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Yu N, Shah ZH, Basharat M, Wang S, Zhou X, Lin G, Edwards SA, Yang M, Gao Y. Active self-assembly of colloidal machines with passive rotational parts via coordination of phoresis and osmosis. SOFT MATTER 2023. [PMID: 38044703 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01451g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The organization of microscopic objects into specific structures with movable parts is a prerequisite for building sophisticated micromachines with complex functions, as exemplified by their macroscopic counterparts. Here we report the self-assembly of active and passive colloids into micromachinery with passive rotational parts. Depending on the attachment of the active colloid to a substrate, which varies the degrees of free freedom of the assembly, colloidal machines with rich internal rotational dynamics are realized. Energetic analysis reveals that the energy efficiency increases with the degrees of freedom of the machine. The experimental results can be rationalized by the cooperation of phoretic interaction and osmotic flow encoded in the shape of the active colloid, which site-specifically binds and exerts a torque to passive colloids, supported by finite element calculations and mesoscale simulations. Our work offers a new design principle that utilizes nonequilibrium interfacial phenomena for spontaneous construction of multiple-component reconfigurable micromachinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Device and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provice, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zameer Hussain Shah
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Device and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provice, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Majid Basharat
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Device and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provice, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Device and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provice, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuemao Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Device and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provice, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guanhua Lin
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Scott A Edwards
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
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2
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Shivalkar S, Roy A, Chaudhary S, Samanta SK, Chowdhary P, Sahoo AK. Strategies in design of self-propelling hybrid micro/nanobots for bioengineering applications. Biomed Mater 2023; 18:062003. [PMID: 37703889 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/acf975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanobots are integrated devices developed from engineered nanomaterials that have evolved significantly over the past decades. They can potentially be pre-programmed to operate robustly at numerous hard-to-reach organ/tissues/cellular sites for multiple bioengineering applications such as early disease diagnosis, precision surgeries, targeted drug delivery, cancer therapeutics, bio-imaging, biomolecules isolation, detoxification, bio-sensing, and clearing up clogged arteries with high soaring effectiveness and minimal exhaustion of power. Several techniques have been introduced in recent years to develop programmable, biocompatible, and energy-efficient micro/nanobots. Therefore, the primary focus of most of these techniques is to develop hybrid micro/nanobots that are an optimized combination of purely synthetic or biodegradable bots suitable for the execution of user-defined tasks more precisely and efficiently. Recent progress has been illustrated here as an overview of a few of the achievable construction principles to be used to make biomedical micro/nanobots and explores the pivotal ventures of nanotechnology-moderated development of catalytic autonomous bots. Furthermore, it is also foregrounding their advancement offering an insight into the recent trends and subsequent prospects, opportunities, and challenges involved in the accomplishments of the effective multifarious bioengineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Shivalkar
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India
| | - Anwesha Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shrutika Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Sintu Kumar Samanta
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India
| | - Pallabi Chowdhary
- Department of Biotechnology, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Amaresh Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, UP, India
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3
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Bronte Ciriza D, Callegari A, Donato MG, Çiçek B, Magazzù A, Kasianiuk I, Kasyanyuk D, Schmidt F, Foti A, Gucciardi PG, Volpe G, Lanza M, Biancofiore L, Maragò OM. Optically Driven Janus Microengine with Full Orbital Motion Control. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:3223-3232. [PMID: 37743937 PMCID: PMC10515694 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Microengines have shown promise for a variety of applications in nanotechnology, microfluidics, and nanomedicine, including targeted drug delivery, microscale pumping, and environmental remediation. However, achieving precise control over their dynamics remains a significant challenge. In this study, we introduce a microengine that exploits both optical and thermal effects to achieve a high degree of controllability. We find that in the presence of a strongly focused light beam, a gold-silica Janus particle becomes confined at the stationary point where the optical and thermal forces balance. By using circularly polarized light, we can transfer angular momentum to the particle, breaking the symmetry between the two forces and resulting in a tangential force that drives directed orbital motion. We can simultaneously control the velocity and direction of rotation of the particle changing the ellipticity of the incoming light beam while tuning the radius of the orbit with laser power. Our experimental results are validated using a geometrical optics phenomenological model that considers the optical force, the absorption of optical power, and the resulting heating of the particle. The demonstrated enhanced flexibility in the control of microengines opens up new possibilities for their utilization in a wide range of applications, including microscale transport, sensing, and actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnese Callegari
- Department
of Physics, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Berk Çiçek
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, TR-06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alessandro Magazzù
- CNR-IPCF,
Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, I-98158, Messina, Italy
| | - Iryna Kasianiuk
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, TR-06800, Ankara, Turkey
- UNAM
- National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials
Science & Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Denis Kasyanyuk
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, TR-06800, Ankara, Turkey
- UNAM
- National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials
Science & Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Falko Schmidt
- Nanophotonic
Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonino Foti
- CNR-IPCF,
Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, I-98158, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Volpe
- Department
of Physics, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maurizio Lanza
- CNR-IPCF,
Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, I-98158, Messina, Italy
| | - Luca Biancofiore
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, TR-06800, Ankara, Turkey
- UNAM
- National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials
Science & Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Onofrio M. Maragò
- CNR-IPCF,
Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, I-98158, Messina, Italy
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4
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Liu T, Xie L, Price CAH, Liu J, He Q, Kong B. Controlled propulsion of micro/nanomotors: operational mechanisms, motion manipulation and potential biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:10083-10119. [PMID: 36416191 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00432a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by natural mobile microorganisms, researchers have developed micro/nanomotors (MNMs) that can autonomously move by transducing different kinds of energies into kinetic energy. The rapid development of MNMs has created tremendous opportunities for biomedical fields including diagnostics, therapeutics, and theranostics. Although the great progress has been made in MNM research, at a fundamental level, the accepted propulsion mechanisms are still a controversial matter. In practical applications such as precision nanomedicine, the precise control of the motion, including the speed and directionality, of MNMs is also important, which makes advanced motion manipulation desirable. Very recently, diverse MNMs with different propulsion strategies, morphologies, sizes, porosities and chemical structures have been fabricated and applied for various uses. Herein, we thoroughly summarize the physical principles behind propulsion strategies, as well as the recent advances in motion manipulation methods and relevant biomedical applications of these MNMs. The current challenges in MNM research are also discussed. We hope this review can provide a bird's eye overview of the MNM research and inspire researchers to create novel and more powerful MNMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China. .,DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Cameron-Alexander Hurd Price
- DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Jian Liu
- DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK. .,State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, PR China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Biao Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China. .,Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
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5
