1
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Depsipeptides Targeting Tumor Cells: Milestones from In Vitro to Clinical Trials. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020670. [PMID: 36677728 PMCID: PMC9864405 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is currently considered one of the most threatening diseases worldwide. Diet could be one of the factors that can be enhanced to comprehensively address a cancer patient's condition. Unfortunately, most molecules capable of targeting cancer cells are found in uncommon food sources. Among them, depsipeptides have emerged as one of the most reliable choices for cancer treatment. These cyclic amino acid oligomers, with one or more subunits replaced by a hydroxylated carboxylic acid resulting in one lactone bond in a core ring, have broadly proven their cancer-targeting efficacy, some even reaching clinical trials and being commercialized as "anticancer" drugs. This review aimed to describe these depsipeptides, their reported amino acid sequences, determined structure, and the specific mechanism by which they target tumor cells including apoptosis, oncosis, and elastase inhibition, among others. Furthermore, we have delved into state-of-the-art in vivo and clinical trials, current methods for purification and synthesis, and the recognized disadvantages of these molecules. The information collated in this review can help researchers decide whether these molecules should be incorporated into functional foods in the near future.
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2
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Lu H, Batey RA. Total synthesis of chaiyaphumines A-D: A case study comparing macrolactonization and macrolactamization approaches. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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3
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Chow HY, Po KHL, Chen S, Li X. Studies on daptomycin lactam-based analogues. J Pept Sci 2022; 28:e3430. [PMID: 35767148 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of a series of daptomycin lactam-based analogues. As compared with daptomycin, the daptomycin analogue with singly modified lactam has an eightfold increase in its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Incorporating effective modifications found in previous daptomycin structure-activity relationship studies to produce lactam-based analogues with multiple modifications did not improve the antibacterial activity of the analogues. Instead, the antibacterial activity was greatly reduced when a rather rigid 4-(phenylethynyl)benzoyl group replaced the flexible n-decanoyl group. The fact that the lactam analogue with the 4-(phenylethynyl)benzoyl group did not exhibit the antibacterial activity comparable to the two respective singly modified analogues showed that the inactivity was probably due to the deviation from the active conformation. This series of lactam analogues may generate insights on the importance of studying the active conformation of daptomycin and how the structural modifications affect the active conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Yee Chow
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Lab of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Kathy Hiu Laam Po
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Lab of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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4
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Abstract
The natural product himastatin has an unusual homodimeric structure that presents a substantial synthetic challenge. We report the concise total synthesis of himastatin from readily accessible precursors, incorporating a final-stage dimerization strategy that was inspired by a detailed consideration of the compound's biogenesis. Combining this approach with a modular synthesis enabled expedient access to more than a dozen designed derivatives of himastatin, including synthetic probes that provide insight into its antibiotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyan A. D’Angelo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Carly K. Schissel
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,Corresponding authors. ,
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,Corresponding authors. ,
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5
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Pavlicevic M, Maestri E, Marmiroli M. Marine Bioactive Peptides-An Overview of Generation, Structure and Application with a Focus on Food Sources. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E424. [PMID: 32823602 PMCID: PMC7460072 DOI: 10.3390/md18080424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The biggest obstacles in the application of marine peptides are two-fold, as in the case of non-marine plant and animal-derived bioactive peptides: elucidating correlation between the peptide structure and its effect and demonstrating its stability in vivo. The structures of marine bioactive peptides are highly variable and complex and dependent on the sources from which they are isolated. They can be cyclical, in the form of depsipeptides, and often contain secondary structures. Because of steric factors, marine-derived peptides can be resistant to proteolysis by gastrointestinal proteases, which presents an advantage over other peptide sources. Because of heterogeneity, amino acid sequences as well as preferred mechanisms of peptides showing specific bioactivities differ compared to their animal-derived counterparts. This review offers insights on the extreme diversity of bioactivities, effects, and structural features, analyzing 253 peptides, mainly from marine food sources. Similar to peptides in food of non-marine animal origin, a significant percentage (52.7%) of the examined sequences contain one or more proline residues, implying that proline might play a significant role in the stability of bioactive peptides. Additional problems with analyzing marine-derived bioactive peptides include their accessibility, extraction, and purification; this review considers the challenges and proposes possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Pavlicevic
