1
|
Jafari MG, Russell JB, Lee H, Pudasaini B, Pal D, Miao Z, Gau MR, Carroll PJ, Sumerlin BS, Veige AS, Baik MH, Mindiola DJ. Vanadium Alkylidyne Initiated Cyclic Polymer Synthesis: The Importance of a Deprotiovanadacyclobutadiene Moiety. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2997-3009. [PMID: 38272018 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Reported is the catalytic cyclic polymer synthesis by a 3d transition metal complex: a V(V) alkylidyne, [(dBDI)V≡CtBu(OEt2)] (1-OEt2), supported by the deprotonated β-diketiminate dBDI2- (dBDI2- = ArNC(CH3)CHC(CH2)NAr, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3). Complex 1-OEt2 is a precatalyst for the polymerization of phenylacetylene (PhCCH) to give cyclic poly(phenylacetylene) (c-PPA), whereas its precursor, complex [(BDI)V≡CtBu(OTf)] (2-OTf; BDI- = [ArNC(CH3)]2CH, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, OTf = OSO2CF3), and the zwitterion [((C6F5)3B-dBDI)V≡CtBu(OEt2)] (3-OEt2) exhibit low catalytic activity despite having a neopentylidyne ligand. Cyclic polymer topologies were verified by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and intrinsic viscosity studies. A component of the mechanism of the cyclic polymerization reaction was probed by isolation and full characterization of 4- and 6-membered metallacycles as model intermediates. Metallacyclobutadiene (MCBD) and deprotiometallacyclobutadiene (dMCBD) complexes (dBDI)V[C(tBu)C(H)C(tBu)] (4-tBu) and (BDI)V[C(tBu)CC(Mes)] (5-Mes), respectively, were synthesized upon reaction with bulkier alkynes, tBu- (tBuCCH) and Mes-acetylene (MesCCH), with 1-OEt2. Furthermore, the reaction of the conjugate acid of 1-OEt2, [(BDI)V≡CtBu(OTf)] (2-OTf), with the conjugated base of phenylacetylene, lithium phenylacetylide (LiCCPh), yields the doubly deprotio-metallacycle complex, [Li(THF)4]{(BDI)V[C(Ph)CC(tBu)CC(Ph)]} (6). Protonation of the doubly deprotio-metallacycle complex 6 yields 6-H+, a catalytically active species toward the polymerization of PhCCH, for which the polymers were also confirmed to be cyclic by SEC studies. Computational mechanistic studies complement the experimental observations and provide insight into the mechanism of cyclic polymer growth. The noninnocence of the supporting dBDI2- ligand and its role in proton shuttling to generate deprotiometallacyclobutadiene (dMCBD) complexes that proposedly culminate in the formation of catalytically active V(III) species are also discussed. This work demonstrates how a dMCBD moiety can react with terminal alkynes to form cyclic polyalkynes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrafshan G Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - John B Russell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hanna Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bimal Pudasaini
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Digvijayee Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Zhihui Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Michael R Gau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel J Mindiola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Leitner D, Wittwer B, Neururer FR, Seidl M, Wurst K, Tambornino F, Hohloch S. Expanding the Utility of β-Diketiminate Ligands in Heavy Group VI Chemistry of Molybdenum and Tungsten. Organometallics 2023; 42:1411-1424. [PMID: 37388273 PMCID: PMC10302891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of 17 molybdenum and tungsten complexes supported by the ubiquitous BDI ligand framework (BDI = β-diketiminate). The focal entry point is the synthesis of four molybdenum and tungsten(V) BDI complexes of the general formula [MO(BDIR)Cl2] [M = Mo, R = Dipp (1); M = W, R = Dipp (2); M = Mo, R = Mes (3); M = W, R = Mes (4)] synthesized by the reaction between MoOCl3(THF)2 or WOCl3(THF)2 and LiBDIR. Reactivity studies show that the BDIDipp complexes are excellent precursors toward adduct formation, reacting smoothly with dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and triethylphosphine oxide (OPEt3). No reaction with small phosphines has been observed, strongly contrasting the chemistry of previously reported rhenium(V) complexes. Additionally, the complexes 1 and 2 are good precursors for salt metathesis reactions. While 1 can be chemically reduced to the first stable example of a Mo(IV) BDI complex 15, reduction of 2 resulted in degradation of the BDI ligand via a nitrene transfer reaction, leading to MAD (4-((2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino)pent-2-enide) supported tungsten(V) and tungsten(VI) complexes 16 and 17. All reported complexes have been thoroughly studied by VT-NMR and (heteronuclear) NMR spectroscopy, as well as UV-vis and EPR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Leitner
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80−82, Innsbruck 6020 Austria
| | - Benjamin Wittwer
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80−82, Innsbruck 6020 Austria
| | - Florian R. Neururer
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80−82, Innsbruck 6020 Austria
| | - Michael Seidl
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80−82, Innsbruck 6020 Austria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80−82, Innsbruck 6020 Austria
| | - Frank Tambornino
- Fachbereich
Chemie and Wissenschaftlichen Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften
(WZMW), Phillips-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Hohloch