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Dan J, Shi S, Sun H, Su Z, Liang Y, Wang J, Zhang W. Micro/nanomotor technology: the new era for food safety control. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2032-2052. [PMID: 36094420 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2119935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Food poisoning caused by eating contaminated food remains a threat to global public health. Making the situation even worse is the aggravated global environmental pollution, which poses a major threat to the safety of agricultural resources. Food adulteration has been rampant owing to negligent national food safety regulations. The speed at which contaminated food is detected and disposed of determines the extent to which consumers' lives are safeguarded and agricultural economic losses are prevented. Micro/nanomotors offer a high-speed mobile loading platform that substantially increases the chemical reaction rates and, accordingly, exhibit great potential as alternatives to conventional detection and degradation techniques. This review summarizes the propulsion modes applicable to micro/nanomotors in food systems and the advantages of using micro/nanomotors, highlighting examples of their potential use in recent years for the detection and removal of food contaminants. Micro/nanomotors are an emerging technology for food applications that is moving toward mass production, simple preparation, and important functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuo Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zehui Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanmin Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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6
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Wu Y, Boymelgreen A, Yossifon G. Micromotor-mediated label-free cargo manipulation. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Ashaju A, Wood JA, Lammertink RGH. Electrocatalytic Reaction Induced Colloidal Accumulation: The Role of Dielectrophoresis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3040-3050. [PMID: 35230108 PMCID: PMC8928468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A surface-driven flow is generated during the electrocatalytic reaction of a platinum-gold bielectrode within hydrogen peroxide. This flow can be experimentally visualized and quantified using micrometer-sized particles that are transported by a flow field. Tracer particles, which possess an inherent surface charge, also interact with the induced electric field and exhibit a collective behavior at the surface of the electrodes where they accumulate. The underlying mechanism for the accumulation dynamics demonstrated by these catalytic pump systems has so far been lacking. In this work, the accumulation dynamics and kinetics were experimentally investigated. With use of numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the self-driven particle accumulation is controlled by a positive dielectrophoretic force, mediated by the reaction-induced electric and flow field. These results contribute to the fundamental knowledge on immobilized bimetallic systems.
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8
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Chakraborty R, Maiti A, Sharma N, Dey KK. Active matter dynamics in confined microfluidic environments. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 186:245-265. [PMID: 35033287 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The field of active matter is a nascent area of research in soft condensed matter physics, which is drawing on the expertise of researchers from diverse disciplines. Small scale active particles-both inorganic and biological-display non-trivial emergent dynamics and interactions that could help us understand complex biological processes and phenomena. Recently, using microfluidic technologies, several research groups have performed important experimental and theoretical studies to understand the behavior of self-propelled particles and molecular active matter within confined environments-to glean a fundamental understanding of the cellular processes occurring under ultra-low Reynolds number conditions. In this chapter, we would like to review applications of microfluidics in active matter research, highlighting a few important theoretical and experimental investigations. We will conclude the discussion with a note on the future of this field mentioning a few open questions that are at the forefront of our minds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Chakraborty
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Arnab Maiti
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Nikita Sharma
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Krishna Kanti Dey
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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9
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Tang W, Lyu W, Lu J, Liu F, Wang J, Yan W, Qiu M. Micro-scale opto-thermo-mechanical actuation in the dry adhesive regime. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:193. [PMID: 34552048 PMCID: PMC8458461 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Realizing optical manipulation of microscopic objects is crucial in the research fields of life science, condensed matter physics, and physical chemistry. In non-liquid environments, this task is commonly regarded as difficult due to strong adhesive surface force (~µN) attached to solid interfaces that makes tiny optical driven force (~pN) insignificant. Here, by recognizing the microscopic interaction mechanism between friction force-the parallel component of surface force on a contact surface-and thermoelastic waves induced by pulsed optical absorption, we establish a general principle enabling the actuation of micro-objects on dry frictional surfaces based on the opto-thermo-mechanical effects. Theoretically, we predict that nanosecond pulsed optical absorption with mW-scale peak power is sufficient to tame µN-scale friction force. Experimentally, we demonstrate the two-dimensional spiral motion of gold plates on micro-fibers driven by nanosecond laser pulses, and reveal the rules of motion control. Our results pave the way for the future development of micro-scale actuators in non-liquid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Tang
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Lyu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jinsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Fengjiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Min Qiu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
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10
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Sharan P, Nsamela A, Lesher-Pérez SC, Simmchen J. Microfluidics for Microswimmers: Engineering Novel Swimmers and Constructing Swimming Lanes on the Microscale, a Tutorial Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007403. [PMID: 33949106 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an updated review of recent advances in microfluidics applied to artificial and biohybrid microswimmers. Sharing the common regime of low Reynolds number, the two fields have been brought together to take advantage of the fluid characteristics at the microscale, benefitting microswimmer research multifold. First, microfluidics offer simple and relatively low-cost devices for high-fidelity production of microswimmers made of organic and inorganic materials in a variety of shapes and sizes. Microscale confinement and the corresponding fluid properties have demonstrated differential microswimmer behaviors in microchannels or in the presence of various types of physical or chemical stimuli. Custom environments to study these behaviors have been designed in large part with the help of microfluidics. Evaluating microswimmers in increasingly complex lab environments such as microfluidic systems can ensure more effective implementation for in-field applications. The benefits of microfluidics for the fabrication and evaluation of microswimmers are balanced by the potential use of microswimmers for sample manipulation and processing in microfluidic systems, a large obstacle in diagnostic and other testing platforms. In this review various ways in which these two complementary technology fields will enhance microswimmer development and implementation in various fields are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharan
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Juliane Simmchen
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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11
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Cell nucleus as endogenous biological micropump. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 182:113166. [PMID: 33774431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Micropumps can generate directional microflows in blood vessels or bio-capillaries for targeted transport of nanoparticles and cells in vivo, which is highly significant for biomedical applications from active drug delivery to precision clinical therapy. Meanwhile, they have been extensively used in the biosensing fields with their unique features of autonomous motion, easy surface functionalization, dynamic capture and effective isolation of analytes in complex biological media. However, synthetic devices for actuating microflows, including pumps and motors, generally exhibit poor or limited biocompatibility with living organisms as a result of the invasive implantation of exogenous materials into blood vessels. Here we demonstrate a method of constructing endogenous micropumps by extracting nuclei from red blood cells, thus making them intrinsically and completely biocompatible. The nuclei are extracted and then driven by a scanning optical tweezing system. By a precise actuation of the microflows, nanoparticles and cells are navigated to target destinations, and the transport velocity and direction is controlled by the multifunctional dynamics of the micropumps. With the targeted transport of functionalized micro/nanoparticles followed by a dynamic mixing in microliter blood samples, the micropumps provide considerable promises to enhance the target binding efficiency and improve the sensitivity and speed of biological assays in vivo. Furthermore, multiplexing by simultaneously driving an array of multiple nuclei is demonstrated, thus confirming that the micropumps could provide a bio-friendly high-throughput in vivo platform for the treatment of blood diseases, microenvironment monitoring, and biomedical analysis.
