Application of dandelion-like Sm2O3/Co3O4/rGO in high performance supercapacitors

Novel 2D material-based supercapacitors are promising candidates for energy applications due to their distinctive physical, chemical, and electrochemical properties. In this study, a dandelion-like structure material comprised of Sm2O3, Co3O4, and 2D reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on nickel foam (NF) was synthesised using a hydrothermal method followed by subsequent annealing treatment. This dandelion composite grows further through the tremella-like structure of Sm2O3 and Co3O4, which facilitates the diffusion of ions and prevents structural collapse during charging and discharging. A substantial number of active sites are generated during redox reactions by the unique surface morphology of the Sm2O3/Co3O4/rGO/NF composite (SCGN). The maximum specific capacity the SCGN material achieves is 3448 F g-1 for 1 A g-1 in a 6 mol L-1 KOH solution. Benefiting from its morphological structure, the prepared composite (SCGN) exhibits a high cyclability of 93.2% over 3000 charge-discharge cycles at 10 A g-1 and a coulombic efficiency of 97.4%. Additionally, the assembled SCGN//SCGN symmetric supercapacitors deliver a high energy density of 64 W h kg-1 with a power density of 300 W kg-1, which increases to an outstanding power density of 12 000 W kg-1 at 28.7 W h kg-1 and long cycle stability (80.9% capacitance retention after 30 000 cycles). These results suggest that the manufactured SCGN electrodes could be viable active electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors.

Fabrication of polydopamine decorated carbon cloth as support material to anchor CeO2 nanoparticles for electrochemical detection of ethanol

A flexible CeO₂ nanostructured polydopamine-modified carbon cloth (CeO₂/PDA/CC) interface was fabricated via electrodeposition for ethanol detection. The fabrication method involved two consecutive electrochemical steps in which dopamine was firstly electrodeposited on carbon fibers, followed by the electrochemical growth of CeO₂ nanoparticles. The CeO₂/PDA-based electroactive interface exerts an impressive electrochemical performance on the flexible sensor due to strong synergistic effect of the PDA functionalization with more active sites. Moreover, catalytic activity of CeO₂ nanostructures anchored on highly conductive CC incorporate superior electrocatalytic performance of the fabricated interface. The designed electrochemical sensor showed a wide response to ethanol in the linear range 1 to 25 mM with a detection limit of 0.22 mM. The CeO₂/PDA/CC flexible sensor showed good anti-interference ability and excellent repeatability and reproducibility (RSD = 1.67%). The fabricated interface performed well in saliva samples with satisfactory recoveries, corroborating the viability of CeO₂/PDA/CC integrated interface for practical implementation.

Fabrication of 3D HierarchicalSphericalHoneycomb-Like Nd2O3/Co3O4/Graphene/Nickel Foam Composite Electrode Material for High-Performance Supercapacitors

A 3D hierarchical spherical honeycomb-like composite electrode materialof neodymium oxide (Nd₂O₃), cobalt tetraoxide (Co₃O₄), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on nickel foam (named as Nd₂O₃/Co₃O₄/rGO/NF) were successfully fabricated by combining the hydrothermal synthesis method and the annealing process. Nickel foam with a three-dimensional spatial structure was used as the growth substrate without the use of any adhesives. The Nd₂O₃/Co₃O₄/rGO/NF composite has outstanding electrochemical performance and can be used directly as an electrode material for supercapacitors (SCs). By taking advantage of the large specific surface area of the electrode material, it effectively slows down the volume expansion of the active material caused by repeated charging and discharging processes, improves the electrode performance in terms of electrical conductivity, and significantly shortens the electron and ion transport paths. At a 1 A/g current density, the specific capacitance reaches a maximum value of 3359.6 F/g. A specific capacitance of 440.4 F/g with a current density of 0.5A/g is still possible from the built symmetric SCs. The capacitance retention rate is still 95.7% after 30,000 cycles of testing at a high current density of 10 A/g, and the energy density is 88.1 Wh/kg at a power density of 300 W/kg. The outcomes of the experiment demonstrate the significant potential and opportunity for this composite material to be used as an electrode material for SCs.

