Nucleophile-nucleofuge duality of azide and arylthiolate groups in the synthesis of quinazoline and tetrazoloquinazoline derivatives

5-Arylthio-tetrazolo[1,5-c]quinazolines (tautomers of 2-arylthio-4-azido-quinazolines) undergo facile nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions with amines, alcohols and alkylthiols. This, combined with the recently reported arylsulfanyl group dance, provides straightforward access to 4-azido-2-N-, O-, S-substituted quinazolines and/or their tetrazolo tautomers from commercially available 2,4-dichloroquinazoline. The azidoazomethine-tetrazole tautomeric equilibrium and the electron-withdrawing character of the fused tetrazolo system plays a central role in the developed transformations. 5-Amino-substituted tetrazolo[1,5-c]quinazolines undergo media-controlled tautomeric equilibrium, which permits them to demonstrate the reactivity traditionally associated with the azido substituent. Furthermore, a method for 5-O-substitited tetrazolo[1,5-a]quinazolines from 2,4-diazidoquinazoline was developed during the structural elucidation of the substitution products. The developed methodology will facilitate medicinal chemistry investigations into quinazoline derivatives and the discovered fluorescent properties of some of the products (e.g., 4-(4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)quinazoline: λ_em. = 461 nm, Φ_DCM = 0.89) could serve as a starting point for their further applications in analytical and materials science.

Synthetic Access to Functionalized Dipolarophiles of Lewis Basic Complexant Scaffolds through Sonogashira Cross-Coupling

Soft Lewis basic complexants that facilitate selective removal of discrete ions resident in spent nuclear fuel can decrease repository volume and radiotoxicity and are of significant interest. Optimization of chelation efficacy is predicated on modular access to synthons to rapidly evaluate structure-activity relationships. The following work highlights efficient access to functionalized synthons for use as potential dipolarophiles in subsequent cycloaddition processes via Sonogashira coupling of 3-(6-bromo-pyridin-2-yl)-[1,2,4]triazine scaffolds. The 41 examples explored during method development evaluated electrophile and nucleophile diversity affording the desired coupled products in 31-96% isolated yield. Method optimization, substrate scope, a scale-up reaction, and downstream product functionalization are reported herein.

Steering the azido-tetrazole equilibrium of 4-azidopyrimidines via substituent variation - implications for drug design and azide-alkyne cycloadditions

This paper focuses on an interesting constitutional isomerism called azido-tetrazole equilibrium which is observed in azido-substituted N-heterocycles. We present a systematic investigation of substituent effects on the isomer ratio within a 2-substituted 4-azidopyrimidine model scaffold. NMR- and IR-spectroscopy as well as X-ray crystallography were employed for thorough analysis and characterization of synthesized derivatives. On the basis of this data, we demonstrate the possibility to steer this valence tautomerism towards the isomer of choice by means of substituent variation. We show that the tetrazole form can act as an efficient disguise for the corresponding azido group masking its well known reactivity in azide-alkyne cycloadditions (ACCs). In copper(I)-catalyzed AAC reactions, substituent-stabilized tetrazoles displayed a highly decreased or even abolished reactivity whereas azides and compounds in the equilibrium were directly converted. By use of an acid sensitive derivative, we provide, to our knowledge, the first experimental basis for a possible exploitation of this dynamic isomerism as a pH-dependent azide-protecting motif for selective SPAAC conjugations in aqueous media. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of stabilized tetrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines for Fragment-Based Drug Design (FBDD) in the field of quorum sensing inhibitors.

Synthesis and structural studies of 1,4-di(2-pyridyl)-1,2,3-triazole dpt and its transition metal complexes; a versatile and subtly unsymmetric ligand

Structural analysis of the 1,4-di(2-pyridyl)-1,2,3-triazole ligand and its transition metal complexes of varying lability demonstrate the coordination chemistry selectivity of this subtly unsymmetric ligand.

A highly stable and versatile heterobifunctional fluoroalkylation reagent for preparation of fluorinated organic compounds

A highly stable heterobifunctional fluoroalkylation reagent, 1-azido-2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoro-2-iodoethane (ACTI) has been prepared and investigated systematically.

