1
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Barthélemy A, Scherer H, Weller H, Krossing I. On the Synthesis and Structure of 'Naked' Ga(I) and In(I) Salts and the Surprising Stability of Simple Ga(I) and In(I) Salts in the Coordinating Solvents Ether and Acetonitrile. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400897. [PMID: 38597591 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we present the solid-state structures of solvent-free Ga[pf] and In[pf] salts ([pf]-=[Al(ORF)4]-; RF=C(CF3)3), which are very rare examples of salts with truly 'naked' metal cations. Both salts may serve as starting materials for subvalent gallium and indium chemistry with very weakly coordinating ligands providing the freedom of choice for solvents and ligands for the future. On the other hand, we report and rationalize the formation and isolation of [M(OEt2)2][pf] and [M(MeCN)2][pf] (M=Ga, In), underlining the surprising stability of these subvalent group 13 M+ ions against disproportionation. Unexpectedly, dicoordinate and carbene analogous [M(L)2]+ ions with the [pf]- counterion are stable in L=acetonitrile and diethyl ether at room temperature, opening up possible applications for example in organic synthesis and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Barthélemy
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Weller
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Fetrow T, Cashman BK, Carpenter SH, Janicke MT, Anderson NH, Klamm BE, Mason HE, Tondreau AM. Oxidative Dissolution of Lanthanide Metals Ce and Ho in Molten GaCl 3. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9385-9389. [PMID: 37851526 PMCID: PMC11135323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Gallium trichloride (GaCl3) was used as a solvent for the oxidative dissolution of the lanthanide (Ln) metals cerium (Ce) and holmium (Ho). Reactions were performed at temperatures above 100 °C in sealed vessels to maintain the liquid phase for GaCl3 during the oxidizing reactions. The best results were obtained from reactions using 8 equiv of GaCl3 to metal where the inorganic complexes [Ga][Ln(GaCl4)4] [Ln = Ce (1), Ho (2)] could be isolated. Recrystallization of 1 and 2 employing fluorobenzene (C6H5F) produced [Ga(η6-C6H5F)2][Ln(GaCl4)4] [Ln = Ce (3), Ho (4)] where reversible η6 coordination of C6H5F to [Ga]+ was observed. All complexes were characterized through elemental analysis (F and Cl), IR and UV-vis-near-IR spectroscopies, and both solution and solid-state NMR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor
V. Fetrow
- Pit
Technologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Brenna K. Cashman
- Chemistry
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Stephanie H. Carpenter
- Chemistry
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Michael T. Janicke
- Chemistry
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Nickolas H. Anderson
- Pit
Technologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Bonnie E. Klamm
- Pit
Technologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Harris E. Mason
- Chemistry
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Aaron M. Tondreau
- Chemistry
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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3
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He M, Hu C, Wei R, Wang XF, Liu LL. Recent advances in the chemistry of isolable carbene analogues with group 13-15 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3896-3951. [PMID: 38436383 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Carbenes (R2C:), compounds with a divalent carbon atom containing only six valence shell electrons, have evolved into a broader class with the replacement of the carbene carbon or the RC moiety with main group elements, leading to the creation of main group carbene analogues. These analogues, mirroring the electronic structure of carbenes (a lone pair of electrons and an empty orbital), demonstrate unique reactivity. Over the last three decades, this area has seen substantial advancements, paralleling the innovations in carbene chemistry. Recent studies have revealed a spectrum of unique carbene analogues, such as monocoordinate aluminylenes, nitrenes, and bismuthinidenes, notable for their extraordinary properties and diverse reactivity, offering promising applications in small molecule activation. This review delves into the isolable main group carbene analogues that are in the forefront from 2010 and beyond, spanning elements from group 13 (B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl), group 14 (Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) and group 15 (N, P, As, Sb, and Bi). Specifically, this review focuses on the potential amphiphilic species that possess both lone pairs of electrons and vacant orbitals. We detail their comprehensive synthesis and stabilization strategies, outlining the reactivity arising from their distinct structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian He