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80−82, Innsbruck 6020 Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cui M, Jia G. Organometallic Chemistry of Transition Metal Alkylidyne Complexes Centered at Metathesis Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12546-12566. [PMID: 35793547 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transition metals form a variety of alkylidyne complexes with either a d0 metal center (high-valent) or a non-d0 metal center (low-valent). One of the most interesting properties of alkylidyne complexes is that they can undergo or mediate metathesis reactions. The most well-studied metathesis reactions are alkyne metathesis involving high-valent alkylidynes. High-valent alkylidynes can also undergo metathesis reactions with heterotriple bonded species such as N≡CR, P≡CR, and N≡NR+. Metathesis reactions involving low-valent alkylidynes are less known. Highly efficient alkyne metathesis catalysts have been developed based on Mo(VI) and W(VI) alkylidynes. Catalytic cross-metathesis of nitriles with alkynes has also been achieved with M(VI) (M = W, Mo) alkylidyne or nitrido complexes. The metathesis activity of alkylidyne complexes is sensitively dependent on metals, supporting ligands and substituents of alkylidynes. Beyond metathesis, metal alkylidynes can also promote other reactions including alkyne polymerization. The remaining shortcomings and opportunities in the field are assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Cui
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guochen Jia
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong, China.,HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The linear μ-carbido complex [Rh2(μ-C)Cl2(dppm)2] (dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane) reacts with a benzyne equivalent (Me3SiC6H4OTf-2/F-) to afford [Rh2(μ-CC6H4)(μ-Cl)(C6H5)Cl2(μ-dppm)2], in which the benzyne moiety adds across one of the two metal-carbon double bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harrison J Barnett
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Anthony F Hill
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory ACT 2601, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hillenbrand J, Leutzsch M, Gordon CP, Copéret C, Fürstner A. 183 W NMR Spectroscopy Guides the Search for Tungsten Alkylidyne Catalysts for Alkyne Metathesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21758-21768. [PMID: 32820864 PMCID: PMC7756321 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Triarylsilanolates are privileged ancillary ligands for molybdenum alkylidyne catalysts for alkyne metathesis but lead to disappointing results and poor stability in the tungsten series. 1 H,183 W heteronuclear multiple bond correlation spectroscopy, exploiting a favorable 5 J-coupling between the 183 W center and the peripheral protons on the alkylidyne cap, revealed that these ligands upregulate the Lewis acidity to an extent that the tungstenacyclobutadiene formed in the initial [2+2] cycloaddition step is over-stabilized and the catalytic turnover brought to a halt. Guided by the 183 W NMR shifts as a proxy for the Lewis acidity of the central atom and by an accompanying chemical shift tensor analysis of the alkylidyne unit, the ligand design was revisited and a more strongly π-donating all-alkoxide ligand prepared. The new expanded chelate complex has a tempered Lewis acidity and outperforms the classical Schrock catalyst, carrying monodentate tert-butoxy ligands, in terms of rate and functional-group compatibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung45470Mülheim/RuhrGermany
| | - Christopher P. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung45470Mülheim/RuhrGermany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Since the prediction of the existence of metallabenzenes in 1979, metallaaromatic chemistry has developed rapidly, due to its importance in both experimental and theoretical fields. Now six major types of metallaromatic compounds, metallabenzenes, metallabenzynes, heterometallaaromatics, dianion metalloles, metallapentalenes and metallapentalynes (also termed carbolongs), and spiro metalloles, have been reported and extensively studied. Their parent organic analogues may be aromatic, non-aromatic, or even anti-aromatic. These unique systems not only enrich the large family of aromatics, but they also broaden our understanding and extend the concept of aromaticity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of metallaaromatic chemistry. We have focused on not only the six major classes of metallaaromatics, including the main-group-metal-based metallaaromatics, but also other types, such as metallacyclobutadienes and metallacyclopropenes. The structures, synthetic methods, and reactivities are described, their applications are covered, and the challenges and future prospects of the area are discussed. The criteria commonly used to judge the aromaticity of metallaaromatics are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafa Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Hua
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Xia
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hillenbrand J, Leutzsch M, Gordon CP, Copéret C, Fürstner A. 183
W NMR Spectroscopy Guides the Search for Tungsten Alkylidyne Catalysts for Alkyne Metathesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr Germany
| | - Christopher P. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hauser PM, Ende M, Groos J, Frey W, Wang D, Buchmeiser MR. Cationic Tungsten Alkylidyne
N
‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis and Reactivity in Alkyne Metathesis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M. Hauser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Melita Ende
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Jonas Groos
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Dongren Wang
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Michael R. Buchmeiser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mandal U, VenkatRamani S, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Veige AS. Synthesis and Characterization of Tungsten Alkylidene and Alkylidyne Complexes Featuring a New Carbazole-Based Rigid Trianionic ONO 3– Pincer-Type Ligand. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ushnish Mandal
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Sudarsan VenkatRamani
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Adam S. Veige
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ehrhorn H, Bockfeld D, Freytag M, Bannenberg T, Kefalidis CE, Maron L, Tamm M. Studies on Molybdena- and Tungstenacyclobutadiene Complexes Supported by Fluoroalkoxy Ligands as Intermediates of Alkyne Metathesis. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Ehrhorn
