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Ozsvár D, Bózsity N, Zupkó I, Szakonyi Z. Synthesis and Study of the Structure-Activity Relationship of Antiproliferative N-Substituted Isosteviol-Based 1,3-Aminoalcohols. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:262. [PMID: 38399477 PMCID: PMC10893060 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Starting from isosteviol, a series of diterpenoid 1,3-aminoalcohol derivatives were prepared via stereoselective transformations. The acid-catalysed hydrolysis and rearrangement of natural stevioside produced isosteviol, which was transformed into the key intermediate methyl ester. In the next step, an 1,3-aminoalcohol library was prepared by the reductive amination of the intermediate 3-hydroxyaldehyde obtained from isosteviol in a two-step synthesis. To study the effect of the carboxylate ester function at position 4, the free carboxylic acid, benzyl ester and acryloyl ester analogues were prepared as elongated derivatives in comparison with our earlier results in this field. The antiproliferative activity of compounds against human tumour cell lines (A2780, HeLa, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) was investigated. In our preliminary study, the 1,3-aminoalcohol function with N-benzyl or (1H-imidazol-1-yl)-propyl substitution and benzyl ester moiety seemed essential for the reliable antiproliferative activity. The results obtained could be a good starting point to further functionalisation towards more efficient antiproliferative diterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Ozsvár
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Noémi Bózsity
- Institute of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (N.B.); (I.Z.)
| | - István Zupkó
- Institute of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (N.B.); (I.Z.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Szakonyi
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Bioactivity Profile of the Diterpene Isosteviol and its Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040678. [PMID: 30769819 PMCID: PMC6412665 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Steviosides, rebaudiosides and their analogues constitute a major class of naturally occurring biologically active diterpene compounds. The wide spectrum of pharmacological activity of this group of compounds has developed an interest among medicinal chemists to synthesize, purify, and analyze more selective and potent isosteviol derivatives. It has potential biological applications and improves the field of medicinal chemistry by designing novel drugs with the ability to cope against resistance developing diseases. The outstanding advancement in the design and synthesis of isosteviol and its derivative has proved its effectiveness and importance in the field of medicinal chemical research. The present review is an effort to integrate recently developed novel drugs syntheses from isosteviol and potentially active pharmacological importance of the isosteviol derivatives covering the recent advances.
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Wang M, Li H, Xu F, Gao X, Li J, Xu S, Zhang D, Wu X, Xu J, Hua H, Li D. Diterpenoid lead stevioside and its hydrolysis products steviol and isosteviol: Biological activity and structural modification. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 156:885-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Yang Y, Zhong Q, Mo C, Zhang H, Zhou T, Tan W. Determination of endogenous inflammation-related lipid mediators in ischemic stroke rats using background subtracting calibration curves by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6537-6547. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Lin SJ, Su TC, Chu CN, Chang YC, Yang LM, Kuo YC, Huang TJ. Synthesis of C-4-Substituted Steviol Derivatives and Their Inhibitory Effects against Hepatitis B Virus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:3057-3064. [PMID: 27936691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ent-13-Hydroxykaur-16-ene-19-N-butylureide (6) was one of 33 synthesized C-4-substituted steviol derivatives that were evaluated for their effects on hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) secretion. The IC50 (16.9 μM) and SI (57.7) values for inhibiting HBV DNA replication of compound 6 were greater than those of the reference compound, lamivudine (3-TC; IC50: 107.5 μM; SI: 22.0). Thus, the anti-HBV mechanism of 6 was investigated, and it specifically inhibited viral gene expression and reduced viral DNA levels, as well as potently attenuated all of the viral promoter activity of HBV-expressing Huh7 cells. Examination of cellular signaling pathways found that 6 inhibited the activities of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB- and activator protein (AP)-1 element-containing promoters, but had no effects on AP-2 or interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE)-containing promoters in HBV-expressing cells. Meanwhile, it significantly eliminated NF-κB and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling-related protein levels and inhibited their phosphorylation in HBV-transfected Huh7 cells. The inhibitory potency of 6 against HBV DNA replication was reversed by cotransfecting the NF-κB p65 expression plasmid. Using the MAPK-specific activator anisomycin also reversed the inhibitory effect of 6 on viral DNA replication. The present findings suggest that the anti-HBV mechanism of 6 is partly mediated through the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yi-Chih Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University , Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ming Yang
- Division of Chinese Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare , Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Kuo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital , Changhua 500, Taiwan
