1
|
Kumar A, Nahak BK, Gupta P, Santra TS, Tseng FG. Laser-Induced Intracellular Delivery: Exploiting Gold-Coated Spiky Polymeric Nanoparticles and Gold Nanorods under Near-Infrared Pulses for Single-Cell Nano-Photon-Poration. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:168. [PMID: 38398898 PMCID: PMC10890628 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the potential of laser-induced nano-photon-poration as a non-invasive technique for the intracellular delivery of micro/macromolecules at the single-cell level. This research proposes the utilization of gold-coated spiky polymeric nanoparticles (Au-PNPs) and gold nanorods (GNRs) to achieve efficient intracellular micro/macromolecule delivery at the single-cell level. By shifting the operating wavelength towards the near-infrared (NIR) range, the intracellular delivery efficiency and viability of Au-PNP-mediated photon-poration are compared to those using GNR-mediated intracellular delivery. Employing Au-PNPs as mediators in conjunction with nanosecond-pulsed lasers, a highly efficient intracellular delivery, while preserving high cell viability, is demonstrated. Laser pulses directed at Au-PNPs generate over a hundred hot spots per particle through plasmon resonance, facilitating the formation of photothermal vapor nanobubbles (PVNBs). These PVNBs create transient pores, enabling the gentle transfer of cargo from the extracellular to the intracellular milieu, without inducing deleterious effects in the cells. The optimization of wavelengths in the NIR region, coupled with low laser fluence (27 mJ/cm2) and nanoparticle concentrations (34 µg/mL), achieves outstanding delivery efficiencies (96%) and maintains high cell viability (up to 99%) across the various cell types, including cancer and neuronal cells. Importantly, sustained high cell viability (90-95%) is observed even 48 h post laser exposure. This innovative development holds considerable promise for diverse applications, encompassing drug delivery, gene therapy, and regenerative medicine. This study underscores the efficiency and versatility of the proposed technique, positioning it as a valuable tool for advancing intracellular delivery strategies in biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (A.K.)
| | - Bishal Kumar Nahak
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (A.K.)
| | - Pallavi Gupta
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (A.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Nano Engineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang SY, Zhou ZR, Qian RC. Recent Progress and Perspectives on Cell Surface Modification. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3250-3258. [PMID: 34427996 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The cell membrane is a biological interface consisting of phospholipid bilayer, saccharides and proteins that maintains a stable metabolic intracellular environment as well as regulating and controlling the exchange of substances inside and outside the cell. Cell membranes provide a highly complex biological surface carrying a variety of essential surfaces ligands and receptors for cells to receive various stimuli of external signals, thereby inducing corresponding cell responses regulating the life activities of the cell. These surface receptors can be manipulated via cell surface modification to regulate cellular functions and behaviors Thus, cell surface modification has attracted considerable attention due to its significance in cell fate control, cell engineering and cell therapy. In this minireview, we describe the recent developments and advances of cell surface modification, and summarize the main modification methods with corresponding functions and applications. Finally, the prospect for the future development of the modification of the living cell membrane is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Rui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ruo-Can Qian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Egloff S, Runser A, Klymchenko A, Reisch A. Size-Dependent Electroporation of Dye-Loaded Polymer Nanoparticles for Efficient and Safe Intracellular Delivery. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2000947. [PMID: 34927896 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202000947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and safe delivery of nanoparticles (NPs) into the cytosol of living cells constitutes a major methodological challenge in bio-nanotechnology. Electroporation allows direct transfer of NPs into the cytosol by forming transient pores in the cell membrane, but it is criticized for invasiveness, and the applicable particle sizes are not well defined. Here, in order to establish principles for efficient delivery of NPs into the cytosol with minimal cytotoxicity, the influence of the size of NPs on their electroporation and intracellular behavior is investigated. For this study, fluorescent dye-loaded polymer NPs with core sizes between 10 and 40 nm are prepared. Optimizing the electroporation protocol allows minimizing contributions of endocytosis and to study directly the effect of NP size on electroporation. NPs of <20 nm hydrodynamic size are efficiently delivered into the cytosol, whereas this is not the case for NPs of >30 nm. Moreover, only particles of core size <15 nm diffuse freely throughout the cytosol. While electroporation at excessive electric fields induces cytotoxicity, the use of small NPs <20 nm allows efficient delivery at mild electroporation conditions. These results give clear methodological and design guidelines for the safe delivery of NPs for intracellular applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Egloff
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Anne Runser
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Andrey Klymchenko
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Andreas Reisch
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Santra TS, Kar S, Chang HY, Tseng FG. Nano-localized single-cell nano-electroporation. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:4194-4204. [PMID: 33047768 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00712a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to deliver foreign cargos into single living cells is of great interest in cell biology and therapeutic research. Here, we have reported a single or multiple position based nano-localized single-cell nano-electroporation platform. The device consists of an array of triangular shape ITO nano-electrodes with a 70 nm gap between two nano-electrodes, each having a 40 nm tip diameter. The voltage is applied between nano-electrodes to generate an intense electric field, which electroporates multiple nano-localized regions of the targeted single-cell membrane, and biomolecules are gently delivered into cells by pressurizing pump flow, without affecting cell viability. The platform successfully delivers dyes, QDs, and plasmids into different cell types with the variation of field strength, pulse duration, and the number of pulses. This new approach allows us to analyze delivery of different biomolecules into single living cells with high transfection efficiency (>96%, for CL1-0 cells) and high cell viability (∼98%), which are potentially beneficial for cellular therapy and diagnostic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 60036, India.
