1
|
Kerecman DE, Apsokardu MJ, Talledo SL, Taylor MS, Haugh DN, Zhang Y, Johnston MV. Online Characterization of Organic Aerosol by Condensational Growth into Aqueous Droplets Coupled with Droplet-Assisted Ionization. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2793-2801. [PMID: 33513002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Online analysis of ultrafine (<100 nm diameter) particles was performed by sending the aerosol through a condensation growth chamber (CGC) to create micrometer-size aqueous droplets that were subsequently analyzed by mass spectrometry with droplet-assisted ionization (DAI). Three experiments are reported which illustrate key performance characteristics of the method and give insight into the ion formation process: size-selected cortisone particles, size-selected secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles, and freshly nucleated SOA under atmospherically relevant conditions. In each case, SOA was produced by α-pinene ozonolysis. For size-selected cortisone particles between 30 and 90 nm diameter and SOA particles between 30 and 70 nm, the ion signal intensity was found to be approximately independent of particle size. This observation is attributed to the formation of aqueous droplets in the CGC whose size distribution is independent of the original particle size. A consequence of this behavior is that the sensitivity of molecular detection increases as the particle size decreases, and the method is particularly well suited for new particle formation studies under atmospherically relevant conditions. This aspect of the CGC-DAI method was illustrated by the online analysis of freshly nucleated SOA samples with median diameters, number concentrations, and mass concentrations on the order of 25 nm, 104 cm-3, 0.2 μg m-3, respectively. Mass spectra of freshly nucleated SOA could be explained by condensation of highly oxidized molecules (HOMs) that subsequently reacted in the particle phase. Size-selected SOA showed increasing oligomerization with increasing particle size, which is consistent with established particle growth mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devan E Kerecman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Michael J Apsokardu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Savannah L Talledo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Michael S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Devon N Haugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Murray V Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brown WL, Day DA, Stark H, Pagonis D, Krechmer JE, Liu X, Price DJ, Katz EF, DeCarlo PF, Masoud CG, Wang DS, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Arata C, Lunderberg DM, Goldstein AH, Farmer DK, Vance ME, Jimenez JL. Real-time organic aerosol chemical speciation in the indoor environment using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:141-155. [PMID: 32696534 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the sources and composition of organic aerosol (OA) in indoor environments requires rapid measurements, since many emissions and processes have short timescales. However, real-time molecular-level OA measurements have not been reported indoors. Here, we present quantitative measurements, at a time resolution of five seconds, of molecular ions corresponding to diverse aerosol-phase species, by applying extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) to indoor air analysis for the first time, as part of the highly instrumented HOMEChem field study. We demonstrate how the complex spectra of EESI-MS are screened in order to extract chemical information and investigate the possibility of interference from gas-phase semivolatile species. During experiments that simulated the Thanksgiving US holiday meal preparation, EESI-MS quantified multiple species, including fatty acids, carbohydrates, siloxanes, and phthalates. Intercomparisons with Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer suggest that EESI-MS quantified a large fraction of OA. Comparisons with FIGAERO-CIMS shows similar signal levels and good correlation, with a range of 100 for the relative sensitivities. Comparisons with SV-TAG for phthalates and with SV-TAG and AMS for total siloxanes also show strong correlation. EESI-MS observations can be used with gas-phase measurements to identify co-emitted gas- and aerosol-phase species, and this is demonstrated using complementary gas-phase PTR-MS observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt L Brown
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Douglas A Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Harald Stark
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Demetrios Pagonis
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Derek J Price
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Erin F Katz
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Catherine G Masoud