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Lai W, Kang Q, Zou C, Li Q, Sun H, Tan W. Development of a liquid formulation of poorly water-soluble isosteviol sodium using the co-solvent technology. Pharm Dev Technol 2016; 22:275-282. [PMID: 27557399 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2016.1226900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An intravenously injectable liquid formulation of the poorly water-soluble isosteviol sodium (ISVNa) that has a great clinical potential for cardiovascular diseases was developed using the co-solvent technology. The pH and composition of the co-solvent were optimized to obtain a stable liquid formulation (termed as STVNa) based on saline at pH 10.0 containing 25% (v/v) of ethanol and 20% (v/v) of propylene glycol. STVNa was physicochemically stable upon storage for more than 3 months under various conditions. In vitro studies showed that STVNa did not induce hemolytic effects up to 9.1% (v/v) after 3 h of incubation and it was cytocompatible up to 50 μg/mL in H2C9 cells. Furthermore, STVNa showed acceptable safety and pharmacokinetic parameters comparable with those of ISVNa in saline (dissolved at 60 °C) upon i.v. injection in Wistar rats. Overall, the results demonstrated that STVNa is a promising formulation of ISVNa for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshi Lai
- a School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China.,b Pre-incubator for Innovative Drugs and Medicine, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qiuhong Kang
- a School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China.,b Pre-incubator for Innovative Drugs and Medicine, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
| | - Chengjuan Zou
- a School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China.,b Pre-incubator for Innovative Drugs and Medicine, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qingrui Li
- a School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China.,b Pre-incubator for Innovative Drugs and Medicine, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
| | - Huiting Sun
- a School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China.,b Pre-incubator for Innovative Drugs and Medicine, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
| | - Wen Tan
- a School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China.,c Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
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Synthesis and antituberculosis activity of the first macrocyclic glycoterpenoids comprising glucosamine and diterpenoid isosteviol. Carbohydr Res 2016; 431:15-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Synthesis and anticancer evaluation of complex unsaturated isosteviol-derived triazole conjugates. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:2419-28. [PMID: 26653151 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the last two decades, diterpenoid isosteviol and its derivatives have gained significant attention for novel chemical transformation in the drug discovery field. RESULTS An efficient way towards the synthesis of structurally diverse isosteviol derivatives was described here employing unsaturated functionalities as attractive templates for further transformation such as epoxidation. These structurally diverse compounds exhibited promising cytotoxic activities on different types of cancer cell lines, leading to drug discovery derived from natural products for the treatment of cancer. CONCLUSION In this work, novel isosteviol derivatives with Michael acceptors were synthesized to expand the diversity and complexity of a class of isosteviol-derived triazole conjugates to facilitate the development of potential antitumor agents.
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Strobykina IY, Belenok MG, Semenova MN, Semenov VV, Babaev VM, Rizvanov IK, Mironov VF, Kataev VE. Triphenylphosphonium Cations of the Diterpenoid Isosteviol: Synthesis and Antimitotic Activity in a Sea Urchin Embryo Model. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1300-8. [PMID: 26042548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel triphenylphosphonium (TPP) cations of the diterpenoid isosteviol (1, 16-oxo-ent-beyeran-19-oic acid) have been synthesized and evaluated in an in vivo phenotypic sea urchin embryo assay for antimitotic activity. The TPP moiety was applied as a carrier to provide selective accumulation of a connected compound into mitochondria. When applied to fertilized eggs, the targeted isosteviol TPP conjugates induced mitotic arrest with the formation of aberrant multipolar mitotic spindles, whereas both isosteviol and the methyltriphenylphosphonium cation were inactive. The structure-activity relationship study revealed the essential role of the TPP group for the realization of the isosteviol effect, while the chemical structure and the length of the linker only slightly influenced the antimitotic potency. The results obtained using the sea urchin embryo model suggested that TPP conjugates of isosteviol induced mitotic spindle defects and mitotic arrest presumably by affecting mitochondrial DNA. Since targeting mitochondria is considered as an encouraging strategy for cancer therapy, TPP-isosteviol conjugates may represent promising candidates for further design as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Yu Strobykina
- †A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street, 8, 420088, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Mayya G Belenok
- †A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street, 8, 420088, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Marina N Semenova
- ‡N. K. Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 26, 119334, Moscow, Russian Federation
- §Chemical Block Ltd., 3 Kyriacou Matsi, 3723 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Victor V Semenov
- ⊥N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vasiliy M Babaev
- †A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street, 8, 420088, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Ildar Kh Rizvanov
- †A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street, 8, 420088, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir F Mironov