| | - Srabani Kar
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 60036, India. and Electrical Engineering, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Hwan-You Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30012, Taiwan and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30012, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30012, Taiwan and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan and Frontier Research Center of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30012, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Santra TS, Kar S, Chen TC, Chen CW, Borana J, Lee MC, Tseng FG. Near-infrared nanosecond-pulsed laser-activated highly efficient intracellular delivery mediated by nano-corrugated mushroom-shaped gold-coated polystyrene nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:12057-12067. [PMID: 32469040 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01792b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Here, an efficient intracellular delivery of molecules with high cell viability is reported using nanosecond-pulsed laser-activated plasmonic photoporation, mediated by high-aspect-ratio nano-corrugated mushroom-shaped gold-coated polystyrene nanoparticles (nm-AuPNPs) at near-infrared wavelength. Upon pulsed laser illumination, nm-AuPNPs exhibit greater plasmonic extinction than spherical AuPNPs, which increase their energy efficiency and reduce the necessary illumination of light, effectively controlling cell damage and improving the delivery efficiency. Nm-AuPNPs exhibit surface plasmon absorption at near infrared region with a peak at 945 nm. Pulsed laser illumination at this plasmon peak triggers explosive nanobubbles, which create transient membrane pores, allowing the delivery of dyes, quantum dots and plasmids into the different cell types. The results can be tuned by laser fluence, exposure time, molecular size and concentration of nm-AuPNPs. The best results are found for CL1-0 cells, which yielded a 94% intracellular PI dye uptake and ∼100% cell viability at 35 mJ cm-2 laser fluence for 945 nm wavelength. Thus, the presented approach has proven to have an inevitable potential for biological cell research and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.
| | - Srabani Kar
- Electrical Engineering Division, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Te-Chang Chen
- Institute of Photonics Technology, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
| | - Jayant Borana
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Chang Lee
- Institute of Photonics Technology, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan. and Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan and Division of Mechanics, Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen Z, Lee WG. A switching role of hard-uptake nanoparticles in microalgae cell electroporation. Analyst 2019; 144:3581-3589. [PMID: 31065636 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00314b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The microalgal cell wall is a natural barrier that limits the efficiency of gene delivery in algae genetic engineering. Here, we report the role of hard-uptake nanoparticles (huNPs) in microalgae cell electroporation to enhance the delivery of genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. This role can be divided into two categories: (i) a 'transient state' for short-term behavior under confocal visualization and (ii) a 'steady state' for long-term behavior in cell culture. First, the 'transient' role of gene-huNP complexes was investigated after washing for clear confocal imaging to observe the location of huNPs after electroporation. Second, the 'steady-state' role of the gene-huNP complexes was examined after electroporation by transferring cells to a fresh, medium-rich culture environment without washing to obtain a stable cell culture. For selection of the huNPs, we used two types of nanoparticles (NPs, 250 nm and 530 nm) larger than the threshold size of electroporation uptake to avoid unwanted endocytic uptake of NPs. In the transient state, the visualization results indicate that gene-NP (250 nm) complexes were positioned on the cells and helped to deliver more genes than did the 530 nm NPs. In the steady state, the gene-NP (530 nm) complexes helped stably deliver more genes to the cells by precipitation of NPs due to gravity. We believe that these findings illustrate how gene-NP complexes function in microalgae cell electroporation and could help set up a protocol for enhanced microalgae applications associated with NPs such as environmental waste removal and biofuel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhong Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won Gu Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Richardson PL, Marin VL, Koeniger SL, Baranczak A, Wilsbacher JL, Kovar PJ, Bacon-Trusk PE, Cheng M, Hopkins TA, Haman ST, Vasudevan A. Controlling cellular distribution of drugs with permeability modifying moieties. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:974-984. [PMID: 31303996 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00412a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic screening provides compounds with very limited target cellular localization data. In order to select the most appropriate target identification methods, determining if a compound acts at the cell-surface or intracellularly can be very valuable. In addition, controlling cell-permeability of targeted therapeutics such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and targeted nanoparticle formulations can reduce toxicity from extracellular release of drug in undesired tissues or direct activity in bystander cells. By incorporating highly polar, anionic moieties via short polyethylene glycol linkers into compounds with known intracellular, and cell-surface targets, we have been able to correlate the cellular activity of compounds with their subcellular site of action. For compounds with nuclear (Brd, PARP) or cytosolic (dasatinib, NAMPT) targets, addition of the permeability modifying group (small sulfonic acid, polycarboxylic acid, or a polysulfonated fluorescent dye) results in near complete loss of biological activity in cell-based assays. For cell-surface targets (H3, 5HT1A, β2AR) significant activity was maintained for all conjugates, but the results were more nuanced in that the modifiers impacted binding/activity of the resulting conjugates. Taken together, these results demonstrate that small anionic compounds can be used to control cell-permeability independent of on-target activity and should find utility in guiding target deconvolution studies and controlling drug distribution of targeted therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Richardson
- Drug Discovery Science and Technologies , 1 North Waukegan Rd , North Chicago , IL 60064 , USA .
| | - Violeta L Marin
- Drug Discovery Science and Technologies , 1 North Waukegan Rd , North Chicago , IL 60064 , USA .
| | - Stormy L Koeniger
- Drug Discovery Science and Technologies , 1 North Waukegan Rd , North Chicago , IL 60064 , USA .
| | - Aleksandra Baranczak
- Drug Discovery Science and Technologies , 1 North Waukegan Rd , North Chicago , IL 60064 , USA .
| | | | | | | | - Min Cheng
- Discovery Oncology , AbbVie Inc. , USA
| | | | | | - Anil Vasudevan
- Drug Discovery Science and Technologies , 1 North Waukegan Rd , North Chicago , IL 60064 , USA .
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Phonesouk E, Lechevallier S, Ferrand A, Rols MP, Bezombes C, Verelst M, Golzio M. Increasing Uptake of Silica Nanoparticles with Electroporation: From Cellular Characterization to Potential Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E179. [PMID: 30621089 PMCID: PMC6337455 DOI: 10.3390/ma12010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the fields of biology and medicine, nanoproducts such as nanoparticles (NPs) are specifically interesting as theranostic tools, since they offer the double capacity to locally deliver active drugs and to image exactly where the product is delivered. Among the many described possibilities, silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) represent a good choice because of their ease of synthesis, the possibility of their vast functionalization, and their good biocompatibility. However, SiNPs' passive cell internalization by endocytosis only distributes NPs into the cell cytoplasm and is unable to target the nucleus if SiNPs are larger than a few nanometers. In this study, we demonstrate that the cell penetration of SiNPs of 28⁻30 nm in diameter can be strongly enhanced using a physical method, called electroporation or electropermeabilization (EP). The uptake of fluorescently labelled silica nanoparticles was improved in two different cancer cell lines, namely, HCT-116 (human colon cancer) cells and RL (B-lymphoma) cells. First, we studied cells' capability for the regular passive uptake of SiNPs in vitro. Then, we set EP parameters in order to induce a more efficient and rapid cell loading, also comprising the nuclear compartment, while preserving the cell viability. In the final approach, we performed in vivo experiments, and evidenced that the labeling was long-lasting, as confirmed by fluorescence imaging of labeled tumors, which enabled a 30-day follow-up. This kind of SiNPs delivery, achieved by EP, could be employed to load extensive amounts of active ingredients into the cell nucleus, and concomitantly allow the monitoring of the long-term fate of nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Phonesouk
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale-UMR 5089, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 04, France.