Carbon-Supported Noble-Metal Nanoparticles for Catalytic Applications—A Review

Noble-metal nanoparticles (NMNPs), with their outstanding properties, have been arousing the interest of scientists for centuries. Although our knowledge of them is much more significant today, and we can obtain NMNPs in various sizes, shapes, and compositions, our interest in them has not waned. When talking about noble metals, gold, silver, and platinum come to mind first. Still, we cannot forget about elements belonging to the so-called platinum group, such as ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, and iridium, whose physical and chemical properties are very similar to those of platinum. It makes them highly demanded and widely used in various applications. This review presents current knowledge on the preparation of all noble metals in the form of nanoparticles and their assembling with carbon supports. We focused on the catalytic applications of these materials in the fuel-cell field. Furthermore, the influence of supporting materials on the electrocatalytic activity, stability, and selectivity of noble-metal-based catalysts is discussed.

Progress in the Development of Electrodeposited Catalysts for Direct Liquid Fuel Cell Applications

Fuel cells are a key enabling technology for the future economy, thereby providing power to portable, stationary, and transportation applications, which can be considered an important contributor towards reducing the high dependencies on fossil fuels. Electrocatalyst plays a vital role in improving the performance of the low temperature fuel cells. Noble metals (Pt, Pd) supported on carbon have shown promising performance owing to their high catalytic activity for both electroreduction and electrooxidation and have good stability. Catalyst preparation by electrodeposition is considered to be simple in terms of operation and scalability with relatively low cost to obtain high purity metal deposits. This review emphasises the role of electrodeposition as a cost-effective method for synthesising fuel cell catalysts, summarising the progress in the electrodeposited Pt and Pd catalysts for direct liquid fuel cells (DLFCs). Moreover, this review also discusses the technological advances made utilising these catalysts in the past three decades, and the factors that impede the technological advancement of the electrodeposition process are presented. The challenges and the fundamental research strategies needed to achieve the commercial potential of electrodeposition as an economical, efficient methodology for synthesising fuel cells catalysts are outlined with the necessary raw materials considering current and future savings scenario.

Fabrication of a composite material of Gd2O3, Co3O4 and graphene on nickel foam for high-stability supercapacitors

The Gd2O3/Co3O4/rGO/NF electrode was prepared using a one-step hydrothermal method and annealing process, with high specific capacitance and excellent cycle stability.

Non-covalent functionalization of triazine framework decorated over reduced graphene oxide as a novel anode catalyst support for glycerol oxidation

The electrocatalytic performance of platinum-gold(Pt-Au) nanoparticles decorated non-covalent functionalization of triazine framework derived from poly(cyanuric chloride-co-biphenyl) over reduced graphene oxide (Poly(CC-co-BP)-RGO) was carried out for glycerol in basic medium and their oxidized products were analysed to support the enhanced activity. The surface morphology and the composition of the catalyst were obtained using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The electrooxidation results illustrate that the Pt-Au/Poly(CC-co-BP)-RGO catalyst exhibits improved catalytic activity and stability when compared to that of Pt/Poly(CC-co-BP)-RGO, Pt/Poly(CC-co-BP) and Pt/RGO catalysts. The better performed Pt-Au/Poly(CC-co-BP)-RGO catalyst was used as electrode material for the fabrication of single test direct alkaline glycerol fuel cell. The fuel cell performance was tested by varying the concentration of glycerol and the temperature of the cell. The maximum power density of 122.96 mWcm^-2 was obtained for Pt-Au/Poly(CC-co-BP)-RGO catalyst in single direct alkaline glycerol fuel cell under the optimum concentration of 2.0 M glycerol at 70 °C.