- Institute for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11070 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Elena Maestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, and SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, 42123 Parma, Italy;
- Consorzio Italbiotec, Via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, and SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, 42123 Parma, Italy;
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6
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Frenkel-Pinter M, Haynes JW, Mohyeldin AM, C M, Sargon AB, Petrov AS, Krishnamurthy R, Hud NV, Williams LD, Leman LJ. Mutually stabilizing interactions between proto-peptides and RNA. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3137. [PMID: 32561731 PMCID: PMC7305224 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The close synergy between peptides and nucleic acids in current biology is suggestive of a functional co-evolution between the two polymers. Here we show that cationic proto-peptides (depsipeptides and polyesters), either produced as mixtures from plausibly prebiotic dry-down reactions or synthetically prepared in pure form, can engage in direct interactions with RNA resulting in mutual stabilization. Cationic proto-peptides significantly increase the thermal stability of folded RNA structures. In turn, RNA increases the lifetime of a depsipeptide by >30-fold. Proto-peptides containing the proteinaceous amino acids Lys, Arg, or His adjacent to backbone ester bonds generally promote RNA duplex thermal stability to a greater magnitude than do analogous sequences containing non-proteinaceous residues. Our findings support a model in which tightly-intertwined biological dependencies of RNA and protein reflect a long co-evolutionary history that began with rudimentary, mutually-stabilizing interactions at early stages of polypeptide and nucleic acid co-existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Frenkel-Pinter
- NSF/NASA Center for Chemical Evolution, Atlanta, GA, USA.,School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,NASA Center for the Origins of Life, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jay W Haynes
- NSF/NASA Center for Chemical Evolution, Atlanta, GA, USA.,School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ahmad M Mohyeldin
- NSF/NASA Center for Chemical Evolution, Atlanta, GA, USA.,School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Martin C
- NSF/NASA Center for Chemical Evolution, Atlanta, GA, USA.,School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Alyssa B Sargon
- NSF/NASA Center for Chemical Evolution, Atlanta, GA, USA.,School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Anton S Petrov
- NSF/NASA Center for Chemical Evolution, Atlanta, GA, USA.,School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,NASA Center for the Origins of Life, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ramanarayanan Krishnamurthy
- NSF/NASA Center for Chemical Evolution, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas V Hud
- NSF/NASA Center for Chemical Evolution, Atlanta, GA, USA.,School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Loren Dean Williams
- NSF/NASA Center for Chemical Evolution, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA. .,NASA Center for the Origins of Life, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Luke J Leman
- NSF/NASA Center for Chemical Evolution, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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7
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Lobo-Ruiz A, Tulla-Puche J. General Fmoc-Based Solid-Phase Synthesis of Complex Depsipeptides Circumventing Problematic Fmoc Removal. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Lobo-Ruiz
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry - Organic Chemistry Section; University of Barcelona; Martí i Franquès 1-11 08028 Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Judit Tulla-Puche
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry - Organic Chemistry Section; University of Barcelona; Martí i Franquès 1-11 08028 Barcelona Catalonia Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB); Martí i Franquès 1-11 08028 Barcelona Catalonia Spain
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8
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Takayama R, Hayakawa S, Hinou H, Albericio F, Garcia-Martin F. Further applications of classical amide coupling reagents: Microwave-assisted esterification on solid phase. J Pept Sci 2018; 24:e3111. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Risa Takayama
- Graduate School of Life Science; Hokkaido University; N21, W11, Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
| | - Shun Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Life Science; Hokkaido University; N21, W11, Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hinou
- Graduate School of Life Science; Hokkaido University; N21, W11, Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science; Hokkaido University; N21, W11, Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
- Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Company Ltd.; N21, W12, Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Department of Organic Chemistry and CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine; University of Barcelona; Barcelona 080028 Spain
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Fayna Garcia-Martin
- Graduate School of Life Science; Hokkaido University; N21, W11, Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science; Hokkaido University; N21, W11, Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
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9
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Eckes K, Baek K, Suggs LJ. Design and Evaluation of Short Self-Assembling Depsipeptides as Bioactive and Biodegradable Hydrogels. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:1635-1644. [PMID: 30023812 PMCID: PMC6044717 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Described herein is the design of a cell-adherent and degradable hydrogel. Our goal was to create a self-assembling, backbone ester-containing analogue of the cell adhesion motif, arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD). Two depsipeptides containing Fmoc (N-(fluorenyl)-9-methoxycarbonyl), Fmoc-FR-Glc-D, and Fmoc-F-Glc-RGD (where "Glc" is glycolic acid) were designed based on the results of integrin-binding affinity and cell interaction analyses. Two candidate molecules were synthesized, and their gelation characteristics, degradation profiles, and ability to promote cell attachment were analyzed. We found that ester substitution within the RGD sequence significantly decreases the integrin-binding affinity and subsequent cell attachment, but when the ester moiety flanks the bioactive sequence, the molecule can maintain its integrin-binding function while permitting nonenzymatic hydrolytic degradation. A self-assembled Fmoc-F-Glc-RGD hydrogel showed steady, linear degradation over 60 days, and when mixed with Fmoc-diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF) for improved mechanical stiffness, the depsipeptide gel exhibited improved cell attachment and viability. Though the currently designed depsipeptide has several inherent limitations, our results indicate the potential of depsipeptides as the basis for biologically functional and degradable self-assembling hydrogel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin
M. Eckes
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kiheon Baek
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Laura J. Suggs
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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10
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Increased Active Tumor Targeting by An αvβ3-Targeting and Cell-Penetrating Bifunctional Peptide-Mediated Dendrimer-Based Conjugate. Pharm Res 2016; 34:121-135. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Goodreid JD, dos Santos EDS, Batey RA. A Lanthanide(III) Triflate Mediated Macrolactonization/Solid-Phase Synthesis Approach for Depsipeptide Synthesis. Org Lett 2015; 17:2182-5. [PMID: 25866888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dysprosium(III) triflate on macrolactonization reactions to form depsipeptides using MNBA (Shiina's reagent) is reported. Improved yields were obtained for the formation of 16-membered depsipeptides using lanthanide triflate additives. The use of a macrocyclization strategy permits the use of a semiautomated solid-phase synthesis approach for the rapid synthesis of analogues of the antibacterial A54556 acyldepsipeptides in only two physical operations, requiring only final product purification after cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Goodreid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON Canada, M5S 3H6
| | | | - Robert A Batey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON Canada, M5S 3H6
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12
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Eckes K, Mu X, Ruehle MA, Ren P, Suggs LJ. β sheets not required: combined experimental and computational studies of self-assembly and gelation of the ester-containing analogue of an Fmoc-dipeptide hydrogelator. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:5287-96. [PMID: 24786493 PMCID: PMC4020586 DOI: 10.1021/la500679b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In our work toward developing ester-containing self-assembling peptides as soft biomaterials, we have found that a fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-conjugated alanine-lactic acid (Ala-Lac) sequence self-assembles into nanostructures that gel in water. This process occurs despite Fmoc-Ala-Lac's inability to interact with other Fmoc-Ala-Lac molecules via β-sheet-like amide-amide hydrogen bonding, a condition previously thought to be crucial to the self-assembly of Fmoc-conjugated peptides. Experimental comparisons of Fmoc-Ala-Lac to its self-assembling peptide sequence analogue Fmoc-Ala-Ala using a variety of microscopic, spectroscopic, and bulk characterization techniques demonstrate distinct features of the two systems and show that while angstrom-scale self-assembled structures are similar, their nanometer-scale size and morphological properties diverge and give rise to different bulk mechanical properties. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to gain more insight into the differences between the two systems. An analysis of the hydrogen-bonding and solvent-surface interface properties of the simulated fibrils revealed that Fmoc-Ala-Lac fibrils are stronger and less hydrophilic than Fmoc-Ala-Ala fibrils. We propose that this difference in fibril amphiphilicity gives rise to differences in the higher-order assembly of fibrils into nanostructures seen in TEM. Importantly, we confirm experimentally that β-sheet-type hydrogen bonding is not crucial to the self-assembly of short, conjugated peptides, and we demonstrate computationally that the amide bond in such systems may act mainly to mediate the solvation of the self-assembled single fibrils and therefore regulate a more extensive higher-order aggregation of fibrils. This work provides a basic understanding for future research in designing highly degradable self-assembling materials with peptide-like bioactivity for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin