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12
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Arslanova A, Dugyala VR, Reichel EK, Reddy N, Fransaer J, Clasen C. 'Sweeping rods': cargo transport by self-propelled bimetallic microrods moving perpendicular to their long axis. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:2369-2373. [PMID: 33606868 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00042j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A possible application of self-propelling particles is the transport of microscopic cargo. Maximizing the collection and transport efficiency of particulate matter requires the area swept by the moving particle to be as large as possible. One such particle geometry are rods propelled perpendicular to their long axis, that act as "sweepers" for collecting particles. Here we report on the required Janus coating to achieve such motion, and on the dynamics of the collection and transport of microscopic cargo by sideways propelled Janus rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Arslanova
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Venkateshwar Rao Dugyala
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Erwin Konrad Reichel
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsensors, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, Linz 4040, Austria
| | - Naveen Reddy
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Hasselt, Martelarenlaan 42, Hasselt 3500, Belgium and IMO-IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Jan Fransaer
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Christian Clasen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
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13
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Yang S, Huang M, Zhao Y, Zhang HP. Controlling Cell Motion and Microscale Flow with Polarized Light Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:058001. [PMID: 33605769 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.058001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigate how light polarization affects the motion of photoresponsive algae, Euglena gracilis. In a uniformly polarized field, cells swim approximately perpendicular to the polarization direction and form a nematic state with zero mean velocity. When light polarization varies spatially, cell motion is modulated by local polarization. In such light fields, cells exhibit complex spatial distribution and motion patterns which are controlled by topological properties of the underlying fields; we further show that ordered cell swimming can generate directed transporting fluid flow. Experimental results are quantitatively reproduced by an active Brownian particle model in which particle motion direction is nematically coupled to local light polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingji Huang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yongfeng Zhao
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - H P Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
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14
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Mestre R, Patiño T, Sánchez S. Biohybrid robotics: From the nanoscale to the macroscale. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1703. [PMID: 33533200 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biohybrid robotics is a field in which biological entities are combined with artificial materials in order to obtain improved performance or features that are difficult to mimic with hand-made materials. Three main level of integration can be envisioned depending on the complexity of the biological entity, ranging from the nanoscale to the macroscale. At the nanoscale, enzymes that catalyze biocompatible reactions can be used as power sources for self-propelled nanoparticles of different geometries and compositions, obtaining rather interesting active matter systems that acquire importance in the biomedical field as drug delivery systems. At the microscale, single enzymes are substituted by complete cells, such as bacteria or spermatozoa, whose self-propelling capabilities can be used to transport cargo and can also be used as drug delivery systems, for in vitro fertilization practices or for biofilm removal. Finally, at the macroscale, the combinations of millions of cells forming tissues can be used to power biorobotic devices or bioactuators by using muscle cells. Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue have been part of remarkable examples of untethered biorobots that can crawl or swim due to the contractions of the tissue and current developments aim at the integration of several types of tissue to obtain more realistic biomimetic devices, which could lead to the next generation of hybrid robotics. Tethered bioactuators, however, result in excellent candidates for tissue models for drug screening purposes or the study of muscle myopathies due to their three-dimensional architecture. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mestre
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tania Patiño
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Chemistry Department, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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15
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Xing Y, Du X, Xu T, Zhang X. Janus dendritic silica/carbon@Pt nanomotors with multiengines for H 2O 2, near-infrared light and lipase powered propulsion. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9553-9558. [PMID: 32969461 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01355b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid micro/nanomotors with multiple distinct propulsion modes are expected to improve their motion ability in complex body fluids. Herein, we report a multi-stimuli propelled Janus lipase-modified dendritic silica/carbon@Pt (DMS/C@Pt) nanomotor with built-in engines for hybrid propulsions of H2O2, light, and enzyme. The enhanced motion of the DMS/C@Pt nanomotor is achieved under the stimulus of H2O2 that produces an oxygen concentration gradient derived from the asymmetric catalysis of Pt nanoparticles. Irradiated with near-infrared (NIR) light, the uneven photothermal effect of the carbon part propels this nanomotor by self-thermophoresis. Besides, lipase is efficiently loaded into the dendritic pores, which decomposes triglyceride on the silica part and induces self-diffusiophoretic propulsion. These multiple propulsions shed light on the rational integration of various functional building blocks into one micro/nanomotor for complex tasks in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xing
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xin Du
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Tailin Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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16
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Wang T, Zheng M, Wang L, Ji L, Wang S. Crucial role of an aerophobic substrate in bubble-propelled nanomotor aggregation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:355504. [PMID: 32403095 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab92c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A bubble-propelled autonomous micro/nanomotor (MNM) is a device driven by a catalytic reaction that involves a solid-liquid-gas interface, which in turn is a key factor in achieving effective propulsion. Generally, modifying the liquid phase by adding surfactants can improve propulsion, but it has several disadvantages. It is reported that the rapid separation of bubbles will accelerate the movement of MNMs. Our focus is on methods to drive the motor efficiently by controlling the wettability of the solid phase, accelerating bubble separation without compromising the activity of the catalyst. In this study, different from most of the previous studies on moving MNMs, a static Pt loaded TiO2 nanowire aggregation was utilized as a nanomotor aggregation to investigate the wettability of the solid phase on bubble release. In comparison to an underwater aerophilic solid phase, in which bubbles are strongly held on the surface, the nanomotor's aggregation showed good aerophobicity. In particular, after UV illumination for 30 s, the nanomotor's aggregation became superaerophobic, which significantly promoted the release of O2 bubbles. The results of this study reveal how to modify the detachment behaviour of bubbles by controlling the aerophobic behaviour of solid surfaces of autonomous MNMs in an aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
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17
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Kong L, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Guan J, Pumera M. Photocatalytic Micromotors Activated by UV to Visible Light for Environmental Remediation, Micropumps, Reversible Assembly, Transportation, and Biomimicry. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903179. [PMID: 31402632 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic micromotors are light-induced, chemically powered micromachines based on photocatalytic materials, activated by light illumination, and have redox reactions with environmental solutions to produce chemical gradients and bubbles that propel the micromachines through self-diffusiophoresis, self-electrophoresis, and bubble recoil. Due to the fact that excitation light relates largely to the bandgaps of selected materials, the development of photocatalytic micromotors has experienced an evolution from ultraviolet-light-activated to visible-light-activated and potentially biocompatible systems. Furthermore, due to the strong redox capacity and physical effects caused by the products or product gradients, photocatalytic micromotors have applications in environmental remediation, micropumps, reversible assembly, transportation, and biomimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Kong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Carmen C Mayorga-Martinez
