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Kariyawasam RJ, Zibaseresht R, Polson MIJ, Houlihan JCC, Wikaira JL, Hartshorn RM. Synthesis of nitrogen mustards on cobalt(III). Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16364-16375. [PMID: 37867442 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01634j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Bis(bidentate) and bis(tridentate) Co(III) complexes of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine (heen), 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethan-1-olate (heen-H), or N-(2-chloroethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine (ceen) ligands have been synthesised, and a range of reaction conditions established for their syntheses by different routes. They can all be ultimately derived from (OC-6-12')-[Co(heen)2(NO2)2]NO3 and provide access to the trans amine trans chloride nitrogen mustard complex, (OC-6-12')-[Co(ceen)2(Cl)2]Cl. Although complex isomeric mixtures were obtained from the reaction of (OC-6-12')-[Co(heen)2(NO2)2]NO3 under different reaction conditions, ultimately, the trans amine trans chlorido configuration around the Co(III) metal centre of the (OC-6-12')-[Co(ceen)2(Cl)2]Cl complex was favoured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika J Kariyawasam
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Ramin Zibaseresht
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Maritime University of Imam Khomeini, Noshahr, Iran
| | - Matthew I J Polson
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Joanna C C Houlihan
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Jan L Wikaira
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Richard M Hartshorn
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
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Jana A, Kundu P, Paul S, Kondaiah P, Chakravarty AR. Cobalt(III) Complexes for Light-Activated Delivery of Acetylacetonate-BODIPY, Cellular Imaging, and Photodynamic Therapy. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:6837-6851. [PMID: 35471858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt(III) complexes [Co(TPA)(L1)](ClO4)2 (1), [Co(4-COOH-TPA)(L1)](ClO4)2 (2), [Co(TPA)(L2)]Cl2 (3), and [Co(4-COOH-TPA)(L2)]Cl2 (4) having acetylacetonate-linked boron-dipyrromethene ligands (L1, acac-BODIPY; L2, acac-diiodo-BODIPY) were prepared and characterized, and their utility as bioimaging and phototherapeutic agents was evaluated (TPA, tris-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine; 4-COOH-TPA, 2-((bis-(2-pyridylmethyl)amino)methyl)isonicotinic acid). HL1, HL2, and complex 1 were structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. Complexes 1 and 2 on photoactivation or in a reducing environment (excess GSH, ascorbic acid, and 3-mercaptopropionic acid) released the acac-BODIPY ligand. They exhibited strong absorbance near 501 nm (ε ∼ (5.2-5.8) × 104 M-1 cm-1) and emission bands near 513 nm (ΦF ∼ 0.13, λex = 490 nm) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Complexes 3 and 4 with absorption maxima at ∼536 and ∼538 nm (ε ∼ (1.2-1.8) × 104 M-1 cm-1), respectively, afforded high singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ ∼ 0.79) in DMSO. Complexes 1-4 showed Co(III)-Co(II) redox responses near -0.2 V versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE) in dimethylformamide (DMF)-0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP). The photocleavage of pUC19 DNA by complex 4 revealed the formation of both singlet oxygen and superoxide anion radicals as the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Confocal fluorescence microscopy showed the selective accumulation of complex 1 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in A-549 cells. Complex 4 exhibited a high phototherapeutic index value (PI > 7000) in HeLa cancer cells (IC50 ∼ 0.007 μM in visible light of 400-700 nm, total dose ∼5 J cm-2). The ancillary ligands in the complexes demonstrated a structure-activity relationship and modulated the Co(III)-Co(II) redox potential, the complex solubility, acac-BODIPY ligand release kinetics, and phototherapeutic efficacy.