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Dongyu S Wang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang S, Duan F, Ma Y, Li H, Wang J, Du Z, Xu Y, Zhang T, Zhu L, Huang T, Kimoto T, Zhang L, He K. Characteristics and seasonal variations of high-molecular-weight oligomers in urban haze aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141209. [PMID: 32763608 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosols (OA) undergo sophisticated physiochemical processes in the atmosphere, playing a crucial role in extreme haze formations over the Northern China Plain. However, current understandings of the detailed composition and formation pathways are limited. In this study, high-molecular weight (HMW) species were observed in samples collected year-round in urban Beijing, especially in autumn and winter, during 2016-2017. The positive-ion-mode mass spectra of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) showed that higher signal intensities were obtained in the mass-to-charge (m/z) ranges of 200-500 and 800-900, with repetitive mass difference patterns of m/z 12, 14, 16, and 18. This provided sound evidence that high-molecular-weight oligomers were generated as haze episodes became exacerbated. These oligomer signal intensities were enhanced in the presence of high relative humidity, aerosol water content, and PM2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) mass, proving that the multiphase reaction processes play a fundamental role in haze formation in Beijing. Our study can form a basis for improved air pollution mitigation measures aimed at OA to improve health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yongliang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka 543-0024, Japan
| | - Zhenyu Du
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yunzhi Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lidan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka 543-0024, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimoto
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka 543-0024, Japan
| | - Lifei Zhang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Giannoukos S, Lee CP, Tarik M, Ludwig C, Biollaz S, Lamkaddam H, Baltensperger U, Henry Prevot AS, Slowik J. Real-Time Detection of Aerosol Metals Using Online Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 92:1316-1325. [PMID: 31825206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metal emissions are of major environmental and practical concern because of their highly toxic effects on human health and ecosystems. Current technologies available in the market for their detection are typically limited by a time resolution of 1 h or longer (e.g., via semicontinuous X-ray fluorescence measurements) or are nonquantitative (e.g., laser ablation mass spectrometry). In this work, we report the development of a novel technique for the real-time detection and monitoring of metal particles in situ using an extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) source coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). The experiments were conducted in negative ionization mode using disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) dihydrate to chelate with metals and form stable metal complexes. Results for water-soluble metal compounds were obtained. The following representative metal ions were examined: Pb, Cd, Zn, Ce (III), Ba, Ni, Fe(II), Fe(III), Cu(II), Cr, Mo, Co(II), Mg, Nd, Li, Ti, Ca, Cs, Ag, Tm, Er(III), La(III), Yb(III), Eu(III), Pr(III), Gd(III), Lu(III), Dy(III), Tb(III), Ho, and Ru(III). The results showed a very good linear mass response (R2 = 0.9983), low ng/m3 limits of detection (LoD), and a fast response time (1 s). The stability and repeatability of the developed EESI-TOF-MS were tested under complex dynamic and periodic experimental conditions, and negligible matrix effects were measured for internally and externally mixed metal particles. Benchmark testing against inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was also performed, highlighting the online measurement capabilities of aerosol metals with a LoD lower than those of ICP-MS. Proof-of-concept ambient measurements were performed in New Delhi, India, and very promising results were obtained, allowing further exploitation elsewhere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christian Ludwig
- Engineering (ENAC) , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Johnston MV, Kerecman DE. Molecular Characterization of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol by Mass Spectrometry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:247-274. [PMID: 30901261 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol, particulate matter suspended in the air we breathe, exerts a strong impact on our health and the environment. Controlling the amount of particulate matter in air is difficult, as there are many ways particles can form by both natural and anthropogenic processes. We gain insight into the sources of particulate matter through chemical composition measurements. A substantial portion of atmospheric aerosol is organic, and this organic matter is exceedingly complex on a molecular scale, encompassing hundreds to thousands of individual compounds that distribute between the gas and particle phases. Because of this complexity, no single analytical technique is sufficient. However, mass spectrometry plays a crucial role owing to its combination of high sensitivity and molecular specificity. This review surveys the various ways mass spectrometry is used to characterize atmospheric organic aerosol at a molecular level, tracing these methods from inception to current practice, with emphasis on current and emerging areas of research. Both offline and online approaches are covered, and molecular measurements with them are discussed in the context of identifying sources and elucidating the underlying chemical mechanisms of particle formation. There is an ongoing need to improve existing techniques and develop new ones if we are to further advance our knowledge of how to mitigate the unwanted health and environmental impacts of particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murray V Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA;
