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Samyn P, Cosemans P. Nanocellulose Grades with Different Morphologies and Surface Modification as Additives for Waterborne Epoxy Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1095. [PMID: 38675014 PMCID: PMC11054773 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While adding different micro- and nanocellulose types into epoxy coating formulations with waterborne phenalkamine crosslinker, effects on processing conditions and coating performance were systematically investigated. The variations in viscosity, thermal and thermomechanical properties, mechanical behavior, abrasive wear, water contact angles, and coating morphologies were evaluated. The selected additives include microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) at 1 to 10 wt.% and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), cellulose microfibers (CMF), and hydrophobically modified cellulose microfibers (mCMF) at 0.1 to 1.5 wt.%. The viscosity profiles are determined by the inherent additive characteristics with strong shear thinning effects for epoxy/CNF, while the epoxy/mCMF provides lower viscosity and better matrix compatibility owing to the lubrication of encapsulated wax. The crosslinking of epoxy/CNF is favored and postponed for epoxy/(CNC, CMF, mCMF), as the stronger interactions between epoxy and CNF are confirmed by an increase in the glass transition temperature and reduction in the dampening factor. The mechanical properties indicate the highest hardness and impact strength for epoxy/CNF resulting in the lowest abrasion wear rates, but ductility enhances and wear rates mostly reduce for epoxy/mCMF together with hydrophobic protection. In addition, the mechanical reinforcement owing to the specific organization of a nanocellulose network at percolation threshold concentrations of 0.75 wt.% is confirmed by microscopic analysis: the latter results in a 2.6 °C (CNF) or 1.6 °C (CNC) increase in the glass transition temperature, 50% (CNF) or 20% (CNC) increase in the E modulus, 37% (CNF) or 32% (CNC) increase in hardness, and 58% (CNF) or 33% (CNC) lower abrasive wear compared to neat epoxy, while higher concentrations up to 1.5 wt.% mCMF can be added. This research significantly demonstrates that nanocellulose is directly compatible with a waterborne phenalkamine crosslinker and actively contributes to the crosslinking of waterborne epoxy coatings, changing the intrinsic glass transition temperatures and hardness properties, to which mechanical coating performance directly relates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Samyn
- Department of Innovations in Circular Economy and Renewable Materials, SIRRIS, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
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Lima MS, Matias ÁA, Costa JRC, Fonseca AC, Coelho JFJ, Serra AC. Glycidyl methacrylate-based copolymers as new compatibilizers for polypropylene/ polyethylene terephthalate blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pilate F, Wen ZB, Khelifa F, Hui Y, Delpierre S, Dan L, Mincheva R, Dubois P, Yang KK, Raquez JM. Design of melt-recyclable poly(ε-caprolactone)-based supramolecular shape-memory nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2018; 8:27119-27130. [PMID: 35540004 PMCID: PMC9083248 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03832e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) supramolecular network exhibiting shape-memory behavior was successfully constructed with pendant UPy units that are highly able to dimerize. The dynamic network was obtained by a simple and versatile strategy consisting of chain-extension reaction between α,ω-dihydroxyoligoPCL and hydroxylated UPy units in the presence of hexamethylene diisocyanate as a coupling agent and further intermolecular dimerization of the UPy along the polyurethane backbone. 1H NMR analyses confirmed the dynamic features of the system, and DMTA in tensile mode was investigated to assess the SMP properties. Recyclability was also assessed by taking advantage of these supramolecular networks. Further addition of cellulose nanocrystals into the polymer network enabled adjustment of the extent of the net-points and therefore the SMP features. As confirmed by dispersion tests in solution and SEM observations, these bio-based nanofillers were homogeneously distributed in the network via supramolecular interaction between the hydroxyl groups present on their surface and UPy moieties along the polyurethane backbone. Thus, the here developed nanomaterials might reveal applicability in areas where a combination of SMP and biocompatibility is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Pilate
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS) 23 Place du Parc 7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Zhi-Bin Wen
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials (ERCEPM-MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Farid Khelifa
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS) 23 Place du Parc 7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Yan Hui
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials (ERCEPM-MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Sebastien Delpierre
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS) 23 Place du Parc 7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Luo Dan
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials (ERCEPM-MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Rosica Mincheva
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS) 23 Place du Parc 7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS) 23 Place du Parc 7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Ke-Ke Yang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials (ERCEPM-MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS) 23 Place du Parc 7000 Mons Belgium
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Benali S, Khelifa F, Lerari D, Mincheva R, Habibi Y, Lahem D, Debliquy M, Dubois P. Supramolecular Approach for Efficient Processing of Polylactide/Starch Nanocomposites. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:1069-1080. [PMID: 31457949 PMCID: PMC6641242 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
All-biobased and biodegradable nanocomposites consisting of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) and starch nanoplatelets (SNPs) were prepared via a new strategy involving supramolecular chemistry, i.e., stereocomplexation and hydrogen-bonding interactions. For this purpose, a poly(d-lactide)-b-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) block copolymer (PDLA-b-PGMA) was first synthesized via the combination of ring-opening polymerization and atom-transfer radical polymerization. NMR spectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography analysis confirmed a complete control over the copolymer synthesis. The SNPs were then mixed up with the copolymer for producing a PDLA-b-PGMA/SNPs masterbatch. The masterbatch was processed by solvent casting for which a particular attention was given to the solvent selection to preserve SNPs morphology as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy. Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to highlight the copolymer-SNPs supramolecular interactions mostly via hydrogen bonding. The prepared masterbatch was melt-blended with virgin PLLA and then thin films of PLLA/PDLA-b-PGMA/SNPs nanocomposites (ca. 600 μm) were melt-processed by compression molding. The resulting nanocomposite films were deeply characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Our findings suggest that supramolecular interactions based on stereocomplexation between the PLLA matrix and the PDLA block of the copolymer had a synergetic effect allowing the preservation of SNPs nanoplatelets and their morphology during melt processing. Quartz crystal microbalance and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis suggested a promising potential of the stereocomplex supramolecular approach in tuning PLLA/SNPs water vapor uptake and mechanical properties together with avoiding PLLA/SNPs degradation during melt processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Benali
