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Liu B, Yang X, Jabed M, Kilina S, Yang Z, Sun W. Water-soluble dinuclear iridium(III) and ruthenium(II) bis-terdentate complexes: photophysics and electrochemiluminescence. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13858-13866. [PMID: 36040117 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02104h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysics, and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of four water-soluble dinuclear Ir(III) and Ru(II) complexes (1-4) terminally-capped by 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (tpy) or 1,3-di(pyrid-2-yl)-4,6-dimethylbenzene (N^C^N) ligands and linked by a 2,7-bis(2,2':6',2''-terpyridyl)fluorene with oligoether chains on C9 are reported. The impact of the tpy or N^C^N ligands and metal centers on the photophysical properties of 1-4 was assessed by spectroscopic methods including UV-vis absorption, emission, and transient absorption, and by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. These complexes exhibited distinct singlet and triplet excited-state properties upon variation of the terminal-capping terdentate ligands and the metal centers. The ECL properties of complexes 1-3 with better water solubility were investigated in neutral phosphate buffer solutions (PBS) by adding tripropylamine (TPA) as a co-reactant, and the observed ECL intensity followed the descending order of 3 > 1 > 2. Complex 3 bearing the [Ru(tpy)2]2+ units displayed more pronounced ECL signals, giving its analogues great potential for further ECL study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China.
| | - Mohammed Jabed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Zhengchun Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China.
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
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2
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Su H, Hu L, Zhu S, Lu J, Hu J, Liu R, Zhu H. Transition metal complexes with strong and long-lived excited state absorption: from molecular design to optical power limiting behavior. REV INORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2022-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Transition metal complexes (TMCs) with strong and long-lived excited state absorption (ESA) usually exhibit high-performance optical power limiting (OPL) response. Several techniques, such as transmission vs. incident fluence curves and Z-scan have been widely used to assess the OPL performance of typical TMCs. The OPL performance of TMCs is highly molecular structure-dependent. Special emphasis is placed on the structure-OPL response relationships of Pt(II), Ir(III), Ru(II), and other metal complexes. This review concludes with perspectives on the current status of OPL field, as well as opportunities that lie just beyond its frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Su
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Lai Hu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Senqiang Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jiapeng Lu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jinyang Hu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Hongjun Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
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3
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Chen Z, Wang H, Hu L, Zhu S, Liu R, Zhu H. Pt(II) diimine complexes bearing varied alkyl chains: Synthesis, tunable photophysical properties and aggregation-induced optical power limiting enhancement. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Liu B, Gao Y, Jabed MA, Kilina S, Liu G, Sun W. Lysosome Targeting Bis-terpyridine Ruthenium(II) Complexes: Photophysical Properties and In Vitro Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6025-6038. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Yibo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Mohammed A. Jabed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Guoquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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5
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Maria Maroń A, Choroba K, Pedzinski T, Machura B. Towards better understanding of the photophysics of platinum(ii) coordination compounds with anthracene- and pyrene-substituted 2,6-bis(thiazol-2-yl)pyridines. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:13440-13448. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02650f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of platinum(ii) compounds with 4-(9-anthryl)-2,6-bis(thiazol-2-yl)pyridine (1) and 4-(1-pyrenyl)-2,6-bis(thiazol-2-yl)pyridine (2) were widely investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Maroń
- Institute of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- University of Silesia in Katowice
- 40-006 Katowice
- Poland
| | - Katarzyna Choroba
- Institute of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- University of Silesia in Katowice
- 40-006 Katowice
- Poland
| | - Tomasz Pedzinski
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Adam Mickiewicz University
- 61-614 Poznan
- Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology
| | - Barbara Machura
- Institute of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- University of Silesia in Katowice
- 40-006 Katowice
- Poland