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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4
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Morris LJ, Ghana P, Rajeshkumar T, Carpentier A, Maron L, Okuda J. Ein Brønsted‐saures Galliumhydrid: Einfache Umwandlung von NNNN‐Makrocyclus‐geträgertem [Ga
I
]
+
in [Ga
III
H]
2+. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louis J. Morris
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University 52062 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Priyabrata Ghana
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University 52062 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- CNRS INSA UPS UMR 5215 LPCNO Université de Toulouse 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse Frankreich
| | - Ambre Carpentier
- CNRS INSA UPS UMR 5215 LPCNO Université de Toulouse 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse Frankreich
| | - Laurent Maron
- CNRS INSA UPS UMR 5215 LPCNO Université de Toulouse 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse Frankreich
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University 52062 Aachen Deutschland
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5
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Morris LJ, Ghana P, Rajeshkumar T, Carpentier A, Maron L, Okuda J. A Brønsted Acidic Gallium Hydride: Facile Interconversion of NNNN-Macrocycle Supported [GaI]+ and [GaIIIH]2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114629. [PMID: 34932267 PMCID: PMC9304309 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Protonolysis of [Cp*M] (M=Ga, In, Tl) with [(Me4TACD)H][BAr4Me] (Me4TACD=N,N′,N′′,N′′′‐tetramethyl‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane; [BAr4Me]−=[B{C6H3‐3,5‐(CH3)2}4]−) provided monovalent salts [(Me4TACD)M][BAr4Me], whereas [Cp*Al]4 yielded trivalent [(Me4TACD)AlH][BAr4Me]2. Protonation of [(Me4TACD)Ga][BAr4Me] with [Et3NH][BAr4Me] gave an unusually acidic (pKa(CH3CN)=24.5) gallium(III) hydride dication [(Me4TACD)GaH][BAr4Me]2. Deprotonation with IMe4 (1,3,4,5‐tetramethyl‐imidazol‐ylidene) returned [(Me4TACD)Ga][BAr4Me]. These reversible processes occur with formal two‐electron oxidation and reduction of gallium. DFT calculations suggest that gallium(I) protonation is facilitated by strong coordination of the tetradentate ligand, which raises the HOMO energy. High nuclear charge of [(Me4TACD)GaH]2+ facilitates hydride‐to‐metal charge transfer during deprotonation. Attempts to prepare a gallium(III) dihydride cation resulted in spontaneous dehydrogenation to [(Me4TACD)Ga]+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Morris
- Aachen University of Technology: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, 52062, Aachen, GERMANY
| | - Priyabrata Ghana
- Aachen University of Technology: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, 52056, Aachen, GERMANY
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Toulouse 3 University: Universite Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CNRS, INSA, UPS, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, FRANCE
| | - Ambre Carpentier
- Toulouse 3 University: Universite Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CNRS, INSA, UPS, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, FRANCE
| | - Laurent Maron
- Toulouse 3 University: Universite Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CNRS, INSA, UPS, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse et CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO,, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, FRANCE
| | - Jun Okuda
- RWTH Aachen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, GERMANY
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6
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Schorpp M, Tamim R, Krossing I. Oxidative addition, reduction and reductive coupling: the versatile reactivity of subvalent gallium cations. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:15103-15110. [PMID: 34611680 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02682h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the successful oxidative addition of a P-H bond to univalent Ga[Al(ORF)4] that gives the unprecedented dicationic gallium hydride complex [H-Ga(PPh3)3][Al(ORF)4]2 (ORF = OC(CF3)3), the oxidative addition of E-Cl containing substrates was investigated. The reductive coupling of three PPh2Cl to the catenated phosphorus cation [P3Ph6]+ hinted towards a formal two-electron-three-halide reduction (2e--3X- reduction). Similarly, from SbCl3, a cationic formal SbI compound and from RhCl3, [RhI(HMB)(COD)]+ and [RhI(COD)2]+ (HMB = C6Me6, COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) are formed as [Al(ORF)4]- salts when reacted with Ga+. Thus, Ga[Al(ORF)4] allows for a one-pot 2e--3X- reduction with the concomitant introduction of a weakly coordinating anion (WCA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany.
| | - Razan Tamim
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany.
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany.