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dirk Bockfeld
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Freytag
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Bannenberg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christos E. Kefalidis
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mörsdorf JM, Wadepohl H, Ballmann J. A Tautomeric λ 3/λ 5-Phosphane Pair and Its Ambiphilic Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:3502-3508. [PMID: 30777436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The central phosphorus atom of a novel hydroxyl-functionalized triarylphosphane was shown to reversibly insert into one of the molecule's O-H bonds, which forms the basis for a tautomeric λ3/λ5-phosphane equilibrium. For the first time, this equilibrium was detected for a λ3-triarylphosphane and the underlying dynamic process was elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. On the basis of reactivity studies, a nucleophilic character was assigned to the minor species present in solution, the λ3-phosphane. Upon methylation, for example, the λ3-form was selectively removed from the equilibrium and converted to the corresponding phosphonium salt. However, upon generation of an alkoxide via proton abstraction, the electrophilic character of the λ5-phosphane in the equilibrium became evident since the alkoxide was found to attack the molecule's phosphorus atom. This intramolecular reaction led to the selective formation of a new anionic λ6-hydridospirophosphane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Mörsdorf
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 276 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 276 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Joachim Ballmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 276 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ehrhorn H, Tamm M. Well-Defined Alkyne Metathesis Catalysts: Developments and Recent Applications. Chemistry 2018; 25:3190-3208. [PMID: 30346054 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although alkyne metathesis has been known for 50 years, rapid progress in this field has mostly occurred during the last two decades. In this article, the development of several highly efficient and thoroughly studied alkyne metathesis catalysts is reviewed, which includes novel well-defined, in situ formed and heterogeneous systems. Various alkyne metathesis methodologies, including alkyne cross-metathesis (ACM), ring-closing alkyne metathesis (RCAM), cyclooligomerization, acyclic diyne metathesis polymerization (ADIMET), and ring-opening alkyne metathesis polymerization (ROAMP), are presented, and their application in natural product synthesis, materials science as well as supramolecular and polymer chemistry is discussed. Recent progress in the metathesis of diynes is also summarized, which gave rise to new methods such as ring-closing diyne metathesis (RCDM) and diyne cross-metathesis (DYCM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Ehrhorn
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zheng S, Chu Z, Lee K, Lin Q, Li Y, He G, Chen J, Jia G. Synthesis, Characterization and Electronic Structure of Dirhenadehyro[12]annulene Complexes. Chempluschem 2018; 84:85-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Zhenwei Chu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Ka‐Ho Lee
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Qin Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yucen Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Guomei He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jiangxi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Guochen Jia
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Roland CD, VenkatRamani S, Jakhar VK, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Veige AS. Synthesis and Characterization of a Molybdenum Alkylidyne Supported by a Trianionic OCO3– Pincer Ligand. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Roland
- Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Sudarsan VenkatRamani
- Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Vineet K. Jakhar
- Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Adam S. Veige
- Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cui M, Lin R, Jia G. Chemistry of Metallacyclobutadienes. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:895-912. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Cui
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Ran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Guochen Jia
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Estes DP, Gordon CP, Fedorov A, Liao WC, Ehrhorn H, Bittner C, Zier ML, Bockfeld D, Chan KW, Eisenstein O, Raynaud C, Tamm M, Copéret C. Molecular and Silica-Supported Molybdenum Alkyne Metathesis Catalysts: Influence of Electronics and Dynamics on Activity Revealed by Kinetics, Solid-State NMR, and Chemical Shift Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17597-17607. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deven P. Estes
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher P. Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Fedorov
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wei-Chih Liao
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Henrike Ehrhorn
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Celine Bittner
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manuel Luca Zier
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dirk Bockfeld
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ka Wing Chan
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Odile Eisenstein
- Institut
Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- Hylleraas
Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christophe Raynaud
- Institut
Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jeong H, von Kugelgen S, Bellone D, Fischer FR. Regioselective Termination Reagents for Ring-Opening Alkyne Metathesis Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15509-15514. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyangsoo Jeong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephen von Kugelgen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Donatela Bellone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences
Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bittner C, Ehrhorn H, Bockfeld D, Brandhorst K, Tamm M. Tuning the Catalytic Alkyne Metathesis Activity of Molybdenum and Tungsten 2,4,6-Trimethylbenzylidyne Complexes with Fluoroalkoxide Ligands OC(CF3)nMe3–n (n = 0–3). Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Bittner
- Institut für Anorganische
und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring
30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Henrike Ehrhorn
- Institut für Anorganische
und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring
30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dirk Bockfeld
- Institut für Anorganische
und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring
30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai Brandhorst
- Institut für Anorganische
und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring
30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Institut für Anorganische
und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring
30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wezisla B, Lindner J, Das U, Filippou AC, Vöhringer P. The Femtochemistry of a Ferracyclobutadiene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Wezisla
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Wegelerstrasse 12 53117 Bonn Germany
| | - Jörg Lindner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Wegelerstrasse 12 53117 Bonn Germany
| | - Ujjal Das
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Alexander C. Filippou
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Wegelerstrasse 12 53117 Bonn Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wezisla B, Lindner J, Das U, Filippou AC, Vöhringer P. The Femtochemistry of a Ferracyclobutadiene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6901-6905. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Wezisla
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Wegelerstrasse 12 53117 Bonn Germany
| | - Jörg Lindner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Wegelerstrasse 12 53117 Bonn Germany
| | - Ujjal Das
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Alexander C. Filippou
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Wegelerstrasse 12 53117 Bonn Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Àrias Ò, Brandhorst K, Baabe D, Freytag M, Jones PG, Tamm M. Formation of paramagnetic metallacyclobutadienes by reaction of diaminoacetylenes with molybdenum alkylidyne complexes. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:4737-4748. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00305f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of the molybdenum alkylidyne complex [MesCMo{OCMe(CF3)2}3] with the diaminoacetylenes R2NCCNR2 (NR2 = 4-methylpiperidinyl, NEt2; Mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) afforded paramagnetic metallacyclobutadiene (MCBD) complexes with diaminodicarbene ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Òscar Àrias
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Kai Brandhorst
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Dirk Baabe
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Matthias Freytag
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Peter G. Jones
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Technische Universität Braunschweig
- 38106 Braunschweig
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bai W, Lee KH, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Lin Z, Jia G. Alkyne Metathesis Reactions of Rhenium(V) Carbyne Complexes. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bai
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ka-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Herman H. Y. Sung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ian D. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Guochen Jia
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
de Brito Sá É, Rodríguez-Santiago L, Sodupe M, Solans-Monfort X. Toward Olefin Metathesis with Iron Carbene Complexes: Benefits of Tridentate σ-Donating Ligands. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Égil de Brito Sá
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, 64202-020 Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | - Mariona Sodupe
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
VenkatRamani S, Roland CD, Zhang JG, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Veige AS. Trianionic Pincer Complexes of Niobium and Tantalum as Precatalysts for ROMP of Norbornene. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudarsan VenkatRamani
- Center
for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Christopher D. Roland
- Center
for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - James G. Zhang
- Center
for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center
for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- Center
for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Adam S. Veige
- Center
for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nadif SS, Kubo T, Gonsales SA, VenkatRamani S, Ghiviriga I, Sumerlin BS, Veige AS. Introducing “Ynene” Metathesis: Ring-Expansion Metathesis Polymerization Leads to Highly Cis and Syndiotactic Cyclic Polymers of Norbornene. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6408-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soufiane S. Nadif
- Center
for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Tomohiro Kubo
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering and George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Stella A. Gonsales
- Center
for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Sudarsan VenkatRamani
- Center
for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center
for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering and George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering and George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Adam S. Veige
- Center
for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering and George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pascualini ME, Stoian SA, Ozarowski A, Abboud KA, Veige AS. Solid State Collapse of a High-Spin Square-Planar Fe(II) Complex, Solution Phase Dynamics, and Electronic Structure Characterization of an Fe(II)2 Dimer. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:5191-200. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matias E. Pascualini
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Sebastian A. Stoian
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Andrew Ozarowski
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Adam S. Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
von Kugelgen S, Bellone DE, Cloke RR, Perkins WS, Fischer FR. Initiator Control of Conjugated Polymer Topology in Ring-Opening Alkyne Metathesis Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6234-9. [PMID: 27120088 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum carbyne complexes [RC≡Mo(OC(CH3)(CF3)2)3] featuring a mesityl (R = Mes) or an ethyl (R = Et) substituent initiate the living ring-opening alkyne metathesis polymerization of the strained cyclic alkyne, 5,6,11,12-tetradehydrobenzo[a,e][8]annulene, to yield fully conjugated poly(o-phenylene ethynylene). The difference in the steric demand of the polymer end-group (Mes vs Et) transferred during the initiation step determines the topology of the resulting polymer chain. While [MesC≡Mo(OC(CH3)(CF3)2)3] exclusively yields linear poly(o-phenylene ethynylene), polymerization initiated by [EtC≡Mo(OC(CH3)(CF3)2)3] results in cyclic polymers ranging in size from n = 5 to 20 monomer units. Kinetic studies reveal that the propagating species emerging from [EtC≡Mo(OC(CH3)(CF3)2)3] undergoes a highly selective intramolecular backbiting into the butynyl end-group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen von Kugelgen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Donatela E Bellone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ryan R Cloke
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wade S Perkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Chen J, Lee KH, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Lin Z, Jia G. Synthesis and Characterization of Dirhenadehydro[12]annulenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7194-8. [PMID: 27125726 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The 12-membered-ring metallacycles [mer-Re{≡CCH=C(R)C≡C-}Cl(PMe2 Ph)3 )]2 (R=CMe3 , 1-adamantyl), which are organometallic analogues of antiaromatic octadehydro[12]annulene, are prepared by heating the methyl carbyne complexes mer-Re{≡CCH=C(R)C≡CH}(CH3 )Cl(PMe2 Ph)3 . An intermolecular σ-bond metathesis between the Re-CH3 bond and the acetylenic C-H bond is proposed for their formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ka-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Herman H Y Sung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ian D Williams
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Guochen Jia
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Remya PR, Suresh CH. Planar tetracoordinate carbon in tungstenacyclobutadiene from alkyne metathesis and expanded structures. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:1769-78. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03922c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Establishing the Cβ of tungstenacyclobutadiene (WCBD) as a ptC center paves the way for a new strategy to make novel materials containing multiple ptC centers. The 1-, 2- and 3-dimensional expansion of the WCBD motifs provides access to ptC-incorporated new metal–organic frameworks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Premaja R. Remya
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Trivandrum 695 019
- India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research
| | - Cherumuttathu H. Suresh
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Trivandrum 695 019
- India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pascualini ME, Stoian SA, Ozarowski A, Di Russo NV, Thuijs AE, Abboud KA, Christou G, Veige AS. Synthesis and characterization of a family of M(2+) complexes supported by a trianionic ONO(3-) pincer-type ligand: towards the stabilization of high-spin square-planar complexes. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:20207-15. [PMID: 26537572 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03960f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-spin square-planar molecular compounds are rare. In an effort to access this unique combination of geometry and spin state, we report the synthesis of a series of M(II) compounds stabilized by a trianionic pincer-type ligand, highlighting the formation of a high-spin square-planar Co(II) complex. Low-temperature, variable-frequency EPR measurements reveal that the ground electronic state of the Co(II) analogue is a highly anisotropic Kramers doublet (effective g values 7.35, 2.51, 1.48). This doublet can be identified with the lowest doublet of a quartet, S = 3/2 spin state that exhibits a very large ZFS, D ≥ 50 cm(-1). The observation of an effective g value considerably greater than the largest spin-only value 6, demonstrates that the orbital angular moment is essentially unquenched along one spatial direction. Density Functional Theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations reveal the electronic configurations of the ground and excited orbital states. A qualitative crystal field description of the geff tensor shows that it originates from the spin-orbit coupling acting on states obtained through the transfer of a β electron from the doubly occupied xy to the singly-occupied {xz/yz} orbitals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Pascualini
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - S A Stoian
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA.