- Center
of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research
Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Farid Khelifa
- Center
of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research
Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Djahida Lerari
- Centre
de recherche scientifique et technique en analyses physico-chimiques, BP 384, CP 42004 Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algérie
| | - Rosica Mincheva
- Center
of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research
Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Youssef Habibi
- Materials
Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belval Innovation Campus,5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Driss Lahem
- Service
de Science des Matériaux, Faculté Polytechnique de Mons, Université de Mons, Rue de l’Épargne 56, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Marc Debliquy
- Service
de Science des Matériaux, Faculté Polytechnique de Mons, Université de Mons, Rue de l’Épargne 56, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Center
of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research
Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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Mariano M, Pilate F, de Oliveira F, Khelifa F, Dubois P, Raquez JM, Dufresne A. Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Reinforced Poly(lactic acid) Nanocomposites through Noncovalent Modification with PLLA-Based Surfactants. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:2678-2688. [PMID: 31457609 PMCID: PMC6641156 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanocomposites were prepared by twin-screw extrusion followed by injection-molding using a masterbatch approach. Noncovalent modification of CNCs was performed with two different poly(l-lactide) (PLLA)-based surfactants to improve the filler/matrix compatibility. They both have a PLLA block that is expected to improve the compatibility with the PLA matrix and differ by the polar head. It consists of either a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) block (PEG-b-PLLA) or an imidazolium group (Im-PLLA), that is able to interact with the surface of the CNCs. The morphological, structural, thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. The different modes of interaction of the polar head of the surfactant lead to different properties. However, the global decrease in the molecular weight of PLA, induced by the short PLLA blocks from the surfactants and the possible degradation during melt processing, results in a plasticization effect and impacts the crystallization of the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Mariano
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Florence Pilate
- LPCM,
CIRMAP, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | | | - Farid Khelifa
- LPCM,
CIRMAP, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- LPCM,
CIRMAP, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
- Department
Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Z.A.E. Robert Steichen, 5 Rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- LPCM,
CIRMAP, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Alain Dufresne
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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Khelifa F, Habibi Y, Bonnaud L, Dubois P. Epoxy Monomers Cured by High Cellulosic Nanocrystal Loading. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:10535-10544. [PMID: 27046649 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the use of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as the main constituent of a nanocomposite material and takes advantage of hydroxyl groups, characteristic of the CNC chemical structure, to thermally cross-link an epoxy resin. An original and simple approach is proposed, based on the collective sticking of CNC building blocks with the help of a DGEBA/TGPAP-based epoxy resin. Scientific findings suggest that hydroxyl groups act as a toxic-free cross-linking agent of the resin. The enhanced protection against water degradation as compared to neat CNC film and the improvement of mechanical properties of the synthesized films are attributed to a good compatibility between the CNC and the resin. Moreover, the preservation of CNC optical properties at high concentrations opens the way to applying these materials in photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Khelifa
- University of Mons-UMONS and Materia Nova Research Center , Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Place du Parc, 23-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Youssef Habibi
- Materials Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Leila Bonnaud
- University of Mons-UMONS and Materia Nova Research Center , Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Place du Parc, 23-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- University of Mons-UMONS and Materia Nova Research Center , Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Place du Parc, 23-7000 Mons, Belgium
- Materials Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Oliveira de Castro D, Frollini E, Ruvolo-Filho A, Dufresne A. “Green polyethylene” and curauá cellulose nanocrystal based nanocomposites: Effect of vegetable oils as coupling agent and processing technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Oliveira de Castro
- Macromolecular Materials and Lignocellulosic Fibers Group; Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo; CP 780 13560-970 São Carlos São Paulo Brazil
- Université Grenoble Alpes; LGP2 F-38000 Grenoble France
- CNRS; LGP2 F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Elisabete Frollini
- Macromolecular Materials and Lignocellulosic Fibers Group; Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo; CP 780 13560-970 São Carlos São Paulo Brazil
| | - Adhemar Ruvolo-Filho
- Department of Materials Engineering; Federal University of São Carlos; CP 676 13565-905 São Carlos São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alain Dufresne
- Université Grenoble Alpes; LGP2 F-38000 Grenoble France
- CNRS; LGP2 F-38000 Grenoble France
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Veigel S, Grüll G, Pinkl S, Obersriebnig M, Müller U, Gindl-Altmutter W. Improving the mechanical resistance of waterborne wood coatings by adding cellulose nanofibres. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Khelifa F, Habibi Y, Leclère P, Dubois P. Convection-assisted assembly of cellulose nanowhiskers embedded in an acrylic copolymer. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:1082-1090. [PMID: 23254336 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr33194b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin films containing a high fraction of cellulose nanowhiskers embedded in an acrylic-based polymer matrix were successfully prepared by a shear-convective assembly method. Their morphological, chemical and physical properties were examined by AFM Peak Force Tapping, Ellipsometry, contact angle and X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS). Smooth, stable, robust and hydrophobic ultrathin films were obtained. The processing conditions influence, to different extents, the organization and morphology of the resulting ultrathin films. Under the given experimental conditions, films with highly packed and oriented cellulose nanowhiskers were obtained. A post-treatment based on UV-curing allows a further enhancement of the stability of the films without impacting any other property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Khelifa
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), Institute of Research in Science and Engineering of Materials, University of Mons-UMONS, Place du Parc, 23-7000 Mons, Belgium
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