pu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University , Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
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27
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Jia YB, Wang YB, Ren WM, Xu T, Wang J, Lu XB. Mechanistic Aspects of Initiation and Deactivation in N-Heterocyclic Olefin Mediated Polymerization of Acrylates with Alane as Activator. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500047d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Bao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yan-Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tieqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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28
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Wang X, Kehr G, Daniliuc CG, Erker G. Internal Adduct Formation of Active Intramolecular C4-bridged Frustrated Phosphane/Borane Lewis Pairs. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:3293-303. [DOI: 10.1021/ja413060u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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29
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Xu X, Kehr G, Daniliuc CG, Erker G. Reactions of (Diphenylphosphinomethyl)zirconocene Chloride with B(C6F5)3: Competition between P/B and P/Zr+ Frustrated Lewis Pair Reactions. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400769y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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30
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Kelly MJ, Gilbert J, Tirfoin R, Aldridge S. Frustrated Lewis Pairs as Molecular Receptors: Colorimetric and Electrochemical Detection of Nitrous Oxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Kelly MJ, Gilbert J, Tirfoin R, Aldridge S. Frustrated Lewis Pairs as Molecular Receptors: Colorimetric and Electrochemical Detection of Nitrous Oxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:14094-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Pu M, Privalov T. Binding of CO
2
by a Mes
2
PCH
2
CH
2
B(C
6
F
5
)
2
Species: An Involvement of the Ground State Species in a Low‐Energy Pathway. Chemistry 2013; 19:16512-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maoping Pu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm (Sweden)
| | - Timofei Privalov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm (Sweden)
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33
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Tskhovrebov AG, Vuichoud B, Solari E, Scopelliti R, Severin K. Adducts of Nitrous Oxide and N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9486-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4030287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Tskhovrebov
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Basile Vuichoud
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Euro Solari
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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34
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Travis AL, Binding SC, Zaher H, Arnold TAQ, Buffet JC, O'Hare D. Small molecule activation by frustrated Lewis pairs. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:2431-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32525j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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35
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36
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Gilbert TM. Computational studies of lewis acidity and basicity in frustrated lewis pairs. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 332:267-89. [PMID: 23097031 DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Computational studies that characterize the effects of Lewis acidity/basicity on FLP formation and reactivity are reviewed. Formation of the FLP encounter complex "cage" depends on Lewis acidities and basicities of substituent "external" atoms, and their abilities to interact intramolecularly. Computations indicate that these interactions are worth 9-18 kcal mol⁻¹ for partly fluorinated FLPs such as (F5C6)3B···P(t-Bu)3, and less for less fluorinated species such as (H5C6)3B···P(t-Bu)3. Reactivity within the cage depends on the "classical" Lewis acidities/basicities of the internal atoms. Energetics here fall into the range of 5-50 kcal mol⁻¹; the larger the value, the greater the ability of the FLP to capture or split a substrate. In several cases the computationally predicted reaction barriers differ little with internal Lewis acidity/basicity, indicating that the rate-determining step involves the substrate entering the cage rather than attack by the Lewis acid/base atoms. In others, barriers vary sizably with Lewis acidity/basicity, indicating the opposite. In one case it was shown that these effects cancel, such that the three component barriers are identical for a range of substituted Lewis acid FLP components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Gilbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
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