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jianguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi road, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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18
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Design considerations for effective thermal management in mobile nanotweezers. JOURNAL OF MICRO-BIO ROBOTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12213-020-00123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Abstract
This chapter deals with the advancement of nanomaterial-based sensors in the last 10 years. The use of different types of nanomaterials, including graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metallic nanoparticles, was described, highlighting that graphene represents a rising star in the plethora of nanomaterials. Among the different transducers, the chapter describes the electrochemical and optical (bio)sensors, being the most promising devices. The use of materials at the nanodimension scale provides several improvements in terms of analytical features including sensitivity, rapidity of response, selectivity, and robustness, demonstrating the huge advantage of using the nanomaterials over the micromaterials in the development of smart and high-performant analytical tools.
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20
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Luo M, Jiang Y, Su J, Deng Z, Mou F, Xu L, Guan J. Surface Charge-Reversible Tubular Micromotors for Extraction of Nucleic Acids in Microsystems. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2503-2511. [PMID: 30997736 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extraction of nucleic acids in microsystems is of significance for biomedical applications, but the current extraction methods generally require sophisticated microchannels and external equipment, hindering their practical applications. In this work, we have demonstrated a simple, versatile and efficient approach to extract nucleic acids in microsystems by developing cationic branched polyethyleneimine (PEI)-functionalized tubular micromotors. The as-developed tubular micromotors are fabricated by a two-step process combining the template-assisted electrodeposition and carbodiimide chemistry, and contain an inner catalytic Pt layer, a middle magnetic Ni layer and an outer cationic PEI layer. They exhibit autonomous bubble-propelled motion in aqueous hydrogen peroxide solutions, which can be guided by an external magnetic field, and the surface charges can be reversibly modulated by changing the pH value of the solution. Consequently, the as-developed tubular micromotors can selectively absorb nucleic acids from acidic solutions and desorb them into alkaline solutions, leading to the extraction of nucleic acids with high efficiency without external stirring. Furthermore, they can be operated in a microchannel chip without the aid of a pumping system. Our results indicate that this PEI-functionalized tubular micromotor platform provides a novel, simple and versatile microsystem nucleic acid extraction technology, holding considerable promise for important practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhou Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jingbei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoyi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Fangzhi Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Leilei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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21
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Chen X, Zhou C, Wang W. Colloidal Motors 101: A Beginner's Guide to Colloidal Motor Research. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2388-2405. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) G 908, HIT Campus, Xili University Town Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Chao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) G 908, HIT Campus, Xili University Town Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) G 908, HIT Campus, Xili University Town Shenzhen Guangdong China
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22
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Chen Y, Xu B, Mei Y. Design and Fabrication of Tubular Micro/Nanomotors via 3D Laser Lithography. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2472-2478. [PMID: 30989837 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic tubular micro/nanomachines convert chemical energy from a surrounding aqueous fuel solution into mechanical energy to generate autonomous movements, propelled by the oxygen bubbles decomposed by hydrogen peroxide and expelled from the microtubular cavity. With the development of nanotechnology, micro/nanomotors have attracted more and more interest due to their numerous potential for in vivo and in vitro applications. Here, highly efficient chemical catalytic microtubular motors were fabricated via 3D laser lithography and their motion behavior under the action of driving force in fluids was demonstrated. The frequency of catalytically-generated bubbles ejection was influenced by the geometrical shape of the micro/nanomotor and surrounding chemical fuel environment, resulting in the variation in motion speed. The micro/nanomotors generated with a rocket-like shape displayed a more active motion compared with that of a single tubular micro/nanomotor, providing a wider range of practical micro-/nanoscale applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Chen
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Borui Xu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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23
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Akbarshahi A, Rajabpour A, Ghadiri M, Barooti MM. Influence of various setting angles on vibration behavior of rotating graphene sheet: continuum modeling and molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Model 2019; 25:141. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-3996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Keller S, Toebes BJ, Wilson DA. Active, Autonomous, and Adaptive Polymeric Particles for Biomedical Applications. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1135-1145. [PMID: 30574789 PMCID: PMC6415150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nature's motors are complex and efficient systems, which are able to respond to many different stimuli present in the cell. Nanomotors for biomedical applications are designed to mimic nature's complexity; however, they usually lack biocompatibility and the ability to adapt to their environment. Polymeric vesicles can overcome these problems due to the soft and flexible nature of polymers. Herein we will highlight the recent progress and the crucial steps needed to fabricate active and adaptive motor systems for their use in biomedical applications and our approach to reach this goal. This includes the formation of active, asymmetric vesicles and the incorporation of a catalyst, together with their potential in biological applications and the challenges still to overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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25
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Disharoon D, Neeves KB, Marr DWM. ac/dc Magnetic Fields for Enhanced Translation of Colloidal Microwheels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:3455-3460. [PMID: 30726100 PMCID: PMC6536127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Microscale devices must overcome fluid reversibility to propel themselves in environments where viscous forces dominate. One approach, used by colloidal microwheels (μwheels) consisting of superparamagnetic particles assembled and powered by rotating ac magnetic fields, is to employ a nearby surface to provide friction. Here, we used total internal reflection microscopy to show that individual 8.3 μm particles roll inefficiently with significant slip because of a particle-surface fluid gap of 20-80 nm. We determined that both gap width and slip increase with the increasing particle rotation rate when the load force is provided by gravity alone, thus providing an upper bound on translational velocity. By imposing an additional load force with a dc magnetic field gradient superimposed on the ac field, we were able to decrease the gap width and thereby enhance translation velocities. For example, an additional load force of 0.2 Fg provided by a dc field gradient increased the translational velocity from 40 to 80 μm/s for a 40 Hz rotation rate. The translation velocity increases with the decreasing gap width whether the gap is varied by dc field gradient-induced load forces or by reducing the Debye length with salt. These results present a strategy to accelerate surface-enabled rolling of microscale particles and open the possibility of high-speed μwheel rolling independent of the gravitational field.