Graphene and Graphene-Like Materials for Hydrogen Energy

The review is devoted to current and promising areas of application of graphene and materials based on it for generating environmentally friendly hydrogen energy. Analysis of the results of theoretical and experimental studies of hydrogen accumulation in graphene materials confirms the possibility of creating on their basis systems for reversible hydrogen storage, which combine high capacity, stability, and the possibility of rapid hydrogen evolution under conditions acceptable for practical use. Recent advances in the development of chemically and heat-resistant graphene-based membrane materials make it possible to create new gas separation membranes that provide high permeability and selectivity and are promising for hydrogen purification in processes of its production from natural gas. The characteristics of polymer membranes that are currently used in industry for the most part can be significantly improved with small additions of graphene materials. The use of graphene-like materials as a support of nanoparticles or as functional additives in the composition of the electrocatalytic layer in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells makes it possible to improve their characteristics and to increase the activity and stability of the electrocatalyst in the reaction of oxygen evolution.

Mechanistic pathways for the degradation of SMX drug and floatation of degraded products using F-Pt co-doped TiO2 photocatalysts

This work presents smart pathways to enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 via co-doping with fluorine (F) and platinum (Pt) to form F-Pt co-doped TiO2 photocatalysts and investigates the unique and unusual fluorination of the floated products. Our investigations indicate that the crystalline structure of the photocatalysts was a mixture of anatase and brookite phases and that the nanoparticles of the synthesized nanocomposites had nanometric sizes (4-25 nm). The F-Pt co-doped TiO2 nano-photocatalysts demonstrated degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) drug of >93% within 90 min under direct solar light and 58% degradation within 360 min under a solar simulator. Thus, co-doping TiO2 with F and Pt atoms to form F-Pt co-doped TiO2 nanocomposite is an efficient pathway to achieve high photocatalytic performance escorted with the formation of floating metal-fluoropolymer, unlike pristine TiO2 which has less photocatalytic degradation and no generation of a floating polymer. Our photocatalytic protocol demonstrates that the degradation of SMX started with redox reactions of oxygen and water absorbed on the surface of the prepared nanocomposites to form superoxide anions (O2˙-) and hydroxy radicals (˙OH) which have oxidation superpower. The resultant products were subsequently fluorinated by fluoride radical ions and floated as metal-fluoropolymer.

Laser-assisted preparation of Pd nanoparticles on carbon cloth for the degradation of environmental pollutants in aqueous medium

Laser ablation in liquid (LAL), one of the attractive methods for fabrication of nanoparticles, was used for the modification of carbon cloth (CC) by deposition of palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs); a simple stirring method was deployed to deposit Pd NPs on the CC surface. Characterization techniques viz X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) were applied to study the surface of the ensuing samples which confirmed that LAL technique managed to fabricate and deposit the Pd NPs on the surface of CC. In addition, the catalytic prowess of the carbon cloth-Pd NPs (CC/Pd NPs) was investigated in the NaBH₄- or HCOOH-assisted reduction of assorted environmental pollutants in aqueous medium namely hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), congo red (CR) and methylene blue (MB). The CC/Pd NPs system has advantages such as high stability/sustainability, high catalytic performance and easy reusability.

A simple strategy for the synthesis of flower-like textures of Au-ZnO anchored carbon nanocomposite towards the high-performance electrochemical sensing of sunset yellow

Consumption of sunset yellow (SY) above a certain concentration through food products may leads to adverse health issues. Therefore, it is imperative to develop technologies for rapid and selective detection of SY. Herein, a flower-like reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN)/ZnO-Au nanoparticle (NPs) has been prepared and utilized for the specific detection of SY. The fabricated rGO-g-CN/ZnO-AuNPs composite was characterized and investigated by XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, XPS, EIS, and voltammetry techniques. Characterization techniques elucidated the deposition of ZnO-AuNPs on to the rGO-g-CN and successful fabrication of rGO-g-CN/ZnO-AuNPs composite. rGO-g-CN/ZnO-AuNPs composite possesses excellent catalytic activity for the oxidation of SY. Developed rGO-g-CN/ZnO-AuNPs sensor exhibits LOD of 1.34 nM for SY concentrations ranging from 5 to 85 nM. Noteworthily, the sensor has been successfully employed for the detection and recovery of SY in real-time samples. Fabricated composite opens up new avenues to develop electrochemical sensor for food safety.