Comparison of inverse and regular 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole "click" complexes: structures, stability, electrochemical, and photophysical properties

Two inverse 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole "click" ligands, 2-(4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)pyridine and 2-(4-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)pyridine, and their palladium(II), platinum(II), rhenium(I), and ruthenium(II) complexes have been synthesized in good to excellent yields. The properties of these inverse "click" complexes have been compared to the isomeric regular compounds using a variety of techniques. X-ray crystallographic analysis shows that the regular and inverse complexes are structurally very similar. However, the chemical and physical properties of the isomers are quite different. Ligand exchange studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that metal complexes of the regular 2-(1-R-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine (R = phenyl, benzyl) ligands are more stable than those formed with the inverse 2-(4-R-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)pyridine (R = phenyl, benzyl) "click" chelators. Additionally, the bis-2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) ruthenium(II) complexes of the "click" chelators have been shown to have short excited state lifetimes, which in the inverse triazole case, resulted in ejection of the 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole ligand from the complex. Under identical conditions, the isomeric regular 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole ruthenium(II) bpy complexes are photochemically inert. The absorption spectra of the inverse rhenium(I) and platinum(II) complexes are red-shifted compared to the regular compounds. It is shown that conjugation between the substituent group R and triazolyl unit has a negligible effect on the photophysical properties of the complexes. The inverse rhenium(I) complexes have large Stokes shifts, long metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited state lifetimes, and respectable quantum yields which are relatively solvent insensitive.

Ethyl 6-(4-cyclopropyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)pyridine-3-carboxylate

In the title compound, C₁₃H₁₄N₄O₂, which has approximate mirror symmetry, the dihedral angles between the triazole ring and the cyclo­propane and pyridine rings are 87.1 (2) and 7.60 (9)°, respectively. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of both C—H⋯N and C—H⋯O inter­actions generate R₂²(6) and R₂²(18) loops, respectively. Further C—H⋯N inter­actions form R₂²(10) loops and link the dimers into [110] chains.

Tandem reaction of 1-copper(I) alkynes for the synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted 5-chloro-1,2,3-triazoles

A novel tandem reaction of 1-copper(I) alkynes with azides (cycloaddition) and then NCS (electrophilic substitution) was developed as an efficient method for the synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted 5-chloro-1,2,3-triazoles. The method offers a rare example that a tandem reaction of an organometallic substrate does not involve in the reactivity of the metal-carbon bond in the first step.

Long-range 1H-15N J couplings providing a method for direct studies of the structure and azide-tetrazole equilibrium in a series of azido-1,2,4-triazines and azidopyrimidines

The selectively (15)N labeled azido-1,2,4-triazine 2*A and azidopyrimidine 4*A were synthesized by treating hydrazinoazines with (15)N-labeled nitrous acid. The synthesized compounds were studied by (1)H, (13)C, and (15)N NMR spectroscopy in DMSO, TFA, and DMSO/TFA solutions, where the azide-tetrazole equilibrium could lead to the formation of two tetrazoles (T, T') and one azide (A) isomer for each compound. The incorporation of the (15)N label led to the appearance of long-range (1)H-(15)N coupling constants (J(HN)), which can be measured easily by using amplitude-modulated 1D (1)H spin-echo experiments with selective inversion of the (15)N nuclei. The observed J(HN) patterns enable the unambiguous determination of the mode of fusion between the azole and azine rings in the two groups of tetrazole isomers (2*T', 4*T' and 2*T, 4*T), even for minor isoforms with a low concentration in solution. However, the azide isomers (2*A and 4*A) are characterized by the absence of detectable J(HN) coupling. The analysis of the J(HN) couplings in (15)N-labeled compounds provides a simple and efficient method for direct NMR studies of the azide-tetrazole equilibrium in solution.

Squish and CuAAC: additive-free covalent monolayers of discrete molecules in seconds

A terminal alkyne is immobilized rapidly into a full monolayer by squishing a small volume of a solution of the alkyne between an azide-modified surface and a copper plate. The monolayer is covalently attached to the surface through a copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction, and the coverages of the immobilized electroactive alkyne species are quantified by cyclic voltammetry. A reaction time of less than 20 s is possible with no other reagents required. The procedure is effective under aerobic conditions using either an aqueous or aprotic organic solution of the alkyne (1-100 mM).

Triazolbenzo[d]thiazoles: efficient synthesis and biological evaluation as neuroprotective agents

A number of (1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)benzo[d]thiazoles were synthesized utilizing a versatile Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne click reaction (CuAAC) on tautomeric benzo[4,5]thiazolo[3,2-d]tetrazole (1) and 2-azidobenzo[d]thiazole (2) starting materials. Moreover, one of the resulting products of this investigation, triazolbenzo[d]thiazole 22, was found to possess significant neuroprotective activity in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells.