1
|
Dabuliene A, Shi ZE, Leitonas K, Lung CY, Volyniuk D, Kaur K, Matulis V, Lyakhov D, Michels D, Chen CP, Grazulevicius JV. Enhancement of Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells with Hole-Selective Layers of Rationally Designed Thiazolo[5,4- d]thiazole Derivatives. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:30239-30254. [PMID: 38808540 PMCID: PMC11181279 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
We introduce thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole (TT)-based derivatives featuring carbazole, phenothiazine, or triphenylamine donor units as hole-selective materials to enhance the performance of wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The optoelectronic properties of the materials underwent thorough evaluation and were substantially fine-tuned through deliberate molecular design. Time-of-flight hole mobility TTs ranged from 4.33 × 10-5 to 1.63 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 (at an electric field of 1.6 × 105 V cm-1). Their ionization potentials ranged from -4.93 to -5.59 eV. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, it has been demonstrated that S0 → S1 transitions in TTs with carbazolyl or ditert-butyl-phenothiazinyl substituents are characterized by local excitation (LE). Mixed intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and LE occurred for compounds containing ditert-butyl carbazolyl-, dimethoxy carbazolyl-, or alkoxy-substituted triphenylamino donor moieties. The selected derivatives of TT were used for the preparation of hole-selective layers (HSL) in PSC with the structure of glass/ITO/HSLs/Cs0.18FA0.82Pb(I0.8Br0.2)3/PEAI/PC61BM/BCP/Ag. The alkoxy-substituted triphenylamino containing TT (TTP-DPA) has been demonstrated to be an effective material for HSL. Its layer also functioned well as an interlayer, improving the surface of control HSL_2PACz (i.e., reducing the surface energy of 2PACz from 66.9 to 52.4 mN m-1), thus enabling precise control over perovskite growth energy level alignment and carrier extraction/transportation at the hole-selecting contact of PSCs. 2PACz/TTP-DPA-based devices showed an optimized performance of 19.1 and 37.0% under 1-sun and 3000 K LED (1000 lx) illuminations, respectively. These values represent improvements over those achieved by bare 2PACz-based devices, which attained efficiencies of 17.4 and 32.2%, respectively. These findings highlight the promising potential of TTs for the enhancement of the efficiencies of PSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asta Dabuliene
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Baršausko Str. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| | - Zhong-En Shi
- Department
of Materials Engineering and
Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming
Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
| | - Karolis Leitonas
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Baršausko Str. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| | - Chien-Yu Lung
- Department
of Materials Engineering and
Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming
Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
| | - Dmytro Volyniuk
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Baršausko Str. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| | - Khushdeep Kaur
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Baršausko Str. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| | - Vitaly Matulis
- Belarusian
State University, Minsk 220030, Republic
of Belarus
| | - Dmitry Lyakhov
- Computer,
Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dominik Michels
- Computer,
Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chih-Ping Chen
- Department
of Materials Engineering and
Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming
Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
- College
of Engineering and Center for Sustainability and Energy Technologies, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Juozas Vidas Grazulevicius
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Baršausko Str. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Idrissi A, Atir R, Elfakir Z, Staoui A, Bouzakraoui S. New bithiophene-based molecules as hole transporting materials for perovskite solar cells and or as donor for organic solar cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 305:123528. [PMID: 37857069 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
DFT and TDDFT approaches were used to design three (T16,17,18) molecules based on 4,4'-dimethoxy-2,2'-bithiophene core to explore the influence of substitution of triphenylamine (TPA) fragment by methoxy groups, and introduction of azomethine π-bridges on the optoelectronic properties of hole transporting materials for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) or as donor for organic solar cells (OSCs). To shed light on the efficiency, stability, and solubility several physicochemical parameters were computed in dichloromethane solvent. All designed molecules show appropriate frontier molecular orbital levels, which facilitates effective hole transfer from the perovskite materials to the HTMs in the hole-transporting layer in PSC devices. They all show good efficiency and pore-fillings and are stable and soluble in dichloromethane. Electron-hole pairs can easily dissociate into free charge carriers, especially for T16 and T17; consequently, improve short-circuit current densities and facilitate hole transport. It is also advised to use T18 which includes azomethine bridges as a donor with a non-fullerene Y6 acceptor to create effective OSCs because it exhibits high open circuit voltage, fill factor and low gap energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdennacer Idrissi
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Process Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofaïl University Campus Universitaire, Kénitra, Morocco.