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Irmler P, Gogesch FS, Mang A, Bodensteiner M, Larsen CB, Wenger OS, Winter RF. Directing energy transfer in Pt(bodipy)(mercaptopyrene) dyads. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:11690-11705. [PMID: 31265019 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01737b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report on the photophysical properties of three dyads that combine a 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (bodipy, BDP) and a mercaptopyrene (SPyr) dye ligand at a Pt(PEt3)2 fragment. σ-Bonding of the dyes to the Pt ion promotes intersystem crossing (ISC) via the external heavy atom effect. The coupling of efficient ISC with charge-transfer from the electron-rich mercaptopyrene to the electron-accepting BDP ligand (PB-CT) gives rise to a multitude of (potentially) emissive states. This culminates in the presence of four different emissions for the mono- and dinuclear complexes BPtSPyr and BPtSPyrSPtB with an unsubstituted BDP ligand and either a terminal 1-mercaptopyrene or a bridging pyrene-1,6-dithiolate ligand. Thus, in fluid solution, near IR emission at 724 nm from the 3PB-CT state is observed with a quantum yield of up to 15%. Excitation into the BDP-based 1ππ* or the pyrene-based 1ππ* band additionally trigger fluorescence and phosphorescence emissions from the BDP-centred 1ππ* and 3ππ* states. In frozen solution, at 77 K, phosphorescence from the pyrene ligand becomes the prominent emission channel, while PB-CT emission is absent. Alkylation of the BDP ligand in KBPtSPyr funnels all excitation energy into fluorescence and phosphorescence emissions from the KBDP ligand. The assignments of the various excited states and the deactivation cascades were probed by absorption and emission spectroscopy, transient absorption spectroscopy, electrochemical and UV/Vis/NIR spectroelectrochemical measurements, and by quantum chemical calculations. Our conclusions are further corroborated with the aid of suitable reference compounds comprising of just one chromophore. All dyads are triplet sensitizers and are able to generate singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Irmler
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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7
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Liu B, Monro S, Li Z, Jabed MA, Ramirez D, Cameron CG, Colón K, Roque J, Kilina S, Tian J, McFarland SA, Sun W. A New Class of Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Bis(terpyridine) Iridium(III) Complexes with Strong Photodynamic Therapy Effects. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:2964-2977. [PMID: 31844844 PMCID: PMC6913535 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Six homo- or heteroleptic tricationic Ir(R1-tpy)(R2-tpy)3+ complexes (Ir1-Ir6, R1/R2 = Ph, 4'-N(CH3)2Ph, pyren-1-yl, or 4'-{2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}Ph, tpy = 2,2';6',2"-terpyridine) were synthesized and tested for photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects. The ground- and excited-state characteristics of these complexes were studied systematically via spectroscopic methods and quantum chemistry calculations. All complexes possessed intraligand charge transfer (1ILCT) / metal-to-ligand charge transfer (1MLCT) dominated transition(s) in their low-energy absorption bands, which red-shifted with the increased electron-releasing strength of the R1/R2 substituent. Five of the complexes exhibited ligand-centered 3 π,π*/3ILCT/3MLCT emission. With a stronger electron-releasing R1/R2 substituent, the degree of charge transfer contribution increased, leading to a decrease of the emission quantum yield. When the 4'-N(CH3)2Ph substituent was introduced on both tpy ligands, the emission of Ir3 was completely quenched. Our study on the transient absorption of these complexes demonstrated that they all possessed broadband triplet excited-state absorption in the 400-800 nm region. Pyrenyl substitution of one or more tpy ligands, as in Ir4 and Ir5, increased the lifetimes of the lowest triplet excited state and the singlet oxygen (1O2) production efficiencies. Ir1-Ir5 were nontoxic toward SK-MEL-28 cells, with photocytotoxicities that varied from 0.18 to 153 µM. Among them, Ir4 had the highest 1O2 quantum yield (0.81) in cell-free conditions, showing the largest photocytotoxicity against SK-MEL-28 cells for Ir(III) PSs to date, and was the most efficient generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro. Ir4 possessed a very large phototherapeutic index (PI = dark EC50 / light EC50) of >1657, the largest reported for an Ir(III) complex photosensitizer upon broadband visible light (400-700 nm) activation. Ir4 also exhibited a very strong PDT effect toward MCF-7 breast cancer cells and its xenograft tumor model. Upon 450-nm light activation, Ir4 dramatically inhibited the xenograft tumor growth and exhibited negligible side effects upon PDT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108–6050, USA
| | - Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Zhike Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Mohammed A. Jabed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108–6050, USA
| | - Daniel Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108–6050, USA
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402–6170, USA
| | - Katsuya Colón
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402–6170, USA
| | - John Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402–6170, USA
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108–6050, USA
| | - Jian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402–6170, USA
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108–6050, USA
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Patra SC, Saha Roy A, Banerjee S, Banerjee A, Das Saha K, Bhadra R, Pramanik K, Ghosh P. Palladium(ii) and platinum(ii) complexes of glyoxalbis(N-aryl)osazone: molecular and electronic structures, anti-microbial activities and DNA-binding study. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00223e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A new family of palladium(ii) and platinum(ii) complexes of redox non-innocent osazone ligands that exhibit moderate antileishmanial activity were isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarat Chandra Patra