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26
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Lu J, Li Q, Qiu CW, Hong Y, Ghosh P, Qiu M. Nanoscale Lamb wave-driven motors in nonliquid environments. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau8271. [PMID: 30873431 PMCID: PMC6408156 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau8271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Achieving light-driven motions in nonliquid environments presents formidable challenges, because microsized objects experience strong dry adhesion and intend to be stuck to contact surfaces with great tenacity. Here, in air and vacuum, we show rotary locomotion of a micrometer-sized metal plate with ~30 nm thickness, revolving around a microfiber. This motor is powered by pulsed light guided into the fiber as a coordinated consequence of an optically excited Lamb wave on the plate and favorable configuration of plate-fiber geometry. The motor, actuated by designed light pulses, crawls stepwise with subnanometer locomotion resolution. Furthermore, we can control the rotation velocity and step resolution by varying the repetition rate and pulse power, respectively. A light-actuated micromirror scanning with 0.001° resolution is then demonstrated on the basis of this motor. It offers unprecedented application potential for integrated micro-opto-electromechanical systems, outer-space all-optical precision mechanics and controls, and laser scanning for miniature lidar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Yu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Pintu Ghosh
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Min Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Corresponding author. ,
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27
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Zhang Y, Gregory DA, Zhang Y, Smith PJ, Ebbens SJ, Zhao X. Reactive Inkjet Printing of Functional Silk Stirrers for Enhanced Mixing and Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1804213. [PMID: 30515976 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stirring small volumes of solution can reduce immunoassay readout time, homogenize cell cultures, and increase enzyme reactivity in bioreactors. However, at present many small scale stirring methods require external actuation, which can be cumbersome. To address this, here, reactive inkjet printing is shown to be able to produce autonomously rotating biocompatible silk-based microstirrers that can enhance fluid mixing. Rotary motion is generated either by release of a surface active agent (small molecular polyethylene glycol) resulting in Marangoni effect, or by catalytically powered bubble propulsion. The Marangoni driven devices do not require any chemicals to be added to the fluid as the "fuel," while the catalytically powered devices are powered by decomposing substrate molecules in solution. A comparison of Marangoni effect and enzyme powered stirrers is made. Marangoni effect driven stirrers rotate up to 600 rpm, 75-100-fold faster than enzyme driven microstirrers, however enzyme powered stirrers show increased longevity. Further to stirring applications, the sensitivity of the motion generation mechanisms to fluid properties allows the rotating devices to also be exploited for sensing applications, for example, acting as motion sensors for water pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - David A Gregory
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Patrick J Smith
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, 64 Garden Street, Sheffield, S1 4BJ, UK
| | - Stephen J Ebbens
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Xiubo Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Gehu Road, Changzhou, 213164, China
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28
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Srivastava SK, Clergeaud G, Andresen TL, Boisen A. Micromotors for drug delivery in vivo: The road ahead. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 138:41-55. [PMID: 30236447 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Autonomously propelled/externally guided micromotors overcome current drug delivery challenges by providing (a) higher drug loading capacity, (b) localized delivery (less toxicity), (c) enhanced tissue penetration and (d) active maneuvering in vivo. These microscale drug delivery systems can exploit biological fluids, as well as exogenous stimuli, like light-NIR, ultrasound and magnetic fields (or a combination of these), towards propulsion/drug release. Ability of these wireless drug carriers towards localized targeting and controlled drug release, makes them a lucrative candidate for drug administration in complex microenvironments (like solid tumors or gastrointestinal tract). In this report, we discuss these microscale drug delivery systems for their therapeutic benefits under in vivo setting and provide a design-application rationale towards greater clinical significance. Also, a proof-of-concept depicting 'microbots-in-a-capsule' towards oral drug delivery has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh Kumar Srivastava
- Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
| | - Gael Clergeaud
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
| | - Thomas L Andresen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
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29
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Ren L, Wang W, Mallouk TE. Two Forces Are Better than One: Combining Chemical and Acoustic Propulsion for Enhanced Micromotor Functionality. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1948-1956. [PMID: 30079719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Engines and motors are everywhere in the modern world, but it is a challenge to make them work if they are very small. On the micron length scale, inertial forces are weak and conventional motor designs involving, e.g., pistons, jets, or flywheels cease to function. Biological motors work by a different principle, using catalysis to convert chemical to mechanical energy on the nanometer length scale. To do this, they must apply force continuously against their viscous surroundings, and because of their small size, their movement is "jittery" because of the random shoves and turns they experience from molecules in their surroundings. The first synthetic catalytic motors, discovered about 15 years ago, were bimetallic Pt-Au microrods that swim in fluids through self-electrophoresis, a mechanism that is apparently not used by biological catalytic nanomotors. Despite the difference in propulsion mechanisms, catalytic microswimmers are subject to the same external forces as natural swimmers such as bacteria. Therefore, they follow similar scaling laws, are subject to Brownian forces, and exhibit a rich array of biomimetic emergent behavior (e.g., chemotaxis, rheotaxis, schooling, and predator-prey behavior). It was later discovered, quite by accident, that the same metallic microrods undergo rapid autonomous movement in acoustic fields, converting excitation energy in the frequency (MHz) and power range (up to several W/cm2) that is commonly used for ultrasonic imaging into axial movement. Because the acoustic propulsion mechanism is fuel-free, it can operate in media that have been inaccessible to chemically powered motors, such as the interior of living cells. The power levels used are intermediate between those of ultrasonic diagnostic imaging and therapy, so the translation of basic research on microswimmers into biomedical applications, including in vivo diagnostics and drug delivery, is possible. Acoustic and chemical propulsion are applied independently to microswimmers, so by modulating the acoustic power one can achieve microswimmer functionalities that are not accessible with the individual propulsion mechanisms. These include motion of particles forward and backward with switching between chemical and acoustic propulsion, the assembly/disassembly equilibrium of particle swarms and colloidal molecules, and controllable upstream or downstream propulsion in a flowing fluid. This Account relates our current understanding of the chemical and acoustic propulsion mechanisms, and describes how their combination can be particularly powerful for imparting enhanced functionality to micromotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Physics, and Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Thomas E. Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Physics, and Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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30