M. Eckes
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, The University of Texas at
Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton
St. Stop C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Xiaojia Mu
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, The University of Texas at
Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton
St. Stop C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Marissa A. Ruehle
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, The University of Texas at
Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton
St. Stop C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pengyu Ren
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, The University of Texas at
Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton
St. Stop C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Laura J. Suggs
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, The University of Texas at
Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton
St. Stop C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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13
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Nguyen MM, Eckes KM, Suggs LJ. Charge and sequence effects on the self-assembly and subsequent hydrogelation of Fmoc-depsipeptides. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:2693-702. [PMID: 24647784 PMCID: PMC4018732 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report on the self-assembly of a family of Fmoc-depsipeptides into nanofibers and hydrogels. We show that fiber formation occurs in depsipeptide structures in which the fluorenyl group is closely associated and that side-chain charge and sequence affect the extent of self-assembly and subsequent gelation. Using fluorescence emission spectroscopy and circular dichroism, we show that self-assembly can be monitored and is observed in these slow-gelling systems prior to hydrogel formation. We also demonstrate that the ionic strength of salt-containing solutions affects the time at which self-assembly results in gelation of the bulk solution. From transmission electron microscopy, we report that morphological changes progress over time and are observed as micelles transitioning to fibers prior to the onset of gelation. Gelled depsipeptides degraded at a slower rate than non-gelled samples in the presence of salt, while hydrolysis in water of both gels and solution samples was minimal even after 14 days. Our work shows that while incorporating ester functionality within a peptide backbone reduces the number of hydrogen bonding sites available for forming and stabilizing supramolecular assemblies, the substitution does not prohibit self-assembly and subsequent gelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Nguyen
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 107 W Dean Keeton Street, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. Fax: 512 471 0616; Tel: 512 232 8593
| | - Kevin M. Eckes
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 107 W Dean Keeton Street, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. Fax: 512 471 0616; Tel: 512 232 8593
| | - Laura J. Suggs
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 107 W Dean Keeton Street, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. Fax: 512 471 0616; Tel: 512 232 8593
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14
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Guéret SM, Meier P, Roth HJ. Cyclic carbo-isosteric depsipeptides and peptides as a novel class of peptidomimetics. Org Lett 2014; 16:1502-5. [PMID: 24571727 DOI: 10.1021/ol5003797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel and highly efficient cyclization method has been developed to access a new class of cyclic carbo-isosteric depsipeptides and carbo-isosteric peptides. Our strategy requires easily accessible C-terminal methyl ketone ester or amide functionalized linear precursors as starting materials. The well-known reductive amination has then been used to afford cyclic tetra- to octa-pseudopeptides via a selective intramolecular formation of a glycine peptidomimetic unit under moderate dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie M Guéret
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Novartis International AG, Postfach, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Palomo JM. Solid-phase peptide synthesis: an overview focused on the preparation of biologically relevant peptides. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02458c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tailor-made design preparation of complex peptide sequence including posttranslational modifications, fluorescent labels, unnatural amino acids are of exceptional value for biological studies of several important diseases. The possibility to obtain these molecules in sufficient amounts in relative short time is thanks to the solid-phase approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Palomo
- Departamento of Biocatalisis
- Instituto de Catalisis (CSIC)
- Madrid, Spain
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