- Department of Chemistry
- R. K. Mission Residential College
- Kolkata-700103
- India
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Amit Saha Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- R. K. Mission Residential College
- Kolkata-700103
- India
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Saswati Banerjee
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Ananya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry
- Bijaygarh Jyotish Roy College
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Krishna Das Saha
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Ranjan Bhadra
- Department of Chemistry
- R. K. Mission Residential College
- Kolkata-700103
- India
| | | | - Prasanta Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
- R. K. Mission Residential College
- Kolkata-700103
- India
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Liu B, Monro S, Lystrom L, Cameron CG, Colon K, Yin H, Kilina S, McFarland SA, Sun W. Photophysical and Photobiological Properties of Dinuclear Iridium(III) Bis-tridentate Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:9859-9872. [PMID: 30091916 PMCID: PMC6337720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of cationic dinuclear iridium(III) complexes (Ir1-Ir5) bearing terpyridine-capped fluorenyl bridging ligands and different polypyridyl or cyclometalating terminal tridentate ligands were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their photophysical and photobiological activities. The influence of the bridging and terminal ligands on the photophysical properties of the complexes was investigated by UV-vis absorption, emission, and transient absorption spectroscopy and simulated by TDDFT calculations. All of the complexes displayed strong bridging-ligand localized visible 1π,π* absorption and red- or near-infrared phosphorescence as well as broad triplet excited-state absorption across both visible and NIR wavelengths. These triplet states were assigned as predominantly 3π,π* for Ir1 (τ = 3.1 μs) and Ir4 (τ = 48 μs) and 3CT (charge transfer) for Ir2, Ir3, and Ir5 (τ = 1.7-2.7 μs). Complexes Ir1-Ir5 acted as in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents toward human SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells when activated with visible light, with submicromolar photocytotoxicity and phototherapeutic indices ranging from 20 to almost 300. The in vitro PDT effects with visible light did not correlate with singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yields or DNA photocleaving capacity probed under cell-free conditions. All of the Ir(III) complexes phosphoresced brightly when associated with compromised cells (with or without light treatment) and exhibited photoactivated cellular uptake, highlighting the theranostic potential of this new class of Ir(III) complex photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
| | - Katsuya Colon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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Wang C, Lystrom L, Yin H, Hetu M, Kilina S, McFarland SA, Sun W. Increasing the triplet lifetime and extending the ground-state absorption of biscyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes for reverse saturable absorption and photodynamic therapy applications. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:16366-16378. [PMID: 27711764 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02416e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysics, reverse saturable absorption, and photodynamic therapeutic effect of six cationic biscyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes (1-6) with extended π-conjugation on the diimine ligand and/or the cyclometalating ligands are reported in this paper. All complexes possess ligand-localized 1π,π* absorption bands below 400 nm and charge-transfer absorption bands above 400 nm. They are all emissive in the 500-800 nm range in deoxygenated solutions at room temperature. All complexes exhibit strong and broad triplet excited-state absorption at 430-800 nm, and thus strong reverse saturable absorption for ns laser pulses at 532 nm. Complexes 1-4 are strong reverse saturable absorbers at 532 nm, while complex 6 could be a good candidate as a broadband reverse saturable absorber at 500-850 nm. The degree of π-conjugation of the diimine ligand mainly influences the 1π,π* transitions in their UV-vis absorption spectra, while the degree of π-conjugation of the cyclometalating ligand primarily affects the nature and energies of the lowest singlet and emitting triplet excited states. However, the lowest-energy triplet excited states for complexes 3-6 that contain the same benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppn) diimine ligand but different cyclometalating ligands remain the same as the dppn ligand-localized 3π,π* state, which gives rise to the long-lived, strong excited-state absorption in the visible to the near-IR region. All of the complexes exhibit a photodynamic therapeutic effect upon visible or red light activation, with complex 6 possessing the largest phototherapeutic index reported to date (>400) for an Ir(iii) complex. Interactions with biological targets such as DNA suggest that a novel mechanism of action may be at play for the photosensitizing effect. These Ir(iii) complexes also produce strong intracellular luminescence that highlights their potential as theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada.
| | - Marc Hetu
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada.