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Gao Y, Dullens RPA, Aarts DGAL. Bulk synthesis of silver-head colloidal rodlike micromotors. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:7119-7125. [PMID: 30027982 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00832a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal particles with asymmetric catalytic activities are emerging micro/nanomotors that harvest chemical energy for propulsion in fluids. It is of general interest to produce such particles with high performance, in large quantity and at low cost. In this paper, we present a facile bulk method to synthesize silver-head colloidal silica rods. These particles self-propel towards their active sites by reacting with hydrogen peroxide, and the velocity is tuned via the fuel concentration. We show that these motors are highly efficient; compared to the currently available chemical-phoretic micro/nanomotors they show similar performance of self-propulsion at fuel concentrations that are two orders of magnitude smaller.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Gao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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31
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Safdar M, Khan SU, Jänis J. Progress toward Catalytic Micro- and Nanomotors for Biomedical and Environmental Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1703660. [PMID: 29411445 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic micro- and nanomotors (MNMs) are tiny objects that can autonomously move under the influence of an appropriate source of energy, such as a chemical fuel, magnetic field, ultrasound, or light. Chemically driven MNMs are composed of or contain certain reactive material(s) that convert chemical energy of a fuel into kinetic energy (motion) of the particles. Several different materials have been explored over the last decade for the preparation of a wide variety of MNMs. Here, the discovery of materials and approaches to enhance the efficiency of chemically driven MNMs are reviewed. Several prominent applications of the MNMs, especially in the fields of biomedicine and environmental science, are also discussed, as well as the limitations of existing materials and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Safdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Shahid Ullah Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Janne Jänis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
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33
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Martínez-Pedrero F, Tierno P. Advances in colloidal manipulation and transport via hydrodynamic interactions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 519:296-311. [PMID: 29505991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, we highlight many recent advances in the field of micromanipulation of colloidal particles using hydrodynamic interactions (HIs), namely solvent mediated long-range interactions. At the micrsocale, the hydrodynamic laws are time reversible and the flow becomes laminar, features that allow precise manipulation and control of colloidal matter. We focus on different strategies where externally operated microstructures generate local flow fields that induce the advection and motion of the surrounding components. In addition, we review cases where the induced flow gives rise to hydrodynamic bound states that may synchronize during the process, a phenomenon essential in different systems such as those that exhibit self-assembly and swarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Martínez-Pedrero
- Departamento de Química-Física I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - P Tierno
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, IN(2)UB, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Yang X, Wu N. Change the Collective Behaviors of Colloidal Motors by Tuning Electrohydrodynamic Flow at the Subparticle Level. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:952-960. [PMID: 28972785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As demonstrated in biological systems, breaking the symmetry of surrounding hydrodynamic flow is the key to achieve autonomous locomotion of microscopic objects. In recent years, a variety of synthetic motors have been developed based on different propulsion mechanisms. Most work, however, focuses on the propulsion of individual motors. Here, we study the collective behaviors of colloidal dimers actuated by a perpendicularly applied AC electric field, which controls the electrohydrodynamic flow at subparticle levels. Although these motors experience strong dipolar repulsion from each other and are highly active, surprisingly, they assemble into a family of stable planar clusters with handedness. We show that this type of unusual structure arises from the contractile hydrodynamic flow around small lobes but extensile flow around the large lobes. We further reveal that the collective behavior, assembled structure, and assembly dynamics of these motors all depend on the specific directions of electrohydrodynamic flow surrounding each lobe of the dimers. By fine-tuning the surface charge asymmetry on particles and salt concentration in solution, we demonstrate the ability to control their collective behaviors on demand. This novel type of active assembly via hydrodynamic interactions has the potential to grow monodisperse clusters in a self-limiting fashion. The underlying concept revealed in this work should also apply to other types of active and asymmetric particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ning Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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35
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Maric T, Nasir MZM, Wang Y, Khezri B, Pumera M. Corrosion due to ageing influences the performance of tubular platinum microrobots. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:1322-1325. [PMID: 29296978 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05775j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous self-propelled nano and microrobots are in the forefront of materials research. The micromachines are typically prepared in batches, stored and subsequently used. We show here that the storage of platinum tubular catalytic microrobots in water causes their corrosion which results in their lower mobility and performance. This has important implications for the construction and storage of these autonomous micromotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Maric
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371.