| | - Redouane Atir
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Process Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofaïl University Campus Universitaire, Kénitra, Morocco
| | - Zouhair Elfakir
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Process Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofaïl University Campus Universitaire, Kénitra, Morocco
| | - Abdelali Staoui
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Process Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofaïl University Campus Universitaire, Kénitra, Morocco
| | - Said Bouzakraoui
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Process Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofaïl University Campus Universitaire, Kénitra, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Simokaitiene J, Cekaviciute M, Baucyte K, Volyniuk D, Durgaryan R, Molina D, Yang B, Suo J, Kim Y, Filho DAS, Hagfeldt A, Sini G, Grazulevicius JV. Interfacial versus Bulk Properties of Hole-Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells: Isomeric Triphenylamine-Based Enamines versus Spiro-OMeTAD. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:21320-21330. [PMID: 33914514 PMCID: PMC8289195 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report on three new triphenylamine-based enamines synthesized by condensation of an appropriate primary amine with 2,2-diphenylacetaldehyde and characterized by experimental techniques and density functional theory (DFT) computations. Experimental results allow highlighting attractive properties including solid-state ionization potential in the range of 5.33-5.69 eV in solid-state and hole mobilities exceeding 10-3 cm2/V·s, which are higher than those in spiro-OMeTAD at the same electric fields. DFT-based analysis points to the presence of several conformers close in energy at room temperature. The newly synthesized hole-transporting materials (HTMs) were used in perovskite solar cells and exhibited performances comparable to that of spiro-OMeTAD. The device containing one newly synthesized hole-transporting enamine was characterized by a power conversion efficiency of 18.4%. Our analysis indicates that the perovskite-HTM interface dominates the properties of perovskite solar cells. PL measurements indicate smaller efficiency for perovskite-to-new HTM hole transfer as compared to spiro-OMeTAD. Nevertheless, the comparable power conversion efficiencies and simple synthesis of the new compounds make them attractive candidates for utilization in perovskite solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jurate Simokaitiene
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu Road 19, LT, 50245 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Monika Cekaviciute
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu Road 19, LT, 50245 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Baucyte
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu Road 19, LT, 50245 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dmytro Volyniuk
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu Road 19, LT, 50245 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ranush Durgaryan
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu Road 19, LT, 50245 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Desiré Molina
- Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Photomolecular Science Institute of Chemical
Sciences Engineering, École Polytechnique
Federale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Área
de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Bowen Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Photomolecular Science Institute of Chemical
Sciences Engineering, École Polytechnique
Federale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jiajia Suo
- Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Photomolecular Science Institute of Chemical
Sciences Engineering, École Polytechnique
Federale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - YeonJu Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Photomolecular Science Institute of Chemical
Sciences Engineering, École Polytechnique
Federale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Demetrio Antonio
da Silva Filho
- Laboratoire
de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, EA 2528, CY Cergy Paris Université, 5 mail Gay Lussac, 95031 Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
- Institute
for Advanced Studies, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 1 rue Descartes, 95000 Neuville-sur-Oise, France
- Institute
of Physics, University of Brasilia, 70919-970 Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Photomolecular Science Institute of Chemical
Sciences Engineering, École Polytechnique
Federale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gjergji Sini
- Laboratoire
de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, EA 2528, CY Cergy Paris Université, 5 mail Gay Lussac, 95031 Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Juozas V. Grazulevicius
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Radvilenu Road 19, LT, 50245 Kaunas, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee ZH, Hammoud F, Hijazi A, Graff B, Lalevée J, Chen YC. Synthesis and free radical photopolymerization of triphenylamine-based oxime ester photoinitiators. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01768j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Four visible light triphenylamine-based oxime ester photoinitiators (TP-1–4) were synthesized successfully. Photochemical reaction, photoreactivity and 3D pattern experiments were also conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Han Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
- Kaohsiung 80778
- Taiwan
| | - Fatima Hammoud
- Université de Haute-Alsace
- CNRS
- IS2 M UMR 7361
- Mulhouse
- France
| | | | | | | | - Yung-Chung Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
- Kaohsiung 80778
- Taiwan
- Photo-SMART (Photo-sensitive Material Advanced Research and Technology Center)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Carbazole Electroactive Amorphous Molecular Material: Molecular Design, Synthesis, Characterization and Application in Perovskite Solar Cells. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13112897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In perovskite photovoltaics (PSCs), the role of the hole transporting material (HTM) is highly important as it significantly influents to the global device’s performance and stability. Hole transporter ensures the extraction of hole at the perovskite/HTM interface and transport it towards the cathode. Thus, accurate molecular design affording to efficient and cost-effective HTM is of major interest. Small molecules having glass forming property is an attractive class as it can form morphologically stable thin film. Herein, a carbazole molecular glass bearing a polymerizable function was designed and synthetized. Its characteristics are suitable for application as HTM in PSCs. The preliminary photovoltaic application lead to device efficiency of 14–15% depending on the chemical composition of the perovskite employed. These promising results open the way to design new alternative molecular and polymeric HTMs suitable for solution processed hybrid solar cells.
Collapse
|
6
|
Li YH, Chen YC. Triphenylamine-hexaarylbiimidazole derivatives as hydrogen-acceptor photoinitiators for free radical photopolymerization under UV and LED light. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01605h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, three triphenylamine-based hexaarylbiimidazole (HABI) derivatives featuring different numbers of methoxy groups (none for HABI1, two for HABI2, and four for HABI3) have been synthesized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Heng Li
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
- Kaohsiung 80778
- Republic of China
| | - Yung-Chung Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
- Kaohsiung 80778
- Republic of China
- Photo-sensitive Material Advanced Research and Technology Center (Photo-SMART)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee S, Kwak S, Lee K, Kim BG, Kim M, Wang DH, Han WS. Tuning the energy level of TAPC: crystal structure and photophysical and electrochemical properties of 4,4'-(cyclohexane-1,1-diyl)bis[N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline]. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2019; 75:919-926. [PMID: 31271380 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229619007101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The energy level of a hole-transporting material (HTM) in organic electronics, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs), is important for device efficiency. In this regard, we prepared 4,4'-(cyclohexane-1,1-diyl)bis[N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline] (TAPC-OMe), C46H46N2O4, to tune the energy level of 4,4'-(cyclohexane-1,1-diyl)bis[N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)aniline] (TAPC), which is a well-known HTM commonly used in OLED applications. A systematic characterization of TAPC-OMe, including 1H and 13C NMR, elemental analysis, UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence emission, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, was performed. TAPC-OMe crystallized in the triclinic space group P-1, with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The dihedral angles between the central amine triangular planes and those of the phenyl groups varied from 26.56 (9) to 60.34 (8)° due to the steric hindrance of the central cyclohexyl ring. This arrangement might be induced by weak hydrogen bonds and C-H...π(Ph) interactions in the extended structure. The emission maxima of TAPC-OMe showed a significant bathochomic shift compared to that of TAPC. A strong dependency of the oxidation potentials on the nature of the electron-donating ability of substituents was confirmed by comparing oxidation potentials with known Hammett parameters (σ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunhee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul Women's University, 621 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul Women's University, 621 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - Keumhee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul Women's University, 621 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Gi Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06497, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseong Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06497, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Wang
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06497, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sik Han
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul Women's University, 621 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou F, Wu B, Dong HL, Xu QF, He JH, Li YY, Jiang J, Lu JM. The Application of a Small-Molecule-Based Ternary Memory Device in Transient Thermal-Probing Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1604162. [PMID: 27882609 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A small-molecule-based ternary memory device is used in transient thermal-probing electronics. The PYAE-based memory device is featured with three electrical transition signals ("0," "1," and "2"), while the heated PYAE-based device is only characterized by two electrical transition signals ("1" and "2"). The organic layer of the used devices can be recovered and reused.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation, Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Bin Wu
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation, Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hui-Long Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qing-Feng Xu
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation, Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jing-Hui He
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation, Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - You-Yong Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation, Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jian-Mei Lu
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation, Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Palladium-Catalyzed Rapid Methoxylation and Deuteriomethoxylation of Bromo-chalcones: Uncovering the Catalytic Activity of the Pd/tBuXPhos Catalyst System. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
10
|
Bucinskas A, Bagdziunas G, Tomkeviciene A, Volynyuk D, Kostiv N, Gudeika D, Jankauskas V, Rutkis M, Grazulevicius JV. Structure–property relationship of isomeric diphenylethenyl-disubstituted dimethoxycarbazoles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09161f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Isomeric 3,6-dimethoxy- and 2,7-dimethoxycarbazoles containing diphenylethenyl moieties were synthesized by condensation of the appropriate dimethoxycarbazoles with diphenylacetaldehyde.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrius Bucinskas
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology
- Kaunas University of Technology
- LT-50254 Kaunas
- Lithuania
| | - Gintautas Bagdziunas
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology
- Kaunas University of Technology
- LT-50254 Kaunas
- Lithuania
| | - Ausra Tomkeviciene
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology
- Kaunas University of Technology
- LT-50254 Kaunas
- Lithuania
| | - Dmytro Volynyuk
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology
- Kaunas University of Technology
- LT-50254 Kaunas
- Lithuania
| | - Nataliya Kostiv
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology
- Kaunas University of Technology
- LT-50254 Kaunas
- Lithuania
| | - Dalius Gudeika
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology
- Kaunas University of Technology
- LT-50254 Kaunas
- Lithuania
| | - Vygintas Jankauskas
- Department of Solid State Electronics
- Vilnius University
- LT-10222 Vilnius
- Lithuania
| | - Martins Rutkis
- Institute of Solid State Physics
- University of Latvia
- Riga LV-1063
- Latvia
| | - Juozas V. Grazulevicius
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology
- Kaunas University of Technology
- LT-50254 Kaunas
- Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|