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7
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Bourque JL, Nanni RA, Biesinger MC, Baines KM. Synthesis and Reactivity of Cationic Gallium(I) [12]Crown-4 Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14713-14720. [PMID: 34542994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and reactivity of a gallium(I) cationic complex using [12]crown-4 as a stabilizing ligand were explored. The synthesis of [Ga([12]crown-4)][GaCl4] was achieved in one step from commercially available starting materials. Anion exchange was utilized to replace the reactive tetrachlorogallate anion for the perfluorophenylborate anion. [Ga([12]crown-4)][B(C6F5)4] was analyzed using XPS, which allowed for the classification of the gallium(I)-crown ether complex as electron-deficient. Reactions of the gallium(I)-crown ether complex with Cp*K and cryptand[2.2.2] demonstrated the facile synthesis of a known gallium(I) compound as well as the generation of new gallium(I) complexes, highlighting the use of the gallium(I)-crown ether complex as an effective starting material for new gallium(I) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L Bourque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Robert A Nanni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Mark C Biesinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7.,Surface Science Western, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6G 0J3
| | - Kim M Baines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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8
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Dabringhaus P, Barthélemy A, Krossing I. The Coordination Chemistry and Clustering of Subvalent Ga
+
and In
+
upon Addition of σ‐Donor Ligands. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Dabringhaus
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg i.Br. Germany
| | - Antoine Barthélemy
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg i.Br. Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg i.Br. Germany
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9
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Boronski JT, Stevens MP, van IJzendoorn B, Whitwood AC, Slattery JM. Insights into the Composition and Structural Chemistry of Gallium(I) Triflate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1567-1572. [PMID: 33022877 PMCID: PMC7839670 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
"GaOTf" is a simple, convenient source of low-valent gallium for synthetic chemistry and catalysis. However, little is currently known about its composition or reactivity. In this work, 71 Ga NMR spectroscopy shows the presence of [Ga(arene)n ]+ salts on oxidation of Ga metal with AgOTf in arene solvents. However, a more complex picture of speciation is uncovered by X-ray diffraction studies. In all cases, mixed-valence compounds containing Ga-arene and Ga-OTf coordination motifs, in addition to an unusual "naked" [Ga]+ ion, are found. Addition of 18-crown-6 allows for the isolation of a discrete GaI crown complex. Evidence of a potential intermediate in the formation of "GaOTf" has been isolated in the form of the bimetallic silver(I)/gallium(I) cluster anion [Ag4 {Ga(OTf)3 }4 (μ-Ga)6 (OTf)4 ]2- .
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef T. Boronski
- Department of ChemistryThe University of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | | | | | | | - John M. Slattery
- Department of ChemistryThe University of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
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10
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Glootz K, Barthélemy A, Krossing I. A Simple Homoleptic Gallium(I) Olefin Complex: Mimicking Transition-Metal Chemistry at a Main-Group Metal? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:208-211. [PMID: 32959513 PMCID: PMC7820946 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The earth-metal olefin complex [GaI (COD)2 ]+ [Al(ORF )4 ]- (COD=1,5-cyclooctadiene; RF =C(CF3 )3 ) constitutes the first homoleptic olefin complex of any main-group metal accessible as a bulk compound. It is straight forward to prepare in good yield and constitutes an olefin complex of a main-group metal that-similar to many transition-metals-may adopt the +1 and +3 oxidation states opening potential applications. Crystallographic-, vibrational- and computational investigations give an insight to the atypical bonding between an olefin and a main-group metal. They are compared to classical transition-metal relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Glootz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Antoine Barthélemy
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
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11
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Glootz K, Barthélemy A, Krossing I. A Simple Homoleptic Gallium(I) Olefin Complex: Mimicking Transition‐Metal Chemistry at a Main‐Group Metal? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Glootz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Antoine Barthélemy
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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12
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Boronski JT, Stevens MP, IJzendoorn B, Whitwood AC, Slattery JM. Insights into the Composition and Structural Chemistry of Gallium(I) Triflate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef T. Boronski
- Department of Chemistry The University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Matthew P. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry The University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Bono IJzendoorn
- Department of Chemistry The University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Adrian C. Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry The University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - John M. Slattery