Flexible 3D carbon cloth as a high-performing electrode for energy storage and conversion

High-performance energy storage and conversion devices with high energy density, power density and long-term cycling life are of great importance in current consumer electronics, portable electronics and electric vehicles. Carbon materials have been widely investigated and utilized in various energy storage and conversion devices due to their excellent conductivity, mechanical and chemical stability, and low cost. Abundant excellent reviews have summarized the most recent progress and future outlooks for most of the current prime carbon materials used in energy storage and conversion devices, such as carbon nanotubes, fullerene, graphene, porous carbon and carbon fibers. However, the significance of three-dimensional (3D) commercial carbon cloth (CC), one of the key carbon materials with outstanding mechanical stability, high conductivity and flexibility, in the energy storage and conversion field, especially in wearable electronics and flexible devices, has not been systematically summarized yet. In this review article, we present a careful investigation of flexible CC in the energy storage and conversion field. We first give a general introduction to the common properties of CC and the roles it has played in energy storage and conversion systems. Then, we meticulously investigate the crucial role of CC in typical electrochemical energy storage systems, including lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries and supercapacitors. Following a description of the wide application potential of CC in electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution/reduction, full-water splitting, etc., we will give a brief introduction to the application of CC in the areas of photocatalytically and photoelectrochemically induced solar energy conversion and storage. The review will end with a brief summary of the typical superiorities that CC has in current energy conversion and storage systems, as well as providing some perspectives and outlooks on its future applications in the field. Our main interest will be focused on CC-based flexible devices due to the inherent superiority of CC and the increasing demand for flexible and wearable electronics.

Electroanalysis of isoniazid and rifampicin: Role of nanomaterial electrode modifiers

Thanks to operational simplicity, speediness, possibility of miniaturization and real-time nature, electrochemical sensing is a supreme alternative for non-electrochemical methodologies in drug quantification. This review, highlights different nanotech-based sensory designs for electroanalysis of isoniazid and rifampicin, the most important medicines for patients with tuberculosis. We first, concisely mention analyses with bare electrodes, associated impediments and inspected possible strategies and then critically review the last two decades works with focus on different nano-scaled electrode modifiers. We organized and described the materials engaged in several categories: Surfactants modifiers, polymeric modifiers, metallic nanomaterials, carbon based nano-modifiers (reduced graphene oxide, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, ordered mesoporous carbon) and a large class of multifarious nano composites-based sensors and biosensors. The main drawbacks and superiorities associated with each array as well as the current trend in the areas is attempted to discuss. Summary of 79 employed electrochemical approaches for analysis of isoniazid and rifampicin has also been presented.

Significant enhancement of electron transfer from Shewanella oneidensis using a porous N-doped carbon cloth in a bioelectrochemical system

Modifying the surface of an anode can improve electron transfer, thus enhancing the performance of the associated bioelectrochemical system. In this study, a porous N-doped carbon cloth electrode was obtained via a simple thermal reduction and etching treatment, and then used as the anode in a bioelectrochemical system. The electrode has a high nitrogen-to‑carbon (N/C) ratio (~3.9%) and a large electrochemically active surface area (145.4 cm², about 4.4 times higher than that of the original carbon cloth), which increases the bacterial attachment and provides more active sites for extracellular electron transfer. Electrochemical characterization reveals that the peak anodic current (0.71 mA) of the porous N-doped carbon cloth electrode in riboflavin is 18 times higher than that of the original carbon cloth electrode (0.04 mA), confirming the presence of more electroactive sites for the redox reaction. We also obtained a maximum current density of 0.29 mA/cm² during operation of a bioelectrochemical system featuring the porous N-doped carbon cloth electrode, which is 14.5 times higher than that of the original carbon cloth electrode. This result demonstrates that the adoption of our new electrode is a viable strategy for boosting the performance of bioelectrochemical systems.