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36
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Ghosh S, Ghosh A. Mobile nanotweezers for active colloidal manipulation. Sci Robot 2018; 3:3/14/eaaq0076. [DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aaq0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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37
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Huang G, Wang J, Liu Z, Zhou D, Tian Z, Xu B, Li L, Mei Y. Rocket-inspired tubular catalytic microjets with grating-structured walls as guiding empennages. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:18590-18596. [PMID: 29165488 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07006c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Controllable locomotion in the micro-/nanoscale is challenging and attracts increasing research interest. Tubular microjets self-propelled by microbubbles are intensively investigated due to their high energy conversion efficiency, but the imperfection of the tubular geometry makes it harder to realize linear motion. Inspired by the macro rocket, we designed a tubular microjet with a grating-structured wall which mimics the guiding empennage of the macro rocket, and we found that the fluid can be effectively guided by the grooves. Both theoretical simulation and experimental work have been carried out, and the obtained results demonstrate that the stability margin of the grating-structured microjet can be enhanced. Compared with microjets with smooth walls, the structured microjets show an enhanced ability of moving linearly. In 10% H2O2, only 20% of the smooth microjets demonstrate linear trajectories, while 80% of the grating-structured microjets keep moving straight. The grating-structured microjet can maintain linear motion under external disturbance. We further propose to increase the stability by introducing a helical grating structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Lab of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
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38
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Zhou C, Yin J, Wu C, Du L, Wang Y. Efficient target capture and transport by fuel-free micromotors in a multichannel microchip. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8064-8069. [PMID: 29099529 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01905j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Efficient capture and transport of biological targets by functionalized micromotors in microfluidic chips have emerged as to be promising for bioanalysis and detection of targets. However, the crucial step-target capture-is still inefficient due to the low utilization of active spots on the functionalized motor surfaces. Herein, we designed a multichannel microchip for integrating confined space with the oscillatory movement of micromotors to increase the capture efficiency. Acoustically driven, magnetically guided Au/Ni/Au micromotors were employed as the target carriers, while E. coli bacteria were chosen as the targets. Under optimized conditions, a capture efficiency of 96% and an average loading number of 3-4 (targets per single motor) could be achieved. The possibility of simple separation of targets from micromotors has also been demonstrated. This microfluidic system could facilitate the integration of multiple steps for bioanalysis and detection of targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijin Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
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39
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Davies Wykes MS, Zhong X, Tong J, Adachi T, Liu Y, Ristroph L, Ward MD, Shelley MJ, Zhang J. Guiding microscale swimmers using teardrop-shaped posts. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:4681-4688. [PMID: 28466943 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00203c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The swimming direction of biological or artificial microscale swimmers tends to be randomised over long time-scales by thermal fluctuations. Bacteria use various strategies to bias swimming behaviour and achieve directed motion against a flow, maintain alignment with gravity or travel up a chemical gradient. Herein, we explore a purely geometric means of biasing the motion of artificial nanorod swimmers. These artificial swimmers are bimetallic rods, powered by a chemical fuel, which swim on a substrate printed with teardrop-shaped posts. The artificial swimmers are hydrodynamically attracted to the posts, swimming alongside the post perimeter for long times before leaving. The rods experience a higher rate of departure from the higher curvature end of the teardrop shape, thereby introducing a bias into their motion. This bias increases with swimming speed and can be translated into a macroscopic directional motion over long times by using arrays of teardrop-shaped posts aligned along a single direction. This method provides a protocol for concentrating swimmers, sorting swimmers according to different speeds, and could enable artificial swimmers to transport cargo to desired locations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao Zhong
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, USA
| | - Jiajun Tong
- Applied Mathematics Laboratory, Courant Institute, New York University, USA.
| | - Takuji Adachi
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, USA
| | - Yanpeng Liu
- Applied Mathematics Laboratory, Courant Institute, New York University, USA. and Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China
| | - Leif Ristroph
- Applied Mathematics Laboratory, Courant Institute, New York University, USA.
| | - Michael D Ward
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, USA
| | - Michael J Shelley
- Applied Mathematics Laboratory, Courant Institute, New York University, USA. and Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Applied Mathematics Laboratory, Courant Institute, New York University, USA. and Department of Physics, New York University, USA and NYU-ECNU Joint Physics, Mathematics Research Institutes, NYU Shanghai, China
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40
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Yang T, Tasci TO, Neeves KB, Wu N, Marr DWM. Magnetic Microlassos for Reversible Cargo Capture, Transport, and Release. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:5932-5937. [PMID: 28318267 PMCID: PMC7931268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbot propulsion has seen increasing interest in recent years as artificial methods that overcome the well-established reversible and challenging nature of microscale fluid mechanics. While controlled movement is an important feature of microbot action, many envisioned applications also involve cargo transport where microbots must be able to load and unload contents on command while tolerating complex solution chemistry. Here we introduce a physical method that uses flexible and linked superparamagnetic colloidal chains, which can form closed rings or "lassos" in the presence of a planar rotating magnetic field. By adding an additional AC magnetic field along the direction perpendicular to the substrate, we can orient the lasso at a tilted camber angle. We show that these magnetic lassos can roll at substantial velocities, with precise spatial control by manipulating both field strength and phase lag. Moreover, the lasso can curl around and capture cargo tightly and transport it based on a wheel-type mechanism. At the targeted destination, cargo is easily released upon field removal and the lasso can be readily reused. Since the entire process is physically controlled with no chemistry for attachment or disengagement involved, our system can potentially be used for transporting diverse types of cargo under different solution conditions.
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41
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Maria-Hormigos R, Jurado-Sánchez B, Escarpa A. Tailored magnetic carbon allotrope catalytic micromotors for 'on-chip' operations. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:6286-6290. [PMID: 28475185 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr09750b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon allotrope micromotors are proposed as active components in lab-on-a-chip systems. Highly rough carbon black tubular engines are used for fluorescence detection operations. The potential of ultrafast lectin carbon nanonotube micromotors with an inner anti-biofouling layer for selective transport of sugar modified particles (as cell mimics) in human plasma is illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maria-Hormigos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares E-28871, Madrid, Spain.
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42
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Li J, Esteban-Fernández de Ávila B, Gao W, Zhang L, Wang J. Micro/Nanorobots for Biomedicine: Delivery, Surgery, Sensing, and Detoxification. Sci Robot 2017; 2:eaam6431. [PMID: 31552379 PMCID: PMC6759331 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aam6431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 630] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Micro- and nanoscale robots that can effectively convert diverse energy sources into movement and force represent a rapidly emerging and fascinating robotics research area. Recent advances in the design, fabrication, and operation of micro/nanorobots have greatly enhanced their power, function, and versatility. The new capabilities of these tiny untethered machines indicate immense potential for a variety of biomedical applications. This article reviews recent progress and future perspectives of micro/nanorobots in biomedicine, with a special focus on their potential advantages and applications for directed drug delivery, precision surgery, medical diagnosis and detoxification. Future success of this technology, to be realized through close collaboration between robotics, medical and nanotechnology experts, should have a major impact on disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Li
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Wei Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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43
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Harnessing catalytic pumps for directional delivery of microparticles in microchambers. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14384. [PMID: 28211454 PMCID: PMC5321755 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The directed transport of microparticles in microfluidic devices is vital for efficient bioassays and fabrication of complex microstructures. There remains, however, a need for methods to propel and steer microscopic cargo that do not require modifying these particles. Using theory and experiments, we show that catalytic surface reactions can be used to deliver microparticle cargo to specified regions in microchambers. Here reagents diffuse from a gel reservoir and react with the catalyst-coated surface. Fluid density gradients due to the spatially varying reagent concentration induce a convective flow, which carries the suspended particles until the reagents are consumed. Consequently, the cargo is deposited around a specific position on the surface. The velocity and final peak location of the cargo can be tuned independently. By increasing the local particle concentration, highly sensitive assays can be performed efficiently and rapidly. Moreover, the process can be repeated by introducing fresh reagent into the microchamber. Targeted delivery of microparticles is desirable for rapid, sensitive biological assays or self-assembly process. Here Das et al. use catalytic reactions on the surface of microfluidic chambers to generate unidirectional flows that carry and deposit microparticles to selective regions of the chamber.