| | - Devan E Kerecman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Comparison of Measurement-Based Methodologies to Apportion Secondary Organic Carbon (SOC) in PM2.5: A Review of Recent Studies. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9110452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is known to account for a major fraction of airborne particulate matter, with significant impacts on air quality and climate at the global scale. Despite the substantial amount of research studies achieved during these last decades, the source apportionment of the SOA fraction remains difficult due to the complexity of the physicochemical processes involved. The selection and use of appropriate approaches are a major challenge for the atmospheric science community. Several methodologies are nowadays available to perform quantitative and/or predictive assessments of the SOA amount and composition. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the most commonly used approaches to evaluate secondary organic carbon (SOC) contents: elemental carbon (EC) tracer method, chemical mass balance (CMB), SOA tracer method, radiocarbon (14C) measurement and positive matrix factorization (PMF). The principles, limitations, challenges and good practices of each of these methodologies are discussed in the present article. Based on a comprehensive—although not exhaustive—review of research papers published during the last decade (2006–2016), SOC estimates obtained using these methodologies are also summarized for different regions across the world. Conclusions of some studies which are directly comparing the performances of different methodologies are then specifically discussed. An overall picture of SOC contributions and concentrations obtained worldwide for urban sites under similar conditions (i.e., geographical and seasonal ones) is also proposed here. Finally, further needs to improve SOC apportionment methodologies are also identified and discussed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wingen LM, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Probing surfaces of atmospherically relevant organic particles by easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS). Chem Sci 2018; 10:884-897. [PMID: 30774883 PMCID: PMC6346289 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03851a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
EASI-MS is a promising technique for probing the chemical structures of inhomogeneous airborne organic particles.
Both ambient and laboratory-generated particles can have a surface composition different from the bulk, but there are currently few analytical techniques available to probe these differences. Easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS) was applied to solid, laboratory-generated particles with core–shell morphologies formed from a variety of dicarboxylic acids. The soft ionization facilitated parent peak detection for the two compounds, from which the depth probed could be determined from the relative signal intensities. Two different configurations of a custom-made nebulizer are reported that yield different probe depths. In the “orthogonal mode,” with the nebulizer ∼10 centimeters away from the particle stream and at a 90° angle to the MS inlet, evaporation of the nebulizer droplets forms ions before interaction with the particles. The probe depth for orthogonal mode EASI-MS is shown to be 2–4 nm in these particle systems. In the “droplet mode”, the nebulizer and particle streams are in close proximity to each other and the MS inlet so that the particles interact with charged liquid droplets. This configuration resulted in full dissolution of the particles and gives particle composition similar to that from collection on filters and extraction of the particles (bulk). These studies establish that EASI-MS is a promising technique for probing the chemical structures of inhomogeneous airborne organic particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Wingen
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Irvine , Irvine , CA 92697-2025 , USA . ; Tel: +1-949-824-7670
| | - B J Finlayson-Pitts
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Irvine , Irvine , CA 92697-2025 , USA . ; Tel: +1-949-824-7670
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kohlmeier V, Dragan GC, Orasche J, Schnelle-Kreis J, Breuer D, Zimmermann R. Carbonaceous Monolithic Multi-Channel Denuders as Vapour-Particle Partitioning Tools for the Occupational Sampling of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds. Ann Work Expo Health 2018; 62:899-903. [PMID: 29897385 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Denuders are gas-particle partitioning tools and can be used in combination with filters and adsorbers for phase-separated collection of hazardous semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC) aerosols. Here, we investigated the suitability of carbonaceous monolithic multi-channel denuders for this approach. Particle transmission efficiency through the denuders was investigated using particles of polystyrene latex (PSL) and droplets of n-hexadecane and diethylene glycol. The time-dependent vapour collection efficiency was analysed for n-hexadecane and diethylene glycol vapours and also compared