1
|
Ivanov SM, Koltun DS. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF 6-tert-BUTYL-3-DICYANOMETHYLENE-, 3-CYANOMETHYL-, AND 3-CARBALKOXY-1,2,4-TRIAZINES. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s002247662212006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
2
|
Synthesis by fragmentation-oxidation and reactivity of 6-tert-butyl-5-oxo-1,2,4-triazine-3-carboxylates. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
3
|
Tambat N, Mulani SK, Ahmad A, Shaikh SB, Ahmed K. Pyrazine Derivatives—Versatile Scaffold. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022050259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
4
|
Huigens RW, Brummel BR, Tenneti S, Garrison AT, Xiao T. Pyrazine and Phenazine Heterocycles: Platforms for Total Synthesis and Drug Discovery. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031112. [PMID: 35164376 PMCID: PMC8839373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous pyrazine and phenazine compounds that demonstrate biological activities relevant to the treatment of disease. In this review, we discuss pyrazine and phenazine agents that have shown potential therapeutic value, including several clinically used agents. In addition, we cover some basic science related to pyrazine and phenazine heterocycles, which possess interesting reactivity profiles that have been on display in numerous cases of innovative total synthesis approaches, synthetic methodologies, drug discovery efforts, and medicinal chemistry programs. The majority of this review is focused on presenting instructive total synthesis and medicinal chemistry efforts of select pyrazine and phenazine compounds, and we believe these incredible heterocycles offer promise in medicine.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to identify additional antiviral small molecules to complement existing therapies. Although increasing evidence suggests that metabolites produced by the human microbiome have diverse biological activities, their antiviral properties remain poorly explored. Using a cell-based SARS-CoV-2 infection assay, we screened culture broth extracts from a collection of phylogenetically diverse human-associated bacteria for the production of small molecules with antiviral activity. Bioassay-guided fractionation uncovered three bacterial metabolites capable of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection. This included the nucleoside analogue N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenosine, the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonist tryptamine, and the pyrazine 2,5-bis(3-indolylmethyl)pyrazine. The most potent of these, N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenosine, had a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 2 μM. These natural antiviral compounds exhibit structural and functional similarities to synthetic drugs that have been clinically examined for use against COVID-19. Our discovery of structurally diverse metabolites with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity from screening a small fraction of the bacteria reported to be associated with the human microbiome suggests that continued exploration of phylogenetically diverse human-associated bacteria is likely to uncover additional small molecules that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 as well as other viral infections. IMPORTANCE The continued prevalence of COVID-19 and the emergence of new variants has once again put the spotlight on the need for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 antivirals. The human microbiome produces an array of small molecules with bioactivities (e.g., host receptor ligands), but its ability to produce antiviral small molecules is relatively underexplored. Here, using a cell-based screening platform, we describe the isolation of three microbiome-derived metabolites that are able to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. These molecules display structural similarities to synthetic drugs that have been explored for the treatment of COVID-19, and these results suggest that the microbiome may be a fruitful source of the discovery of small molecules with antiviral activities.
Collapse
|
6
|
Salaverri N, Mas-Ballesté R, Marzo L, Alemán J. Visible light mediated photocatalytic [2 + 2] cycloaddition/ring-opening rearomatization cascade of electron-deficient azaarenes and vinylarenes. Commun Chem 2020; 3:132. [PMID: 36703325 PMCID: PMC9814732 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00378-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The broad presence of azaarene moieties in natural products has promoted the development of new functionalization reactions, giving access to larger libraries of bioactive compounds. The light promoted [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction to generate cyclobutanes has been extensively studied in photochemistry. In particular, De Mayo reported the [2 + 2] cycloaddition followed by retroaldol condensation between enols of 1,3-dicarbonyls and double bonds to synthesize 1,5-dicarbonyls. Herein, we describe the [2 + 2] photocycloaddition followed by a ring-opening rearomatization reaction between electron-deficient 2-methylene-azaarenes and double bonds, taking advantage of the ability of these heterocyclic derivatives to form the corresponding pseudo-enamine intermediate. The procedure shows a high functional group tolerance either on the double bond or the heteroarene side and allows the presence of different electron-withdrawing groups. In addition, the wide applicability of this reaction has been demonstrated through the late-stage derivatization of several natural products. Photochemical studies, together with theoretical calculations, support a mechanism involving the photosensitization of the pseudo-enamine intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Salaverri