- Department of Chemistry The University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
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13
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Glootz K, Kratzert D, Krossing I. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Gallium(I) and Indium(I) Cations Coordinated by Pentamethylethylenediamine. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Glootz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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14
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Glootz K, Himmel D, Kratzert D, Butschke B, Scherer H, Krossing I. Why Do Five Ga
+
Cations Form a Ligand‐Stabilized [Ga
5
]
5+
Pentagon and How Does a 5:1 Salt Pack in the Solid State? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Glootz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Burkhard Butschke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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15
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Glootz K, Himmel D, Kratzert D, Butschke B, Scherer H, Krossing I. Why Do Five Ga + Cations Form a Ligand-Stabilized [Ga 5 ] 5+ Pentagon and How Does a 5:1 Salt Pack in the Solid State? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14162-14166. [PMID: 31369694 PMCID: PMC6790617 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of the Ga+ source [Ga(PhF)2 ]+ [Al(ORF )4 ]- with the neutral σ-donor ligand dmap (4-Me2 N-C6 H4 N) produces the unexpectedly large and fivefold positively charged cluster cation salt [Ga5 (dmap)10 ]5+ ([Al(ORF )4 ]- )5 . It includes a regular and planar Ga5 pentagon with strong metal-metal bonding. Additionally, the compound represents the first salt in which an ionic 1:5 packing is realized. We discuss the nature of this structure which results from the conversion of the non-bonding 4s2 lone-pair orbitals into fully Ga-Ga-bonding orbitals and the solid-state arrangement of the ions constituting the lattice as an almost orthohexagonal AX5 lattice, possibly the aristotype of any 5:1 salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Glootz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Burkhard Butschke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
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16
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Glootz K, Kratzert D, Himmel D, Kastro A, Yassine Z, Findeisen T, Krossing I. Tetracationic Gallium Cluster Cations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Glootz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Aho Kastro
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Zeinab Yassine
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Tobias Findeisen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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17
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Glootz K, Kratzert D, Himmel D, Kastro A, Yassine Z, Findeisen T, Krossing I. Tetracationic Gallium Cluster Cations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14203-14206. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Glootz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Aho Kastro
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Zeinab Yassine
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Tobias Findeisen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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18
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Suter R, Gray PA, Burford N, McDonald R. Tris(1‐methyl‐imidazol‐2‐yl)phosphane Complexes of Pnictogen, Tetrel, and Triel Cations. Chemistry 2018; 24:4718-4723. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Suter
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia V8W 3V6 Canada
| | - Paul A. Gray
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia V8W 3V6 Canada
| | - Neil Burford
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia V8W 3V6 Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- X-Ray Crystallography LaboratoryUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2T2 Canada
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19
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Li Z, Thiery G, Lichtenthaler MR, Guillot R, Krossing I, Gandon V, Bour C. Catalytic Use of Low-Valent Cationic Gallium(I) Complexes as π-Acids. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Li
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay; CNRS UMR 8182; Université Paris-Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Bâtiment 420 91405 Orsay cedex France
| | - Guillaume Thiery
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay; CNRS UMR 8182; Université Paris-Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Bâtiment 420 91405 Orsay cedex France
| | - Martin R. Lichtenthaler
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Berkeley; USA
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Régis Guillot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay; CNRS UMR 8182; Université Paris-Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Bâtiment 420 91405 Orsay cedex France
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Vincent Gandon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay; CNRS UMR 8182; Université Paris-Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Bâtiment 420 91405 Orsay cedex France
| | - Christophe Bour
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay; CNRS UMR 8182; Université Paris-Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Bâtiment 420 91405 Orsay cedex France
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20
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Pike SD, Crimmin MR, Chaplin AB. Organometallic chemistry using partially fluorinated benzenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:3615-3633. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09575e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorobenzenes, in particular fluorobenzene (FB) and 1,2-difluorobenzene (1,2-DiFB), are versatile solvents for conducting organometallic chemistry and transition-metal-based catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R. Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
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21
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Qin B, Schneider U. Catalytic Use of Elemental Gallium for Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13119-13122. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qin
- The University of Edinburgh, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The King’s Buildings, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Uwe Schneider
- The University of Edinburgh, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The King’s Buildings, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, U.K
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22
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Engesser TA, Lichtenthaler MR, Schleep M, Krossing I. Reactive p-block cations stabilized by weakly coordinating anions. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:789-899. [PMID: 26612538 PMCID: PMC4758321 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00672d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of the p-block elements is a huge playground for fundamental and applied work. With their bonding from electron deficient to hypercoordinate and formally hypervalent, the p-block elements represent an area to find terra incognita. Often, the formation of cations that contain p-block elements as central ingredient is desired, for example to make a compound more Lewis acidic for an application or simply to prove an idea. This review has collected the reactive p-block cations (rPBC) with a comprehensive focus on those that have been published since the year 2000, but including the milestones and key citations of earlier work. We include an overview on the weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) used to stabilize the rPBC and give an overview to WCA selection, ionization strategies for rPBC-formation and finally list the rPBC ordered in their respective group from 13 to 18. However, typical, often more organic ion classes that constitute for example ionic liquids (imidazolium, ammonium, etc.) were omitted, as were those that do not fulfill the - naturally subjective -"reactive"-criterion of the rPBC. As a rule, we only included rPBC with crystal structure and only rarely refer to important cations published without crystal structure. This collection is intended for those who are simply interested what has been done or what is possible, as well as those who seek advice on preparative issues, up to people having a certain application in mind, where the knowledge on the existence of a rPBC that might play a role as an intermediate or active center may be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A. Engesser
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Martin R. Lichtenthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Mario Schleep
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
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23
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Getsoian A“B, Das U, Camacho-Bunquin J, Zhang G, Gallagher JR, Hu B, Cheah S, Schaidle JA, Ruddy DA, Hensley JE, Krause TR, Curtiss LA, Miller JT, Hock AS. Organometallic model complexes elucidate the active gallium species in alkane dehydrogenation catalysts based on ligand effects in Ga K-edge XANES. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy00698a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ga(iii)-alkyl and alkoxide model compounds demonstrate XANES edge energy shifts similar to those in Ga dehydrogenation catalysts without a change in Ga oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ujjal Das
- Materials Science Division
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Lemont
- USA
| | | | - Guanghui Zhang
- Chemical Sciences & Engineering
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Lemont
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | - Bo Hu
- Chemical Sciences & Engineering
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Lemont
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Singfoong Cheah
- National Bioenergy Center
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Golden
- USA
| | | | - Daniel A. Ruddy
- National Bioenergy Center
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Golden
- USA
| | - Jesse E. Hensley
- National Bioenergy Center
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Golden
- USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey T. Miller
- Chemical Sciences & Engineering
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Lemont
- USA
- School of Chemical Engineering
| | - Adam S. Hock
- Chemical Sciences & Engineering
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Lemont
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
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24
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Abstract
Notable aspects of the chemistry of polyether complexes of group 13 and 14 elements are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala'aeddeen Swidan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Windsor
- Windsor
- Canada
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25