| | - A Ozarowski
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA.
| | - N V Di Russo
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - A E Thuijs
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - K A Abboud
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - G Christou
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - A S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Torres-Alacan J, Das U, Wezisla B, Straßmann M, Filippou AC, Vöhringer P. Photochemistry of a Puckered Ferracyclobutadiene in Liquid Solution Studied by Time-Resolved Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2015; 21:17184-90. [PMID: 26457465 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Flash photolysis combined with step-scan and rapid-scan Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was carried out to explore the photochemistry of a puckered, quasi-square pyramidal ferracyclobutadiene, [Fe{κ(2) -C3 (NEt2 )3 }(CO)3 ]BF4 ([1]BF4 ), that features three additional carbonyl ligands in the metal coordination sphere. In liquid solution at room temperature, an excitation with λ=355 nm light resulted in the loss of one CO ligand, which is cleaved from a basal metal-coordination site. Within the time resolution of the experiment, a solvent molecule promptly refills the resultant vacancy at the coordinatively unsaturated metal center. In the weakly interacting liquid, dichloromethane, the counterion of the complex is subsequently able to substitute the solvent in the coordination sphere of the iron center, thereby forming as a stable product a neutral dicarbonyl tetrafluoroborato iron(0) species containing a four-membered ferracycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Torres-Alacan
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstrasse 12, 53115 Bonn (Germany)
| | - Ujjal Das
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany)
| | - Boris Wezisla
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstrasse 12, 53115 Bonn (Germany)
| | - Martin Straßmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany)
| | - Alexander C Filippou
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany)
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstrasse 12, 53115 Bonn (Germany).
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
VenkatRamani S, Huff NB, Jan MT, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Veige AS. New Alkylidyne Complexes Featuring a Flexible Trianionic ONO3– Pincer-Type Ligand: Inorganic Enamine Effect versus Sterics in Electrophilic Additions. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudarsan VenkatRamani
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Nicholas B. Huff
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Muhammad Tariq Jan
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Adam S. Veige
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gonsales SA, Pascualini ME, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Veige AS. Fast “Wittig-Like” Reactions As a Consequence of the Inorganic Enamine Effect. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:4840-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stella A. Gonsales
- Department
of Chemistry,
Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Matias E. Pascualini
- Department
of Chemistry,
Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department
of Chemistry,
Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- Department
of Chemistry,
Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Adam S. Veige
- Department
of Chemistry,
Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nadif SS, Pedziwiatr J, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Veige AS. Synthesis and Characterization of Group 4 Trianionic ONO3– Pincer-Type Ligand Complexes and a Rare Case of Through-Space 19F–19F Coupling. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soufiane S. Nadif
- Center
for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jakub Pedziwiatr
- Center
for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center
for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- Center
for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Adam S. Veige
- Center
for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2013. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
37
|
Bellone D, Bours J, Menke EH, Fischer FR. Highly selective molybdenum ONO pincer complex initiates the living ring-opening metathesis polymerization of strained alkynes with exceptionally low polydispersity indices. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:850-6. [PMID: 25535767 PMCID: PMC4308759 DOI: 10.1021/ja510919v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The pseudo-octahedral molybdenum benzylidyne complex [TolC≡Mo(ONO)(OR)]·KOR (R = CCH3(CF3)2) 1, featuring a stabilizing ONO pincer ligand, initiates the controlled living polymerization of strained dibenzocyclooctynes at T > 60 °C to give high molecular weight polymers with exceptionally low polydispersities (PDI ∼ 1.02). Kinetic analyses reveal that the growing polymer chain attached to the propagating catalyst efficiently limits the rate of propagation with respect to the rate of initiation (kp/ki ∼ 10(-3)). The reversible coordination of KOCCH3(CF3)2 to the propagating catalyst prevents undesired chain-termination and -transfer processes. The ring-opening alkyne metathesis polymerization with 1 has all the characteristics of a living polymerization and enables, for the first time, the controlled synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers via ROAMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donatela
E. Bellone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Justin Bours
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Elisabeth H. Menke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley
and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