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Marandi F, Moeini K, Krautscheid H. Coordination of a triazine ligand with Cu II and Ag I investigated by spectral, structural, theoretical and docking studies. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2019; 75:1389-1397. [PMID: 31589155 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229619011719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two complexes of 5-phenyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazine (PPTA), namely (ethanol-κO)bis(nitrato-κO)[5-phenyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl-κN)-1,2,4-triazine-κN2]copper(II), [Cu(NO3)2(C14H10N4)(C2H6O)] or [Cu(NO3)2(PPTA)(EtOH)] (1), and bis[μ-5-phenyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazine]-κ3N1:N2,N3;κ3N2,N3:N1-bis[(nitrato-κO)silver(I)], [Ag2(NO3)2(C14H10N4)2] or [Ag2(NO3)2(μ-PPTA)2] (2), were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The X-ray structure analysis of 1 revealed a copper complex with square-pyramdial geometry containing two O-donor nitrate ligands along with an N,N'-donor PPTA ligand and one O-donor ethanol ligand. In the binuclear structure of 2, formed by the bridging of two PPTA ligands, each Ag atom has an AgN3O environment and square-planar geometry. In addition to the four dative interactions, each Ag atom interacts with two O atoms of two nitrate ligands on adjacent complexes to complete a pseudo-octahedral geometry. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the geometry around the Cu and Ag atoms in 1opt and 2opt (opt is optimized) for an isolated molecule is the same as the experimental results. In 1, O-H...O hydrogen bonds form R12(4) motifs. In the crystal network of the complexes, in addition to the hydrogen bonds, there are π-π stacking interactions between the aromatic rings (phenyl, pyridine and triazine) of the ligands on adjacent complexes. The ability of the ligand and complexes 1 and 2 to interact with ten selected biomacromolecules (BRAF kinase, CatB, DNA gyrase, HDAC7, rHA, RNR, TrxR, TS, Top II and B-DNA) was investigated by docking studies. The results show that the studied compounds can interact with proteins better than doxorubicin (except for TrxR and Top II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Marandi
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, 57561-51818 Urmia, I. R. Iran
| | - Keyvan Moeini
- Chemistry Department, Payame Noor University, 19395-4697 Tehran, I. R. Iran
| | - Harald Krautscheid
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Hartshorn RM, Yerin A. The past, present, and future in the nomenclature and structure representation of inorganic compounds. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:9422-9430. [PMID: 30892321 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00352e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the origins and development of the compositional nomenclature and additive nomenclature that have been at the heart of formal descriptions of inorganic compounds since the times of Lavoisier and Werner, respectively. The rising importance of structural diagrams is noted, explained and correlated with a decreasing use of formal nomenclature. The future of structure representation is discussed, particularly in relation to cheminformatics and big data. International variations in nomenclature are discussed with reference to the recently published Brief Guide to the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry and its translations, and implications of increasing internationalisation of chemistry for the integrity of regional languages are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Hartshorn
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Chen MK, Liu YT, Lin JT, Lin CC, Chuang YC, Lo YS, Hsi YT, Hsieh MJ. Pinosylvin reduced migration and invasion of oral cancer carcinoma by regulating matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109160. [PMID: 31387166 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pinosylvin possesses several biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antioxidant characteristics. However, the effects of pinosylvin on the migration and invasion of human oral cancer cells and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE In this research, we investigated the outcome of different concentrations of pinosylvin (0-80 μM) on the metastatic and invasive abilities of SAS, SCC-9, and HSC-3 cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Western blotting assay and Gelatin zymography assay indicated that pinosylvin inhibited the enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and reduced its protein level but increased the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2). Additionally, the wound healing assay and Transwell method showed that pinosylvin reduced the migration of SAS, SCC-9 and HSC-3 oral cancer cells. Besides, pinosylvin decreased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 protein experssion in both SAS and SCC-9 cells. CONCLUSION These results indicate that pinosylvin is a potential anticancer agent for preventing oral cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Kuan Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Tze Liu
- Department of Family Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Holistic Wellness, Mingdao University, Changhua 52345, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Tsun Lin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chieh Lin
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Chuang
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lo
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Hsi
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Holistic Wellness, Mingdao University, Changhua 52345, Taiwan; Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Marandi F, Moeini K, Arkak A, Mardani Z, Krautscheid H. Docking studies to evaluate the biological activities of the Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes containing the triazine unit: supported by structural, spectral, and theoretical studies. J COORD CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1543871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Marandi
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, I. R. Iran
| | - Keyvan Moeini
- Chemistry Department, Payame Noor University, Tehran, I. R. Iran
| | - Akbar Arkak
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, I. R. Iran
| | - Zahra Mardani
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, I. R. Iran
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Zvirzdinaite M, Garbe S, Arefyeva N, Krause M, von der Stück R, Klein A. Palladium(II) Complexes of Ambidentate and Potentially Cyclometalating 5-Aryl-3-(2′-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazine Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryte Zvirzdinaite
- Department of Chemistry; Institute for Inorganic Chemistry; University of Cologne; Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Simon Garbe
- Department of Chemistry; Institute for Inorganic Chemistry; University of Cologne; Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Natalia Arefyeva
- Department of Chemistry; Institute for Inorganic Chemistry; University of Cologne; Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Maren Krause
- Department of Chemistry; Institute for Inorganic Chemistry; University of Cologne; Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Germany
| | - René von der Stück
- Department of Chemistry; Institute for Inorganic Chemistry; University of Cologne; Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Axel Klein
- Department of Chemistry; Institute for Inorganic Chemistry; University of Cologne; Greinstraße 6 50939 Köln Germany
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Chin AL, Carrick JD. Modular Approaches to Diversified Soft Lewis Basic Complexants through Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Bromoheteroarenes with Organotrifluoroborates. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1106-15. [PMID: 26751755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Remediation or transmutation of spent nuclear fuel obtained as a function of energy production and legacy waste remains a significant environmental concern. Substantive efforts over the last three decades have focused on the potential of soft-Lewis basic complexants for the chemoselective separation of trivalent actinides from lanthanides in biphasic solvent systems. Recent efforts in this laboratory have focused on the concept of modularity to rapidly prepare complexants and complexant scaffolds not easily accessible via traditional linear methods in a convergent manner to better understand solubility and complexation structure/activity function in process-relevant solvents. The current work describes an efficient method for the construction of diversified complexants through multi-Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of bromoheteroarenes with organotrifluoroborates affording efficient access to 22 novel materials in 43-99% yield over two, three, or four cross-couplings on the same scaffold. Optimization of the catalyst/ligand system, application, and limitations are reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Lin Chin
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University , 55 University Drive, Cookeville, Tennessee 38501, United States
| | - Jesse D Carrick
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University , 55 University Drive, Cookeville, Tennessee 38501, United States
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9
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Tai S, Marchi SV, Carrick JD. Efficient Preparation of Pyridinyl-1,2,4-Triazines via Telescoped Condensation with Diversely Functionalized 1,2-Dicarbonyls. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serene Tai
- Department of Chemistry; Tennessee Technological University; 55 University Drive Cookeville Tennessee 38505-0001 United States of America
| | - Sydney V. Marchi
- Department of Chemistry; Tennessee Technological University; 55 University Drive Cookeville Tennessee 38505-0001 United States of America
| | - Jesse D. Carrick
- Department of Chemistry; Tennessee Technological University; 55 University Drive Cookeville Tennessee 38505-0001 United States of America
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10
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Seth SK, Mandal S, Purkayastha P, Gupta P. Cyclometalated mono and dinuclear rhodium(III) and iridium(III) complexes with imidazolyl phenanthrolines: Synthesis and, photophysical and electrochemical characterization. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tai S, Dover EJ, Marchi SV, Carrick JD. Pd-Catalyzed Diamination of 1,2,4-Triazinyl Complexant Scaffolds. J Org Chem 2015; 80:6275-82. [PMID: 25974349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As part of ongoing efforts in this laboratory to design and synthesize multidentate soft-N-donors as effective complexants for chemoselective minor actinide extraction from used nuclear fuel, a series of aminated mono-1,2,4-triazinylpyridines were required. This study focuses on streamlining convergent access to a diverse array of functionalized N-donors using Pd-catalysis from a common synthon affording access to pyridinyl triazines as the 4,4'-amino derivatives which are commercially limited and unsuccessful in traditional condensation chemistry. A general Pd-catalyzed method for the double amination of functionalized pyridinyl-1,2,4-triazines with low catalyst/ligand loadings enabling the formation of 16 novel complexants is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serene Tai