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada. and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA.
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
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Zhu X, Cui P, Kilina S, Sun W. Multifunctional Cationic Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing 2-Aryloxazolo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (N^N) Ligand: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Photophysics, Mechanochromic/Vapochromic Effects, and Reverse Saturable Absorption. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:13715-13731. [PMID: 29083889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-aryloxazolo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligands (N^N ligands) and their cationic iridium(III) complexes (1-11, aryl = 4-NO2-phenyl (1), 4-Br-phenyl (2), Ph (3), 4-NPh2-phenyl (4), 4-NH2-phenyl (5), pyridin-4-yl (6), naphthalen-1-yl (7), naphthalen-2-yl (8), phenanthren-9-yl (9), anthracen-9-yl (10), and pyren-1-yl (11)) were synthesized and characterized. By introducing different electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents at the 4-position of the 2-phenyl ring (1-5), or different aromatic substituents with varied degrees of π-conjugation (6-11) on oxazolo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligand, we aim to understand the effects of terminal substituents at the N^N ligands on the photophysics of cationic Ir(III) complexes using both spectroscopic methods and quantum chemistry calculations. Complexes with the 4-R-phenyl substituents adopted an almost coplanar structure with the oxazolo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline motif, while the polycyclic aryl substituents (except for naphthalen-2-yl) were twisted away from the oxazolo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline motif. All complexes possessed strong absorption bands below 350 nm that emanated from the ligand-localized 1π,π*/1ILCT (intraligand charge transfer) transitions, mixed with 1LLCT (ligand-to-ligand charge transfer)/1MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) transitions. At the range of 350-570 nm, all complexes exhibited moderately strong 1ILCT/1LLCT/1MLCT transitions at 350-450 nm, and broad but very weak 3LLCT/3MLCT absorption at 450-570 nm. Most of the complexes demonstrated moderate to strong room temperature phosphorescence both in solution and in the solid state. Among them, complex 7 also manifested a drastic mechanochromic and vapochromic luminescence effect. Except for complexes 1 and 4 that contain NO2 or NPh2 substituent at the phenyl ring, respectively, all other complexes exhibited moderate to strong triplet excited-state absorption in the spectral region of 440-750 nm. Moderate to very strong reverse saturable absorption (RSA) of these complexes appeared at 532 nm for 4.1 ns laser pulses. The RSA strength followed the trend of 7 > 11 > 9 > 3 > 2 ≈ 4 > 5 ≈ 10 ≈ 6 ≈ 8 > 1. The photophysical studies revealed that the different 2-aryl substituents on the oxazole ring impacted the singlet and triplet excited-state characteristics dramatically, which in turn notably influenced the RSA of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States.,Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58105, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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Liu B, Lystrom L, Kilina S, Sun W. Tuning the Ground State and Excited State Properties of Monocationic Iridium(III) Complexes by Varying the Site of Benzannulation on Diimine Ligand. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:5361-5370. [PMID: 28398733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extending π-conjugation of the diimine ligand (N^N ligand) via benzannulation is a common way to tune the absorption and emission energies of cationic iridium(III) complexes. However, it can cause either a red- or blue-shift of the absorption and emission bands depending on the site of benzannulation. To understand the mechanism of changes in optical transitions upon benzannulation on the diimine ligand, a series of new cationic iridium(III) complexes [Ir(dppi)2(N^N)]PF6 (1-6) (where dppi =1,2-diphenylpyreno[4,5-d]imidazole; N^N = 2-(pyridin-2-yl)quinoline (1), 2-(pyridin-2-yl)[7,8]benzoquinoline (2), 2,2'-bisquinoline (3), 2-(quinolin-2-yl)[7,8]benzoquinoline (4), 2-(pyridin-2-yl)[6,7]benzoquinoline (5), 2-(quinolin-2-yl)[6,7]benzoquinoline (6)) containing diimine ligand with varied degrees of π-conjugation via benzannulation at different sites of the 2-(pyridin-2-yl)quinoline ligand were synthesized. Experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that benzannulation at the 6,7-position of quinoline and/or the 5',6'-position of pyridine (3, 5, and 6) induced red-shifts in their absorption and emission bands with respect to the parent complex 1; while benzannulation at the 7,8-position of quinoline resulted in blue-shifts (2 vs 1 and 4 vs 3). This phenomenon was rationalized by the symmetry of the frontier molecular orbitals at the site of benzannulation, which stabilized or destabilized the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) upon interactions with 1,3-butadiene, while the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) remained nearly the same. This discovery would enable a rational design of organic or organometallic compounds that have predetermined absorption and emission energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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13
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Zhu X, Lystrom L, Kilina S, Sun W. Tuning the Photophysics and Reverse Saturable Absorption of Heteroleptic Cationic Iridium(III) Complexes via Substituents on the 6,6′-Bis(fluoren-2-yl)-2,2′-biquinoline Ligand. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:11908-11919. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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14