- grid.5515.40000000119578126Organic Chemistry Department, Módulo 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Mas-Ballesté
- grid.5515.40000000119578126Inorganic Chemistry Department, Módulo 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain ,grid.5515.40000000119578126Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leyre Marzo
- grid.5515.40000000119578126Organic Chemistry Department, Módulo 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alemán
- grid.5515.40000000119578126Organic Chemistry Department, Módulo 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain ,grid.5515.40000000119578126Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shinkaruk S, Floch M, Prida A, Darriet P, Pons A. Identification of Dialkylpyrazines Off-Flavors in Oak Wood. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10137-10144. [PMID: 31423769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Volatile extractive compounds from high-quality oak wood (Quercus sp.) are responsible for important pleasant olfactory notes, such as coconut, wood, vanilla, caramel, and spice. Recently, a new off-flavor reminiscent of rancid butter has been detected in oak wood. Using gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) coupled to several detection modes, such as nitrogen-phosphorus detection (GC-O-NPD) or mass spectrometry (GC-O-MS) and multidimensional GC-O coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry, six compounds containing nitrogen atoms were identified. The volatiles were suggested to belong to 2,5-disubstituted pyrazines family, which was confirmed by comparison with synthetic reference compounds. For this purpose, symmetric and dissymmetric 2,5-dialkylpyrazines were prepared from methyl esters of corresponding aliphatic amino acids (Val, Leu, and Ile) by a three-step, one-pot reaction under mild reducing conditions. Organoleptic descriptors and odor detection thresholds were also determined, whereas a bacterial origin explaining these off-flavors was hypothesized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Shinkaruk
- Univ. Bordeaux, Unité de recherche Œnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, ISVV , 33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex , France
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 , 33400 Talence , France
| | - Morgan Floch
- Univ. Bordeaux, Unité de recherche Œnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, ISVV , 33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex , France
| | - Andréi Prida
- Seguin Moreau France , Z.I. Merpins , B.P. 94, F-16103 Cognac , France
| | - Philippe Darriet
- Univ. Bordeaux, Unité de recherche Œnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, ISVV , 33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex , France
| | - Alexandre Pons
- Univ. Bordeaux, Unité de recherche Œnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, ISVV , 33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex , France
- Seguin Moreau France , Z.I. Merpins , B.P. 94, F-16103 Cognac , France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Natural Products from the Marine-Derived Penicillium sp. IMB17-046. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152821. [PMID: 31382398 PMCID: PMC6696147 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A new pyrazine derivative, trypilepyrazinol (1), a new α-pyrone polyketide, (+)-neocitreoviridin (2), and a new ergostane analogue, 3β-hydroxyergosta-8,14,24(28)-trien-7-one (3), were isolated and characterized along with five known compounds from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium sp. IMB17-046. The structures of these new compounds were determined using spectroscopic data analyses (HRESIMS, 1D- and 2D-NMR), X-ray crystallography analysis, and TDDFT ECD calculation. Compounds 1 and 3 exhibited broad-spectrum antiviral activities against different types of viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and influenza A virus (IAV), with IC50 values ranging from 0.5 to 7.7 μM. Compounds 1 and 2 showed antibacterial activities against Helicobacter pylori, a causative pathogen of various gastric diseases, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 1–16 μg/mL.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yi Z, Jin Y, Xiao Y, Chen L, Tan L, Du A, He K, Liu D, Luo H, Fang Y, Zhao H. Unraveling the Contribution of High Temperature Stage to Jiang-Flavor Daqu, a Liquor Starter for Production of Chinese Jiang-Flavor Baijiu, With Special Reference to Metatranscriptomics. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:472. [PMID: 30930875 PMCID: PMC6423406 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Jiang-flavor (JF) daqu is a liquor starter used for production of JF baijiu, a well-known distilled liquor in China. Although a high temperature stage (70°C) is necessary for qualifying JF daqu, little is known regarding its active microbial community and functional enzymes, along with its role in generating flavor precursors for JF baijiu aroma. In this investigation, based on metatranscriptomics, fungi, such as Aspergillus and Penicillium, were identified as the most active microbial members and 230 carbohydrate-active enzymes were identified as potential saccharifying enzymes at 70°C of JF daqu. Notably, most of enzymes in identified carbohydrate and energy pathways showed lower expression levels at 70°C of JF daqu than those at the high temperature stage (62°C) of Nong-flavor (NF) daqu, indicating lowering capacities of saccharification and fermentation by high temperature stage. Moreover, many enzymes, especially those related to the degradation of aromatic compounds, were only detected with low expression levels at 70°C of JF daqu albeit not at 62°C of NF daqu, indicating enhancing capacities of generating special trace aroma compounds in JF daqu by high temperature stage. Additionally, most of enzymes related to those capacities were highly expressed at 70°C by fungal genus of Aspergillus, Coccidioides, Paracoccidioides, Penicillium, and Rasamsonia. Therefore, this study not only sheds light on the crucial functions of high temperature stage but also paves the way to improve the quality of JF baijiu and provide active community and functional enzymes for other fermentation industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolin Yi