- Chromalys SAS, 29 rue jeanne Marvig, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Audrey Ferrand
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM (U1220), INRA, ENVT, UPS, 31024Toulouse cedex 3, France.
| | - Marie-Pierre Rols
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale-UMR 5089, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 04, France.
| | - Christine Bezombes
- UMR1037 INSERM, Université de Toulouse, ERL5294 CNRS, 31100 Toulouse, France.
| | - Marc Verelst
- Chromalys SAS, 29 rue jeanne Marvig, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - Muriel Golzio
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale-UMR 5089, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 04, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Calibration of on-chip cell electroporation by a pseudo-volumetric uptake model. Micron 2017; 99:32-39. [PMID: 28414960 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Most conventional methods for assessing uptake of exogenous molecules and nanomaterials into cells use the projected two-dimensional (2D) area of uptake intensity into individual cells. However, since most cells have a three-dimensional (3D) spherical shape, volumetric uptake cannot be quantified accurately using 2D area analysis. Here, we present a method for calibrating the electroporative uptake intensity of small molecules by using a novel predictable spherical volume (PSV) model, which is more accurate and quantitative than previous methods. As a proof-of-concept, we visualized the electroporative uptake of propidium iodide (PI) into mammalian cells in a single rectangular polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channel, often used for direct observation of on-chip cell electroporation. Our PSV method yielded more accurate results than conventional methods and faithfully reflected volumetric changes in uptake intensity, even those due to microflow. We believe that this approach can be potentially beneficial for screening the electroporative uptake efficiency of cell-membrane impermeable nanodrugs, such as functional nanoparticles incorporated with a small drug capable of slowly diffusing inside cells.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Here, we present a review of recent advances in electroporation for the delivery of nanomedicine as intracellular carriers by electroporation (NICE) in a drug format with functional nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kisoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin 17104
- Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gu Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin 17104
- Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bodénès P, Lopes F, Pareau D, Français O, Le Pioufle B. Microdevice for studying the in situ permeabilization and characterization of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in lipid accumulation phase. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
12
|
Santra TS, Chen CW, Chang HY, Tseng FG. Dielectric passivation layer as a substratum on localized single-cell electroporation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Without dielectric passivation layer provide bulk electroporation, whereas with passivation layer generate an intense electric field to deliver molecules precisely into single cell, as name as localized single cell electroporation (LSCEP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Institute of Nano Engineering and Microsystems
- National Tsing Hua University
- Taiwan
- Department of Engineering and System Science
- National Tsing Hua University
| | - Chih-Wei Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine
- National Tsing Hua University
- Taiwan
| | - Hwan-You Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine
- National Tsing Hua University
- Taiwan
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science
- National Tsing Hua University
- Taiwan
- California Nano System Institute
- University of California at Los Angeles
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Koo BU, Kang Y, Moon S, Lee WG. Spirally-patterned pinhole arrays for long-term fluorescence cell imaging. Analyst 2015; 140:7373-81. [PMID: 26381726 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01423a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence cell imaging using a fluorescence microscope is an extensively used technique to examine the cell nucleus, internal structures, and other cellular molecules with fluorescence response time and intensity. However, it is difficult to perform high resolution cell imaging for a long period of time with this technique due to necrosis and apoptosis depending on the type and subcellular location of the damage caused by phototoxicity. A large number of studies have been performed to resolve this problem, but researchers have struggled to meet the challenge between cellular viability and image resolution. In this study, we employ a specially designed disc to reduce cell damage by controlling total fluorescence exposure time without deterioration of the image resolution. This approach has many advantages such as, the apparatus is simple, cost-effective, and easily integrated into the optical pathway through a conventional fluorescence microscope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bon Ung Koo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yun H, Kim K, Lee WG. Effect of a dual inlet channel on cell loading in microfluidics. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:066501. [PMID: 25553201 PMCID: PMC4235624 DOI: 10.1063/1.4901929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Unwanted sedimentation and attachment of a number of cells onto the bottom channel often occur on relatively large-scale inlets of conventional microfluidic channels as a result of gravity and fluid shear. Phenomena such as sedimentation have become recognized problems that can be overcome by performing microfluidic experiments properly, such as by calculating a meaningful output efficiency with respect to real input. Here, we present a dual-inlet design method for reducing cell loss at the inlet of channels by adding a new " upstream inlet " to a single main inlet design. The simple addition of an upstream inlet can create a vertically layered sheath flow prior to the main inlet for cell loading. The bottom layer flow plays a critical role in preventing the cells from attaching to the bottom of the channel entrance, resulting in a low possibility of cell sedimentation at the main channel entrance. To provide proof-of-concept validation, we applied our design to a microfabricated flow cytometer system (μFCS) and compared the cell counting efficiency of the proposed μFCS with that of the previous single-inlet μFCS and conventional FCS. We used human white blood cells and fluorescent microspheres to quantitatively evaluate the rate of cell sedimentation in the main inlet and to measure fluorescence sensitivity at the detection zone of the flow cytometer microchip. Generating a sheath flow as the bottom layer was meaningfully used to reduce the depth of field as well as the relative deviation of targets in the z-direction (compared to the x-y flow plane), leading to an increased counting sensitivity of fluorescent detection signals. Counting results using fluorescent microspheres showed both a 40% reduction in the rate of sedimentation and a 2-fold higher sensitivity in comparison with the single-inlet μFCS. The results of CD4(+) T-cell counting also showed that the proposed design results in a 25% decrease in the rate of cell sedimentation and a 28% increase in sensitivity when compared to the single-inlet μFCS. This method is simple and easy to use in design, yet requires no additional time or cost in fabrication. Furthermore, we expect that this approach could potentially be helpful for calculating exact cell loading and counting efficiency for a small input number of cells, such as primary cells and rare cells, in microfluidic channel applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoyoung Yun
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University , South Korea
| | - Kisoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University , South Korea
| | - Won Gu Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University , South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Santra TS, Chang HY, Wang PC, Tseng FG. Impact of pulse duration on localized single-cell nano-electroporation. Analyst 2014; 139:6249-58. [PMID: 25320952 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01050g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a localized single-cell membrane nano-electroporation with controllable sequential molecular delivery by millisecond to nanosecond electrical pulses. An intense electrical field was generated by a pair of transparent indium tin oxide (ITO)-based nano-electrodes, which was confined to a narrow region of the single-cell membrane surface near the nano-electrode edges (approximately 2 μm × 50 nm area), whereas the remaining area of the membrane was unaffected. Moreover, a 250 nm SiO2 passivation layer on top of the nano-electrode reduced not only the thermal effect on the cell membrane surface, but it also avoided the generation of ions during the experiment, resulting in the reduction of cell toxicity and a significant enhancement of cell viability. Our approach precisely delivers dyes, Quantum Dots (QDs) and plasmids, through a localized region of single HeLa cells by considerably enhanced electrophoresis and diffusion effects with different duration of the pulsing process. The smaller molecules took less time to deliver into a single cell with a single pulse, whereas larger biomolecules took longer time even for multiple numbers of long lasting pulses. The system not only generates sequential well-controlled nano-pores allowing for the rapid recovery of cell membranes, but it also provides spatial, temporal and qualitative dosage control to deliver biomolecules into localized single-cell levels, which can be potentially beneficial for single cell studies and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Institute of Nano Engineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Longsine-Parker W, Wang H, Koo C, Kim J, Kim B, Jayaraman A, Han A. Microfluidic electro-sonoporation: a multi-modal cell poration methodology through simultaneous application of electric field and ultrasonic wave. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2144-52. [PMID: 23615834 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc40877a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic device that simultaneously applies the conditions required for microelectroporation and microsonoporation in a flow-through scheme toward high-efficiency and high-throughput molecular delivery into mammalian cells is presented. This multi-modal poration microdevice using simultaneous application of electric field and ultrasonic wave was realized by a three-dimensional (3D) microelectrode scheme where the electrodes function as both electroporation electrodes and cell flow channel so that acoustic wave can be applied perpendicular to the electric field simultaneously to cells flowing through the microfluidic channel. This 3D microelectrode configuration also allows a uniform electric field to be applied while making the device compatible with fluorescent microscopy. It is hypothesized that the simultaneous application of two different fields (electric field and acoustic wave) in perpendicular directions allows formation of transient pores along two axes of the cell membrane at reduced poration intensities, hence maximizing the delivery efficiency while minimizing cell death. The microfluidic electro-sonoporation system was characterized by delivering small molecules into mammalian cells, and showed average poration efficiency of 95.6% and cell viability of 97.3%. This proof of concept result shows that by combining electroporation and sonoporation together, significant improvement in molecule delivery efficiency could be achieved while maintaining high cell viability compared to electroporation or sonoporation alone. The microfluidic electro-sonoporation device presented here is, to the best of our knowledge, the first multi-modal cell poration device using simultaneous application of electric field and ultrasonic wave. This new multi-modal cell poration strategy and system is expected to have broad applications in delivery of small molecule therapeutics and ultimately in large molecule delivery such as gene transfection applications where high delivery efficiency and high viability are crucial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Longsine-Parker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|