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, 55 University Drive, Cookeville, Tennessee 38501, United States
| | - Evan J Dover
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, 55 University Drive, Cookeville, Tennessee 38501, United States
| | - Sydney V Marchi
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, 55 University Drive, Cookeville, Tennessee 38501, United States
| | - Jesse D Carrick
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, 55 University Drive, Cookeville, Tennessee 38501, United States
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Falfushynska H, Gnatyshyna L, Fedoruk O, Mitina N, Zaichenko A, Stoliar O, Stoika R. Hepatic metallothioneins in molecular responses to cobalt, zinc, and their nanoscale polymeric composites in frog Rana ridibunda. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 172-173:45-56. [PMID: 25988936 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous studies suggesting a dramatic decline of amphibians, the biochemical mechanisms of adaptation in these animals to polluted environment are poorly studied. The aim of this study was to elucidate the ability to release cobalt (Co) and zinc (Zn) from their nanoscale complexes (NCs) derived from the polymeric substance of N-vinylpyrrolidone (PS) in the liver of amphibian (Rana ridibunda). Frog males were subjected to 14days exposure to waterborne Co(2+) (50μg/L), Zn(2+) (100μg/L), as well as corresponding concentrations of Co-NC, Zn-NC or PS. Main attention was paid to MT's interrelations with indices of stress and toxicity. Only Co(2+) and Zn(2+) caused elevation of the correspondent metal in MTs. Co(2+) caused down-regulation of cathepsin D activity, while Zn(2+), Zn-NC and the PS up-regulated this activity. Zn(2+) provoked 1.6 times increase of metal-bounded form of the MT (MT-Me), while all other exposures caused the elevation of the ratio of MT total protein concentration (MT-SH) and concentrations of the MT-Me and/or immunoreactive (MTi) form (up to ~10 times) accompanied by a decrease in the levels of oxyradicals. The increased DNA fragmentation and down-regulation of caspase-3 activity in relation to the redox state of glutathione and/or lactate/pyruvate were shown at all exposures. These data indicate the vulnerability of the redox state of cellular thiols and inability to release Co and Zn from NCs in frog's liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Falfushynska
- Ternopil National Pedagogical University (TNPU), Ternopil, Ukraine; I.Ya. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Lesya Gnatyshyna
- Ternopil National Pedagogical University (TNPU), Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Olga Fedoruk
- Ternopil National Pedagogical University (TNPU), Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Mitina
- Lviv National Polytechnic University (LNPU), Lviv, Ukraine
| | | | - Oksana Stoliar
- Ternopil National Pedagogical University (TNPU), Ternopil, Ukraine
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Falfushynska H, Gnatyshyna L, Turta O, Stoliar O, Mitina N, Zaichenko A, Stoika R. Responses of hepatic metallothioneins and apoptotic activity in Carassius auratus gibelio witness a release of cobalt and zinc from waterborne nanoscale composites. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 160:66-74. [PMID: 24316149 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to evaluate the ability of fish Carassius auratus tissues to release cobalt (Co) and zinc (Zn) cations present in the applied Co- and Zn-containing nanoscale composites (NCs). Male fish was subjected to 14day long action of Co- and Zn-NCs, as well as of Co(2+) and Zn(2+) or polymeric substance (PS) used for the NC preparation and derived from the vinylpyrrolidone. 50μg∙L(-1) of Co and 100μg∙L(-1) of Zn were applied either as a salt or a nanocomposite. Both Co and Co-NC increased (3.1 and 2.3 times, respectively) concentration of total Co, metallothionein-related Co (3.7 and 6.6 times, respectively) and thiols (by 71 and 95%, respectively), and caspase-3 activity (2.2 and 3.7 times, respectively) in the fish liver. At the same time, Co and Co-NC decreased glutathione level (1.8 and 1.9 times, respectively) and activated vitellogenesis (5.1 and 9.9 times, respectively) in the fish liver. Both Zn and Zn-NC increased markedly concentrations of metallothionein-related Zn (2.4 and 2.9 times, respectively) and Cu (2.8 and 3.2 times, respectively), and decreased metallothionein-related thiol (2.5 and 4.2 times, respectively), oxyradical (by 30.4 and 44.2%, respectively), and caspase-3 (3.0 and 5.3 times, respectively) levels in the fish liver. These peculiarities are common for metal and metal-NC and witness a release of metal from NS in fish organism. The differences in the levels of DNA strand breaks, biotransformation enzymes and total Zn levels in the liver were dependent on the kind of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Falfushynska
- Ternopil National Pedagogical University (TNPU), Ternopil, Ukraine; I.Ya. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Lesya Gnatyshyna
- Ternopil National Pedagogical University (TNPU), Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Olga Turta
- Ternopil National Pedagogical University (TNPU), Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Stoliar
- Ternopil National Pedagogical University (TNPU), Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Mitina
- Lviv National Polytechnic University (LNPU), Lviv, Ukraine
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