Identification of biofilm formation and exoelectrogenic population structure and function with graphene/polyanliline modified anode in microbial fuel cell

Improving anode configuration with polymer or nanomaterial modification is promising for enhancing microbial fuel cell performance. However, how anode modification affects biofilm development and electrogenic function remains poorly understood. In this study, the carbon cloth anode modified with polyaniline and reduced graphene oxide was successfully fabricated which obtained the highest power output. Accelerated electrogenic biofilm formation and the better electrogenic bacterial colonization based on the superior material properties (preferable electrochemical characteristics, the film-like structure and the more activated sites) were observed with the in situ biofilm development monitoring. The acclimation time was 2.4 times shorter with graphene and polyaniline modified anode than the bare one when inoculated with wastewater. Biofilm structure and function analysis show that Geobacter is the most predominant with the abundance as high as 81.4%, and meanwhile, electrogenesis related outer-surface octaheme c-type cytochrome omcZ is highly expressed in the modified anode. The anode modified with graphene and polyaniline favors Geobacter colonization, accelerates electrogenic biofilm formation and improves omcZ expression level, eventually leading to the improved performance of microbial fuel cell. The study for the first time reveals the impacts on biofilm development and microbial function by anode modification, which will better guide the potential application of microbial fuel cell for wastewater recovery.

Aqueous Preparation of Platinum Nanoflowers on Three-Dimensional Graphene for Efficient Methanol Oxidation

A facile aqueous method to construct a platinum nanoflowers (PtNFs)/three-dimensional (3D) graphene electrode for electrochemical catalysis was demonstrated. PtNFs composed of thin Pt nanowires with the length of 6–16 nm and the diameter of 2–3 nm were prepared on 3D graphene foam as a growth template in the aqueous solution without any surfactant. The 3D graphene foam was used for patterning PtNFs and controlling their morphology. The fabricated PtNF/3D graphene electrode was applied for electrocatalytic methanol oxidation. Electrochemical measurements show that the PtNF/3D graphene electrode has higher electrocatalytic activity and better stability than commercial Pt-C modified glassy carbon electrode. It displays promising potential for applications in fuel cells.

Cellulose Nanocrystal Templated Graphene Nanoscrolls for High Performance Supercapacitors and Hydrogen Storage: An Experimental and Molecular Simulation Study

Graphene nanoscrolls (GNS), due to their remarkably interesting properties, have attracted significant interest with applications in various engineering sectors. However, uncontrolled morphologies, poor yield and low quality GNS produced through traditional routes are major challenges associated. We demonstrate sustainable approach of utilizing bio-derived cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as template for fabrication of GNS with tunable morphological dimensions ranging from micron-to-nanoscale(controlled length < 1 μm or >1 μm), alongwith encapsulation of catalytically active metallic-species in scroll interlayers. The surface-modified magnetic CNCs acts as structural-directing agents which provides enough momentum to initiate self-scrolling phenomenon of graphene through van der Waals forces and π-π interactions, mechanism of which is demonstrated through experimental and molecular simulation studies. The proposed approach of GNS fabrication provides flexibility to tune physico-chemical properties of GNS by simply varying interlayer spacing, scrolling density and fraction of encapsulated metallic nanoparticles. The hybrid GNS with confined palladium or platinum nanoparticles (at lower loading ~1 wt.%) shows enhanced hydrogen storage capacity (~0.2 wt.% at~20 bar and ~273 K) and excellent supercapacitance behavior (~223–357 F/g) for prolonged cycles (retention ~93.5–96.4% at ~10000 cycles). The current strategy of utilizing bio-based templates can be further extended to incorporate complex architectures or nanomaterials in GNS core or inter-layers, which will potentially broaden its applications in fabrication of high-performance devices.

Design synthesis of a controllable flower-like Pt-graphene oxide architecture through electrostatic self-assembly for DNA damage biomarker 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine biosensing research

A flower-like Pt-graphene oxide (PtNF-GO) architecture for DNA damage biomarker 8-OHdG biosensing research.

3D Flower-like β-MnO2/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites for Catalytic Ozonation of Dichloroacetic Acid

Considering the potential use of manganese oxide based nanocomposite in catalytic ozonation of water contaminant, we report unique three-dimensional (3D) nanoarchitectures composed of β-MnO₂ and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) for catalytic ozonation of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) from drinking water. The catalytic results show that the 3D β-MnO₂/RGO nanocomposites (FMOG) can be used as efficient and stable ozonation catalysts to eliminate DCAA from water. The probable mechanism of catalytic ozonation was also proposed by detecting intermediates using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This result likely paves a facile avenue and initiates new opportunities for the exploration of heterogeneous catalysts for the removal of disinfection by-products from drinking water.