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Martinez Saavedra HH, Ragone F, Franca CA, Ruiz GT, David Gara PM, Wolcan E. Solvent effects on the photophysical properties of Bu4N[(4,4′-bpy)Re(CO)3(bpy-5,5′-diCOO)] complex. A combined experimental and computational study. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Lu T, Wang C, Lystrom L, Pei C, Kilina S, Sun W. Effects of extending the π-conjugation of the acetylide ligand on the photophysics and reverse saturable absorption of Pt(ii) bipyridine bisacetylide complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:28674-28687. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02628a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Extending the acetylide ligand π-conjugation diminishes the terminal substituent effect on the lowest excited states, but expands the triplet excited-state absorption to the near-IR region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Chengzhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Chengkui Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
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16
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Li Z, Li H, Gifford BJ, Peiris WDN, Kilina S, Sun W. Synthesis, photophysics, and reverse saturable absorption of 7-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-9,9-di(2-ethylhexyl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl tethered [Ir(bpy)(ppy)2]PF6 and Ir(ppy)3 complexes (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, ppy = 2-phenylpyridine). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the charges and benzothiazolylfluorenyl pendant on the 2-phenylpyridine ligand influence the photophysics and reverse saturable absorption of Ir(iii) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjing Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Brendan J. Gifford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | | | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
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17
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Liu R, Dandu N, McCleese C, Li Y, Lu T, Li H, Yost D, Wang C, Kilina S, Burda C, Sun W. Influence of a Naphthaldiimide Substituent at the Diimine Ligand on the Photophysics and Reverse Saturable Absorption of Pt
II
Diimine Complexes and Cationic Ir
III
Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108‐6050, USA, http://https://www.ndsu.edu/chemistry/people/faculty/sun.html
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Naveen Dandu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108‐6050, USA, http://https://www.ndsu.edu/chemistry/people/faculty/sun.html
| | - Christopher McCleese
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Yuhao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108‐6050, USA, http://https://www.ndsu.edu/chemistry/people/faculty/sun.html
| | - Taotao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108‐6050, USA, http://https://www.ndsu.edu/chemistry/people/faculty/sun.html
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108‐6050, USA, http://https://www.ndsu.edu/chemistry/people/faculty/sun.html
| | - Dillon Yost
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108‐6050, USA, http://https://www.ndsu.edu/chemistry/people/faculty/sun.html
| | - Chengzhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108‐6050, USA, http://https://www.ndsu.edu/chemistry/people/faculty/sun.html
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108‐6050, USA, http://https://www.ndsu.edu/chemistry/people/faculty/sun.html
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108‐6050, USA, http://https://www.ndsu.edu/chemistry/people/faculty/sun.html
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18
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Yam VWW, Au VKM, Leung SYL. Light-Emitting Self-Assembled Materials Based on d8 and d10 Transition Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 2015; 115:7589-728. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1065] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)) and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Vonika Ka-Man Au
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)) and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Sammual Yu-Lut Leung
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)) and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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19
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Pei C, Cui P, McCleese C, Kilina S, Burda C, Sun W. Heteroleptic cationic iridium(III) complexes bearing naphthalimidyl substituents: synthesis, photophysics and reverse saturable absorption. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:2176-90. [PMID: 25512315 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02384f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Three heteroleptic cationic iridium(iii) complexes containing a cyclometalating 2-[3-(7-naphthalimidylfluoren-2'-yl)phenyl]pyridine ligand and different diimine (N^N) ligands (N^N = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, ), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, ), and 5,5'-bis[7-(benzothiazol-2'-yl)fluoren-2'-yl]-2,2'-bipyridine (BTF-bpy, )) were synthesized and characterized. The photophysics of these complexes was systematically investigated via spectroscopic methods and by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). All complexes possess a very weak charge-transfer tail at ca. 450-570 nm; and two intense absorption bands in the region of 290-350 nm and 350-450 nm, respectively. The emission of in CH2Cl2 emanates predominantly from the C^N ligand-localized (3)π,π* state. These emitting excited states also give rise to broadband triplet excited-state absorption in the visible to the near-IR region (i.e. 420-800 nm for and , and 460-800 nm for ). The kinetics of fs transient absorption (TA) reveals that the lowest singlet excited-state lifetimes of these complexes vary from 1.43 ps to 142 ps. The stronger excited-state absorption of compared to their respective ground-state absorption in the visible spectral range leads to strong reverse saturable absorption (RSA) at 532 nm for ns laser pulses. The trend of transmission signal decrease follows > > . Extending the π-conjugation of the N^N ligand increases the strength of RSA. In addition, the naphthalimidyl (NI) substitution at the cyclometalating ligand dramatically increases the triplet excited-state lifetimes and broadens the triplet excited-state absorption to the NIR region compared to the respective Ir(iii) complexes with a benzothiazolyl substituent on the cyclometalating ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkui Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA.
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20
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Chaudhuri S, Kundu S, Biswas MK, Weyhermüller T, Ghosh P. Mononuclear zinc(II), cadmium(II), cobalt(III) and di-nuclear nickel(II) complexes of a 14pi electron diimine ligand: Syntheses, structures, photoluminescence and DFT investigations. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Fan Y, Zhao D. Triangular platinum(II) metallacycles: syntheses, photophysics, and nonlinear optics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:6162-6171. [PMID: 25738555 DOI: 10.1021/am509074m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Three triangular platinum(II) diimine metallacycles incorporating large cyclic oligo(phenylene-ethynylene) (OPE) bisacetylide ligands are synthesized, and their photophysical properties are studied. Two types of triplet excited states with ligand/metal-to-ligand charge-transfer and acetylide-ligand-centered characteristics respectively, are exhibited by these complexes depending on the size (conjugation length) and electronic features of the cyclic OPE ligands. When the energy levels of the two excited states are close to each other, the lowest triplet state is found to switch between the two in varied solvents, resulting from their relative energy inversion induced by solvent polarity change. Density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory calculations provide corroborative evidence for such experimental conclusions. More importantly, the designed metallacycles show impressive two-photon absorption (2PA) and two-photon excitation phosphorescing abilities, and the 2PA cross section reaches 1020 GM at 680 nm and 670 GM at 1040 nm by two different metallacycles. Additionally, pronounced reverse saturable absorptions are observed with these metallacycles by virtue of their strong transient triplet-state absorptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Applied Chemistry, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dahui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Applied Chemistry, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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22
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23
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Liu R, Li Y, Chang J, Waclawik ER, Sun W. Pt(II) Bipyridyl Complexes Bearing Substituted Fluorenyl Motif on the Bipyridyl and Acetylide Ligands: Synthesis, Photophysics, and Reverse Saturable Absorption. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:9516-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ic500646r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Yuhao Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Jin Chang
- Science
and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George
Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Eric R. Waclawik
- Science
and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George
Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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24
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Liu XG, Sun W. Synthesis, Photophysics, and Reverse Saturable Absorption of Bipyridyl Platinum(II) Bis(acetylide) Complexes Bearing Aromatic Electron-Withdrawing Substituents on the Acetylide Ligands. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:10318-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jp500397g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Guang Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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25
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Li Z, Badaeva E, Ugrinov A, Kilina S, Sun W. Platinum Chloride Complexes Containing 6-[9,9-Di(2-ethylhexyl)-7-R-9H-fluoren-2-yl]-2,2′-bipyridine Ligand (R = NO2, CHO, Benzothiazol-2-yl, n-Bu, Carbazol-9-yl, NPh2): Tunable Photophysics and Reverse Saturable Absorption. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:7578-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ic400683u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjing Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
58108-6050, United States
| | - Ekaterina Badaeva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
58108-6050, United States
| | - Angel Ugrinov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
58108-6050, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
58108-6050, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
58108-6050, United States
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