VenkatRamani S, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Veige AS. A new ONO3− trianionic pincer ligand with intermediate flexibility and its tungsten alkylidene and alkylidyne complexes. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:18475-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02911b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This report details the synthesis and characterization of the semi-flexible [ONCH2O]H3 (1) ligand and its W(vi)-alkylidene and alkylidyne complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry
- Center for Catalysis
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- Department of Chemistry
- Center for Catalysis
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Adam S. Veige
- Department of Chemistry
- Center for Catalysis
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lin R, Lee KH, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Lin Z, Jia G. Rhenabenzenes and Unexpected Coupling Products from the Reactions of Rhenacyclobutadienes with Ethoxyethyne. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om501034e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,
Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ka-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,
Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Herman H. Y. Sung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,
Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ian D. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,
Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,
Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Guochen Jia
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,
Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pascualini ME, Di Russo NV, Quintero PA, Thuijs AE, Pinkowicz D, Abboud KA, Dunbar KR, Christou G, Meisel MW, Veige AS. Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Iron(III) Complexes Supported by a Trianionic ONO3– Pincer Ligand. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:13078-88. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502251p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dawid Pinkowicz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Kim R. Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pascualini ME, Di Russo NV, Thuijs AE, Ozarowski A, Stoian SA, Abboud KA, Christou G, Veige AS. A high-spin square-planar Fe(ii) complex stabilized by a trianionic pincer-type ligand and conclusive evidence for retention of geometry and spin state in solution. Chem Sci 2014; 6:608-612. [PMID: 28706628 PMCID: PMC5491960 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02634a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive spectroscopic evaluation of a novel ONO3– trianionic pincer Fe(ii) complex indicates the rare square-planar geometry and S = 2 spin state are retained in solution.
Square-planar high-spin Fe(ii) molecular compounds are rare and the only three non-macrocyclic or sterically-driven examples reported share a common FeO4 core. Using an easily modifiable pincer-type ligand, the successful synthesis of the first compound of this type that breaks the FeO4 motif was achieved. In addition, we present the first evidence that geometry and spin state persist in solution. Extensive characterization includes the first high-field EPR and variable field/temperature Mössbauer spectra for this class of compounds. Analysis of the spectroscopic data indicates this complex exhibits a large and positive zero-field splitting tensor. Furthermore, the unusually small ΔEQ value determined for this compound is rationalized on the basis of DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Pascualini
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Catalysis , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA .
| | - N V Di Russo
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Catalysis , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA .
| | - A E Thuijs
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Catalysis , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA .
| | - A Ozarowski
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , Florida State University , Tallahassee , FL 32310 , USA
| | - S A Stoian
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , Florida State University , Tallahassee , FL 32310 , USA
| | - K A Abboud
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Catalysis , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA .
| | - G Christou
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Catalysis , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA .
| | - A S Veige
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Catalysis , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA .
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Haberlag B, Freytag M, Jones PG, Tamm M. Tungsten and Molybdenum 2,4,6-Trimethylbenzylidyne Complexes as Robust Pre-Catalysts for Alkyne Metathesis. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
43
|
O'Reilly ME, Veige AS. Trianionic pincer and pincer-type metal complexes and catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:6325-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00111g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive examination of the synthesis, characterization, properties, and catalytic applications of trianionic pincer metal complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam S. Veige
- Center for Catalysis
- University of Florida
- Gainesville, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
O’Reilly ME, Nadif SS, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Veige AS. Synthesis and Characterization of Tungsten Alkylidene and Alkylidyne Complexes Supported by a New Pyrrolide-Centered Trianionic ONO3– Pincer-Type Ligand. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om4009422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. O’Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Soufiane S. Nadif
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Adam S. Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Affiliation(s)
- Guochen Jia
- Department
of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|