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Jin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
| | - Lanchai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Tan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Anping Du
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaize He
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Dayu Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huibo Luo
- Bioengineering College, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
| | - Yang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Eiden CG, Aldrich CC. Synthesis of a 3-Amino-2,3-dihydropyrid-4-one and Related Heterocyclic Analogues as Mechanism-Based Inhibitors of BioA, a Pyridoxal Phosphate-Dependent Enzyme. J Org Chem 2017; 82:7806-7819. [PMID: 28682613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Amiclenomycin (ACM) is a chemically unstable antibiotic with selective activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) due to mechanism-based inhibition of BioA, a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent aminotransferase. The first-generation ACM analogue dihydro-2-pyridone 1 maintains a similar bioactivation mechanism concluding with covalent labeling of the PLP cofactor. To improve on 1, we report the synthesis of dihydro-4-pyranone 2, dihydro-4-pyridone 3, and dihydro-4-thiopyranone 13, which were rationally designed to boost the rate of enzyme inactivation by lowering the pKa of their α-protons. We employed a unified synthetic strategy for construction of the desired heterocycles featuring α-amino ynone generation followed by 6-endo-dig cyclization. However, competitive 5-exo-dig cyclization, β-elimination of the ynone, and dimerization of the resultant α-amino carbonyls all complicated the syntheses of the dihydro-4-pyranone and dihydro-4-pyridone scaffolds. These obstacles were overcome by Teoc protection of the β-amino group in the assembly of 3 and Boc-MOM protection of the α-amino group in the synthesis of 2, enabling the efficient construction of 2 and 3 in seven steps from commercially available starting materials. Dihydro-4-pyridone 3 possessed improved enzyme inhibition as measured by its kinact value against BioA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carter G Eiden
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 308 Harvard Street SE, 8-174 WDH, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Courtney C Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 308 Harvard Street SE, 8-174 WDH, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang L, Nägele T, Doerfler H, Fragner L, Chaturvedi P, Nukarinen E, Bellaire A, Huber W, Weiszmann J, Engelmeier D, Ramsak Z, Gruden K, Weckwerth W. System level analysis of cacao seed ripening reveals a sequential interplay of primary and secondary metabolism leading to polyphenol accumulation and preparation of stress resistance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:318-32. [PMID: 27136060 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Theobroma cacao and its popular product, chocolate, are attracting attention due to potential health benefits including antioxidative effects by polyphenols, anti-depressant effects by high serotonin levels, inhibition of platelet aggregation and prevention of obesity-dependent insulin resistance. The development of cacao seeds during fruit ripening is the most crucial process for the accumulation of these compounds. In this study, we analyzed the primary and the secondary metabolome as well as the proteome during Theobroma cacao cv. Forastero seed development by applying an integrative extraction protocol. The combination of multivariate statistics and mathematical modelling revealed a complex consecutive coordination of primary and secondary metabolism and corresponding pathways. Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and aromatic amino acid metabolism dominated during the early developmental stages (stages 1 and 2; cell division and expansion phase). This was accompanied with a significant shift of proteins from phenylpropanoid metabolism to flavonoid biosynthesis. At stage 3 (reserve accumulation phase), metabolism of sucrose switched from hydrolysis into raffinose synthesis. Lipids as well as proteins involved in lipid metabolism increased whereas amino acids and N-phenylpropenoyl amino acids decreased. Purine alkaloids, polyphenols, and raffinose as well as proteins involved in abiotic and biotic stress accumulated at stage 4 (maturation phase) endowing cacao seeds the characteristic astringent taste and resistance to stress. In summary, metabolic key points of cacao seed development comprise the sequential coordination of primary metabolites, phenylpropanoid, N-phenylpropenoyl amino acid, serotonin, lipid and polyphenol metabolism thereby covering the major compound classes involved in cacao aroma and health benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Nägele
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME); University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Doerfler
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Fragner
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Palak Chaturvedi
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ella Nukarinen
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anke Bellaire
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Huber