- †A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street, 8, 420088, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir E Kataev
- †A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street, 8, 420088, Kazan, Russian Federation
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Kataev VE, Strobykina IY, Zakharova LY. Quaternary ammonium derivatives of natural terpenoids. Synthesis and properties. Russ Chem Bull 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-014-0680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sharipova RR, Garifullin BF, Andreeva OV, Strobykina IY, Bazanova OB, Kataev VE. Macrocyclic derivatives of steviolbioside, a glycoside isolated from Stevia Rebaudiana. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428015030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sokolova AS, Morozova EA, Vasilev VG, Yarovaya OI, Tolstikova TG, Salakhutdinov NF. Curare-like camphor derivatives and their biological activity. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015; 41:203-11. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162015020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Khaybullin RN, Zhang M, Fu J, Liang X, Li T, Katritzky AR, Okunieff P, Qi X. Design and synthesis of isosteviol triazole conjugates for cancer therapy. Molecules 2014; 19:18676-89. [PMID: 25405286 PMCID: PMC5753759 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191118676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the keys for successfully developing drugs against the broad spectrum of cancer cell types is structural diversity. In the current study, we focused on a family of isosteviol derivatives as potential novel antitumor agents. Isosteviol is a tetracyclic diterpenoid obtained by acid hydrolysis of steviol glycoside extracts isolated from abundant Stevia rebaudiana plants. In this work, we have designed and synthesized a panel of isosteviol triazole conjugates using "click" chemistry methodology. Evaluation of these compounds against a series of cancer cell lines derived from primary and metastatic tumors demonstrated that these conjugates exhibit cytotoxic activities with IC50 in the low μM range. In addition, their anti-proliferative activities are cancer cell type specific. Taken together, our studies underscore the importance of structural diversity in achieving cancer cell type specific drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravil N Khaybullin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Junjie Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Tammy Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Alan R Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Paul Okunieff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Andreeva OV, Babaev VM, Rizvanov IK, Strobykina IY, Kataev VE. Macrocyclic derivatives of isosteviol with two tetracyclic diterpenoid skeletons. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363214020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sokolova AS, Yarovaya ОI, Shernyukov АV, Pokrovsky МA, Pokrovsky АG, Lavrinenko VA, Zarubaev VV, Tretiak TS, Anfimov PM, Kiselev OI, Beklemishev AB, Salakhutdinov NF. New quaternary ammonium camphor derivatives and their antiviral activity, genotoxic effects and cytotoxicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6690-8. [PMID: 23993669 PMCID: PMC7126328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of dimeric camphor derivatives are described. The resulting compounds were studied for their antiviral activity, cyto- and genotoxicity. Compounds 3a and 3d in which the quaternary nitrogen atoms are separated by the C5H10 and С9H18 aliphatic chain, exhibited the highest efficiency as an agent inhibiting the reproduction of the influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09. The cytotoxicity data of compounds 3 and 4 revealed their moderate activity against malignant cell lines; compound 3f had the highest activity for the CEM-13 cells. These results show close agreement with the data of independent studies on toxicity of these compounds, in particular that the toxicity of compounds strongly depends on spacer length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya S. Sokolova
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentjev Avenue 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Оlga I. Yarovaya
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentjev Avenue 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Аndrey V. Shernyukov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentjev Avenue 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Vladimir V. Zarubaev
- Department of Chemotherapy, Influenza Research Institute, 15/17 Prof. Popova St., 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana S. Tretiak
- Department of Chemotherapy, Influenza Research Institute, 15/17 Prof. Popova St., 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel M. Anfimov
- Department of Chemotherapy, Influenza Research Institute, 15/17 Prof. Popova St., 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg I. Kiselev
- Department of Chemotherapy, Influenza Research Institute, 15/17 Prof. Popova St., 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anatoly B. Beklemishev
- Research Institute for Biochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Timakova St. 2, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nariman F. Salakhutdinov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentjev Avenue 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Synthesis of Macrocyclic Derivatives of the Diterpenoid Isosteviol with Two and Four ent-Beyerane Frameworks. Chem Nat Compd 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-013-0639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zhu SL, Wu Y, Liu CJ, Wei CY, Tao JC, Liu HM. Design and stereoselective synthesis of novel isosteviol-fused pyrazolines and pyrazoles as potential anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 65:70-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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