Platinum–copper doped poly(sulfonyldiphenol/cyclophosphazene/benzidine)–graphene oxide composite as an electrode material for single stack direct alcohol alkaline fuel cells

Schematic representation of the preparation of a metal nanoparticle (Pt and Pt–Cu)-decorated poly(SDP/CP/BZ)–GO composite.

Fabrication of reduced graphene oxide–bimetallic Pd@Au nanocomposites for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid

The Pd@Au/RGO plays a critical important role in facilitating the electron transfer capability and promoting the highly efficient electrocatalytic performance in the simultaneous determination of AA, UA and DA.

One-pot synthesis of single-crystalline PtPb nanodendrites with enhanced activity for electrooxidation of formic acid

Bimetallic PtPb nanodendrites with a single-crystalline structure were obtained by a facile one-pot strategy.

Efficient catalytic ozonation of bisphenol-A over reduced graphene oxide modified sea urchin-like α-MnO(2) architectures

Considering the biological deleterious effect of bisphenol-A (BPA) in water to the human beings, great efforts have been made for the elimination of this contaminant from water sources. Herein, we report a novel nanocomposite composed of three-dimensional (3D) sea urchin-like α-MnO2 nanoarchitectures and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) for the elimination of BPA in water in the presence of ozone. The synthesis of the as-prepared nanocomposite is facile, and the nanocomposites were well characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, and Raman spectra. The as-synthesized α-MnO2/RGO nanocomposite was found to be a highly efficient catalyst to eliminate BPA from water in the presence of ozone. The intermediates of ozonzation were also detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Our investigation initiates a new opportunity to explore the high-performance catalysts for the removal of the organic pollutions in water.

High Aspect Ratio Carbon Nanotube Membranes Decorated with Pt Nanoparticle Urchins for Micro Underwater Vehicle Propulsion via H2O2 Decomposition

The utility of unmanned micro underwater vehicles (MUVs) is paramount for exploring confined spaces, but their spatial agility is often impaired when maneuvers require burst-propulsion. Herein we develop high-aspect ratio (150:1), multiwalled carbon nanotube microarray membranes (CNT-MMs) for propulsive, MUV thrust generation by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The CNT-MMs are grown via chemical vapor deposition with diamond shaped pores (nominal diagonal dimensions of 4.5 × 9.0 μm) and subsequently decorated with urchin-like, platinum (Pt) nanoparticles via a facile, electroless, chemical deposition process. The Pt-CNT-MMs display robust, high catalytic ability with an effective activation energy of 26.96 kJ mol(-1) capable of producing a thrust of 0.209 ± 0.049 N from 50% [w/w] H2O2 decomposition within a compact reaction chamber of eight Pt-CNT-MMs in series.

Growth Control of MoS2 Nanosheets on Carbon Cloth for Maximum Active Edges Exposed: An Excellent Hydrogen Evolution 3D Cathode

To greatly improve the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance, it is the key approach to expose as many active edges of MoS2 as possible. This target is the research hotspot and difficulty of MoS2 which is a promising HER catalyst. In this work, we realized the active-edges control of MoS2 nanosheets on carbon cloth (CC) by growth control during the synthesis procedure. Moreover, MoS2 nanosheets vertically grown on carbon cloth (MoS2⊥CC) was confirmed to be the best morphology with maximum active edges exposed. Multifactors structure control resulted in abundant active-edges exposure and effective electron delivery, thus excellent HER activity. This three-dimensional cathode, MoS2⊥CC, can reach a great current density of 200 mA/cm(2) at a small overpotential of 205 mV. The preeminent HER performance can rival the best MoS2-based catalyst ever reported.

Architecturally designed Pt–MoS2 and Pt–graphene composites for electrocatalytic methanol oxidation

Pt particles (2–3 nm) deposited using a liquid–liquid interface reaction technique are used to construct LbL architectures to form MoS₂/graphene composites for efficient methanol oxidation.