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Weiszmann
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Engelmeier
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ziva Ramsak
- Department of Systems Biology and Biotechnology, National Institute of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Systems Biology and Biotechnology, National Institute of Biology, Vecna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME); University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Takada Y, Iida M, Iida K, Miura T, Saito S. Versatile Ruthenium Complex “RuPCY” for Directed Catalytic Hydrogen Management in Organic Synthesis. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2016. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.74.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
13
|
Ishikura M, Abe T, Choshi T, Hibino S. Simple indole alkaloids and those with a nonrearranged monoterpenoid unit. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:1389-471. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00032g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the isolation, structure determination, total syntheses and biological activities of simple indole alkaloids and those with a nonrearranged monoterpenoid unit, with literature coverage from 2012 to 2013.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Ishikura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
- Ishikari-Tobetsu
- Japan
| | - Takumi Abe
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
- Ishikari-Tobetsu
- Japan
| | - Tominari Choshi
- Graduate School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Fukuyama University
- Fukuyama
- Japan
| | - Satoshi Hibino
- Graduate School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Fukuyama University
- Fukuyama
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ganesh Kumar M, Thombare VJ, Bhaisare RD, Adak A, Gopi HN. Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Symmetrical Pyrazines from β-Keto γ-Amino Esters: A Mild Strategy for Self-Dimerization of Peptides. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
15
|
Vidal-Albalat A, Rodríguez S, González FV. Nitroepoxides as Versatile Precursors to 1,4-Diamino Heterocycles. Org Lett 2014; 16:1752-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol500444z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Vidal-Albalat
- Departament de Química
Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Santiago Rodríguez
- Departament de Química
Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Florenci V. González
- Departament de Química
Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Iida K, Miura T, Ando J, Saito S. The Dual Role of Ruthenium and Alkali Base Catalysts in Enabling a Conceptually New Shortcut to N-Unsubstituted Pyrroles through Unmasked α-Amino Aldehydes. Org Lett 2013; 15:1436-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4001262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Iida
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan, and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Miura
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan, and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Junki Ando
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan, and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Susumu Saito
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan, and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wilson DJ, Shi C, Teitelbaum AM, Gulick AM, Aldrich CC. Characterization of AusA: a dimodular nonribosomal peptide synthetase responsible for the production of aureusimine pyrazinones. Biochemistry 2013; 52:926-37. [PMID: 23302043 PMCID: PMC3577359 DOI: 10.1021/bi301330q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aureusimines have been identified as potential virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus. These pyrazinone secondary metabolites are produced by a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) annotated as AusA. We report the overproduction of AusA as a 277 kDa soluble protein with A(1)-T(1)-C-A(2)-T(2)-R bimodular architecture. The substrate specificity of each adenylation (A) domain was initially probed using an ATP-pyrophosphate exchange assay with A-domain selective bisubstrate inhibitors to chemically knock out each companion A-domain. The activity of AusA was then reconstituted in vitro and shown to produce all naturally occurring aureusimines and non-natural pyrazinone products with k(cat) values ranging from 0.4 to 1.3 min(-1). Steady-state kinetic parameters were determined for all substrates and cofactors, providing the first comprehensive steady-state characterization of a NRPS employing a product formation assay. The K(M) values for the amino acids were up to 60-fold lower with the product formation assay than with the ATP-pyrophosphate exchange assay, most commonly used to assess A-domain substrate specificity. The C-terminal reductase (R) domain catalyzes reductive release of the dipeptidyl intermediate, leading to formation of an amino aldehyde that cyclizes to a dihydropyrazinone. We show oxidation to the final pyrazinone heterocycle is spontaneous. The activity and specificity of the R-domain was independently investigated using a NADPH consumption assay. AusA is a minimal autonomous two-module NRPS that represents an excellent model system for further kinetic and structural characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Wilson
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Ce Shi
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Aaron M. Teitelbaum
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Andrew M. Gulick
- Hauptman-Woodward Institute and Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203 USA
| | - Courtney C. Aldrich
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| |
Collapse
|