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Lichtenthaler MR, Stahl F, Kratzert D, Heidinger L, Schleicher E, Hamann J, Himmel D, Weber S, Krossing I. Cationic cluster formation versus disproportionation of low-valent indium and gallium complexes of 2,2'-bipyridine. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8288. [PMID: 26478464 PMCID: PMC4633986 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 13 MI compounds often disproportionate into M0 and MIII. Here, however, we show that the reaction of the MI salt of the weakly coordinating alkoxyaluminate [GaI(C6H5F)2]+[Al(ORF)4]− (RF=C(CF3)3) with 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) yields the paramagnetic and distorted octahedral [Ga(bipy)3]2+•{[Al(ORF)4]−}2 complex salt. While the latter appears to be a GaII compound, both, EPR and DFT investigations assign a ligand-centred [GaIII{(bipy)3}•]2+ radical dication. Surprisingly, the application of the heavier homologue [InI(C6H5F)2]+[Al(ORF)4]− leads to aggregation and formation of the homonuclear cationic triangular and rhombic [In3(bipy)6]3+, [In3(bipy)5]3+ and [In4(bipy)6]4+ metal atom clusters. Typically, such clusters are formed under strongly reductive conditions. Analysing the unexpected redox-neutral cationic cluster formation, DFT studies suggest a stepwise formation of the clusters, possibly via their triplet state and further investigations attribute the overall driving force of the reactions to the strong In−In bonds and the high lattice enthalpies of the resultant ligand stabilized [M3]3+{[Al(ORF)4]−}3 and [M4]4+{[Al(ORF)4]−}4 salts. Group 13 metals such as gallium and indium with oxidation states of +I tend to disproportionate into more stable 0 and +III states. Here, the authors report that with a 2,2'-bipyridine ligand Ga(+I) forms a paramagnetic mononuclear Ga(+III) complex, whereas the indium analogue aggregates forming cationic clusters retaining the +I state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Lichtenthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21 and Stefan-Meier Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Stahl
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21 and Stefan-Meier Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21 and Stefan-Meier Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Heidinger
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21 and Albertstr. 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erik Schleicher
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21 and Albertstr. 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Hamann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21 and Stefan-Meier Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21 and Stefan-Meier Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21 and Albertstr. 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21 and Stefan-Meier Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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26
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Mishra S, Daniele S. Metal-Organic Derivatives with Fluorinated Ligands as Precursors for Inorganic Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2015; 115:8379-448. [PMID: 26186083 DOI: 10.1021/cr400637c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Mishra
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), UMR 5256, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1 , 2 avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphane Daniele
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), UMR 5256, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1 , 2 avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
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27
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Bourque JL, Boyle PD, Baines KM. Synthesis and Characterization of Cationic Low-Valent Gallium Complexes of Cryptand[2.2.2]. Chemistry 2015; 21:9790-6. [PMID: 26037242 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L Bourque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, Room 310 A, Chemistry Building, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 (Canada)
| | - Paul D Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, Room 310 A, Chemistry Building, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 (Canada)
| | - Kim M Baines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, Room 310 A, Chemistry Building, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 (Canada).
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28
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Nishikawa M, Wakita Y, Nishi T, Miura T, Tsubomura T. Long-lived and oxygen-responsive photoluminescence in the solid state of copper(i) complexes bearing fluorinated diphosphine and bipyridine ligands. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:9170-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00199d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Luminescence properties of a family of newly synthesized copper(i) complexes were investigated. The luminescence in the solid state is highly oxygen responsive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuri Wakita
- Department of Materials and Life Science
- Seikei University
- Musashino
- Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Department of Materials and Life Science
- Seikei University
- Musashino
- Japan
| | - Takumi Miura
- Department of Materials and Life Science
- Seikei University
- Musashino
- Japan
| | - Taro Tsubomura
- Department of Materials and Life Science
- Seikei University
- Musashino
- Japan
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29
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Lichtenthaler MR, Maurer S, Mangan RJ, Stahl F, Mönkemeyer F, Hamann J, Krossing I. Univalent Gallium Complexes of Simple andansa-Arene Ligands: Effects on the Polymerization of Isobutylene. Chemistry 2014; 21:157-65. [PMID: 25382015 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Lichtenthaler
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg (Germany)
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30