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44
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Peng F, Tu Y, Adhikari A, Hintzen JCJ, Löwik DWPM, Wilson DA. A peptide functionalized nanomotor as an efficient cell penetrating tool. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1088-1091. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09169e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel peptide-nanomotor based hybrid system is presented for fast cell penetration and cargo delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Peng
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Ashish Adhikari
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Jordi C. J. Hintzen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Radboud University
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
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45
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Liu C, Zhou C, Wang W, Zhang HP. Bimetallic Microswimmers Speed Up in Confining Channels. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:198001. [PMID: 27858454 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.198001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic microswimmers are envisioned to be useful in numerous applications, many of which occur in tightly confined spaces. It is therefore important to understand how confinement influences swimmer dynamics. Here we study the motility of bimetallic microswimmers in linear and curved channels. Our experiments show swimmer velocities increase, up to 5 times, with the degree of confinement, and the relative velocity increase depends weakly on the fuel concentration and ionic strength in solution. Experimental results are reproduced in a numerical model which attributes the swimmer velocity increase to electrostatic and electrohydrodynamic boundary effects. Our work not only helps to elucidate the confinement effect of phoretic swimmers, but also suggests that spatial confinement may be used as an effective control method for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - H P Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
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46
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Jurado-Sánchez B, Escarpa A. Milli, micro and nanomotors: Novel analytical tools for real-world applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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47
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Kherzi B, Pumera M. Self-propelled autonomous nanomotors meet microfluidics. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:17415-17421. [PMID: 27714185 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06665h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelled autonomous nano/micromotors are in the forefront of current materials science and technology research. These small machines convert chemical energy from the environment into propulsion, and they can move autonomously in the environment and are capable of chemotaxis or magnetotaxis. They can be used for drug delivery, microsurgeries or environmental remediation. It is of immense interest from a future biomedical application point of view to understand the motion of the nano/micromotors in microfluidic channels. In this minireview, we review the progress on the use of nano/micromotors in microfluidic channels and lab-on-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Kherzi
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
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48
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Ongaro F, Scheggi S, Yoon C, den Brink FV, Oh SH, Gracias DH, Misra S. Autonomous planning and control of soft untethered grippers in unstructured environments. JOURNAL OF MICRO-BIO ROBOTICS 2016; 12:45-52. [PMID: 29082127 PMCID: PMC5644156 DOI: 10.1007/s12213-016-0091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of small, maneuverable, untethered and reconfigurable robots could provide numerous advantages in various micromanipulation tasks. Examples include microassembly, pick-and-place of fragile micro-objects for lab-on-a-chip applications, assisted hatching for in-vitro fertilization and minimally invasive surgery. This study assesses the potential of soft untethered magnetic grippers as alternatives or complements to conventional tethered or rigid micromanipulators. We demonstrate closed-loop control of untethered grippers and automated pick-and-place of biological material on porcine tissue in an unstructured environment. We also demonstrate the ability of the soft grippers to recognize and sort non-biological micro-scale objects. The fully autonomous nature of the experiments is made possible by the integration of planning and decision-making algorithms, as well as by closed-loop temperature and electromagnetic motion control. The grippers are capable of completing pick-and-place tasks of biological material at an average velocity of 1.8 ±0.71 mm/s and a drop-off error of 0.62 ±0.22 mm. Color-sensitive sorting of three micro-scale objects is completed at a velocity of 1.21 ±0.68 mm/s and a drop-off error of 0.85 ±0.41 mm. Our findings suggest that improved autonomous untethered grippers could augment the capabilities of current soft-robotic instruments especially in advancedtasks involving manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ongaro
- Surgical Robotics Laboratory, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Scheggi
- Surgical Robotics Laboratory, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB The Netherlands
| | - ChangKyu Yoon
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
| | - Frank van den Brink
- Surgical Robotics Laboratory, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB The Netherlands
| | - Seung Hyun Oh
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
| | | | - Sarthak Misra
- Surgical Robotics Laboratory, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB The Netherlands
- University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ The Netherlands
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Abstract
As we progress towards employing self-propelled micro-/nanomotors in envisioned applications such as cargo delivery, environmental remediation, and therapeutic treatments, precise control of the micro-/nanomotors direction and their speed is essential. In this Review, major emerging approaches utilized for the motion control of micro-/nanomotors have been discussed, together with the lastest publications describing these approaches. Future studies could incorporate investigations on micro-/nanomotors motion control in a real-world environment in which matrix complexity might disrupt successful manipulation of these small-scale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhe Teo
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
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50
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Maria-Hormigos R, Jurado-Sánchez B, Escarpa A. Labs-on-a-chip meet self-propelled micromotors. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2397-2407. [PMID: 27250248 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00467a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This frontier review covers recent advances in the field of nanomaterial-based micromotors for the development of novel labs-on-a-chip (LOCs). In this review, we will discuss how carbon nanomaterials "on-board" of micromotors offer particular promise for diverse LOC applications. New trends in the field, directed towards the use of quantum dots and nanoparticles as functional materials for sophisticated micromotors, will be reviewed. Micromotor strategies using functionalized catalytic microengines to capture and transport (bio)molecules between the different reservoirs of LOC devices will also be covered. These recent advances are bringing closer our hopes for personalized medicine and food safety assurance, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maria-Hormigos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares E-28871, Madrid, Spain.
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