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Lichtenthaler MR, Maurer S, Mangan RJ, Stahl F, Mönkemeyer F, Hamann J, Krossing I. Univalent Gallium Complexes of Simple and ansa-Arene Ligands: Effects on the Polymerization of Isobutylene. Chemistry 2014:n/a-n/a. [PMID: 25376094 DOI: 10.1002/chem.404833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Using [Ga(C6 H5 F)2 ]+ [Al(ORF )4 ]- (1) (RF =C(CF3 )3 ) as starting material, we isolated bis- and tris-η6 -coordinated gallium(I) arene complex salts of p-xylene (1,4-Me2 C6 H4 ), hexamethylbenzene (C6 Me6 ), diphenylethane (PhC2 H4 Ph), and m-terphenyl (1,3-Ph2 C6 H4 ): [Ga(1,4-Me2 C6 H4 )2.5 ]+ (2+ ), [Ga(C6 Me6 )2 ]+ (3+ ), [Ga(PhC2 H4 Ph)]+ (4+ ) and [(C6 H5 F)Ga(μ-1,3-Ph2 C6 H4 )2 Ga(C6 H5 F)]2+ (52+ ). 4+ is the first structurally characterized ansa-like bent sandwich chelate of univalent gallium and 52+ the first binuclear gallium(I) complex without a GaGa bond. Beyond confirming the structural findings by multinuclear NMR spectroscopic investigations and density functional calculations (RI-BP86/SV(P) level), [Ga(PhC2 H4 Ph)]+ [Al(ORF )4 ]- (4) and [(C6 H5 F)Ga(μ-1,3-Ph2 C6 H4 )2 Ga(C6 H5 F)]2+ {[Al(ORF )4 ] - }2 (5), featuring ansa-arene ligands, were tested as catalysts for the synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene (HR-PIB). In comparison to the recently published 1 and the [Ga(1,3,5-Me3 C6 H3 )2 ]+ [Al(ORF )4 ]- salt (6) (1,3,5-Me3 C6 H3 =mesitylene), 4 and 5 gave slightly reduced reactivities. This allowed for favorably increased polymerization temperatures of up to +15 °C, while yielding HR-PIB with high contents of terminal olefinic double bonds (α-contents=84-93 %), low molecular weights (Mn =1000-3000 g mol-1 ) and good monomer conversions (up to 83 % in two hours). While the chelate complexes delivered more favorable results than 1 and 6, the reaction kinetics resembled and thus concurred with the recently proposed coordinative polymerization mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Lichtenthaler
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg (Germany)
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31
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Malbrecht BJ, Dube JW, Willans MJ, Ragogna PJ. Addressing the Chemical Sorcery of “GaI”: Benefits of Solid-State Analysis Aiding in the Synthesis of P→Ga Coordination Compounds. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:9644-56. [PMID: 25184621 DOI: 10.1021/ic501139w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Malbrecht
- The Department of Chemistry
and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jonathan W. Dube
- The Department of Chemistry
and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mathew J. Willans
- The Department of Chemistry
and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Paul J. Ragogna
- The Department of Chemistry
and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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32
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Lichtenthaler MR, Stahl F, Kratzert D, Benkmil B, Wegner HA, Krossing I. σ‐ or π‐Coordination? Complexes of Univalent Gallium Salts with Aromatic Nitrogen Bases. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R. Lichtenthaler
- Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, http://portal.uni‐freiburg.de/molchem/
| | - Florian Stahl
- Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, http://portal.uni‐freiburg.de/molchem/
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, http://portal.uni‐freiburg.de/molchem/
| | - Boumahdi Benkmil
- Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, http://portal.uni‐freiburg.de/molchem/
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Justus‐Liebig‐Universität Giessen, Institut Organische Chemie, Heinrich‐Buff‐Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, http://portal.uni‐freiburg.de/molchem/
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Lichtenthaler MR, Higelin A, Kraft A, Hughes S, Steffani A, Plattner DA, Slattery JM, Krossing I. Univalent Gallium Salts of Weakly Coordinating Anions: Effective Initiators/Catalysts for the Synthesis of Highly Reactive Polyisobutylene. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om4005516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R. Lichtenthaler
- Institut für
Anorganische und Analytische
Chemie, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Institute
for Advanced Studies (FRIAS) Section Soft Matter Science, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Higelin
- Institut für
Anorganische und Analytische
Chemie, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Institute
for Advanced Studies (FRIAS) Section Soft Matter Science, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Kraft
- Institut für
Anorganische und Analytische
Chemie, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Institute
for Advanced Studies (FRIAS) Section Soft Matter Science, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alberto Steffani
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar A. Plattner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - John M. Slattery
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für
Anorganische und Analytische
Chemie, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Institute
for Advanced Studies (FRIAS) Section Soft Matter Science, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Allan CJ, Cooper BFT, Cowley HJ, Rawson JM, Macdonald CLB. Non-Innocent Ligand Effects on Low-Oxidation-State Indium Complexes. Chemistry 2013; 19:14470-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Higelin A, Keller S, Göhringer C, Jones C, Krossing I. Ungewöhnliche gekippte Carbenkoordination in Carbenkomplexen von Gallium(I) und Indium(I). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Higelin A, Keller S, Göhringer C, Jones C, Krossing I. Unusual Tilted Carbene Coordination in Carbene Complexes of Gallium(I) and Indium(I). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:4941-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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