to calculated predictions. Our measurements showed an averaged transmission efficiency of 97 ± 4.4% for PSL particles with diameters of 0.51, 0.99, 1.93, and 3.00 µm. Measurements with one denuder and 1.08, 1.98, and 2.97 µm particles consisting of n-hexadecane or diethylene glycol resulted in an averaged transmission efficiency of 99 ± 6.5%. Regarding the vapour collection efficiency at a flow rate of 5 l min-1, n-hexadecane vapour could be adsorbed to a similar extent (91 ± 1.4% for one denuder, 98 ± 0.3% for two denuders) as diethylene glycol vapour (93 ± 1.8% for one denuder, 97 ± 0.9% for two denuders). The comparison between experimental and theoretical vapour collection efficiencies revealed differences around 2.8% for n-hexadecane and around 12.3% for diethylene glycol. The results show that the tested denuders can be used as vapour collection tools for SVOCs, and can be integrated in currently used personal air samplers for separated vapour and particle collection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesta Kohlmeier
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - George C Dragan
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Breuer
- German Social Accident Insurance, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Swanson KD, Worth AL, Glish GL. Use of an Open Port Sampling Interface Coupled to Electrospray Ionization for the On-Line Analysis of Organic Aerosol Particles. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:297-303. [PMID: 28895085 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1776-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple design for an open port sampling interface coupled to electrospray ionization (OPSI-ESI) is presented for the analysis of organic aerosols. The design uses minimal modifications to a Bruker electrospray (ESI) emitter to create a continuous flow, self-aspirating open port sampling interface. Considerations are presented for introducing aerosol to the open port sampling interface including aerosol gas flow and solvent flow rates. The device has been demonstrated for use with an aerosol of nicotine as well as aerosol formed in the pyrolysis of biomass. Upon comparison with extractive electrospray ionization (EESI), this device has similar sensitivity with increased reproducibility by nearly a factor of three. The device has the form factor of a standard Bruker/Agilent ESI emitter and can be used without any further instrument modifications. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Swanson
- Department of Chemistry, Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Anne L Worth
- Department of Chemistry, Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Gary L Glish
- Department of Chemistry, Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kumbhani S, Longin T, Wingen LM, Kidd C, Perraud V, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. New Mechanism of Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Heterogeneous Solid Particles. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2055-2062. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kumbhani
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - T. Longin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Redlands, Redlands, California 92373, United States
| | - L. M. Wingen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - C. Kidd
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - V. Perraud
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - B. J. Finlayson-Pitts
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kumbhani SR, Wingen LM, Perraud V, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. A cautionary note on the effects of laboratory air contaminants on ambient ionization mass spectrometry measurements. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1659-1668. [PMID: 28782138 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ambient ionization mass spectrometry methods are convenient, sensitive and require little sample preparation. However, they are susceptible to species present in air surrounding the mass spectrometer. This study identifies some challenges associated with the potential impacts of indoor air contaminants on ionization and analysis involving open-air methods. METHODS Unexpected effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from floor maintenance activities on ambient ionization mass spectrometry were studied using three different ambient ionization techniques. Extractive electrospray ionization (EESI), direct analysis in real time (DART) and ionization by piezoelectric direct discharge (PDD) plasma were demonstrated in this study to be affected by indoor air contaminants. Identification of contaminant vapors was verified by comparison with standards using EESI-MS/MS product ion scans. RESULTS Emissions of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether are identified from floor stripping and waxing solutions using three ambient ionization mass spectrometry techniques. These unexpected indoor air contaminants are capable of more than 75% ion suppression of target analytes due to their high volatility, proton affinity and solubility compared with the target analytes. The contaminant vapors are also shown to form adducts with one of the target analytes. CONCLUSIONS The common practice in MS analysis of subtracting a background air spectrum may not be appropriate if the presence of ionizable air contaminants alters the spectrum in unexpected ways. For example, VOCs released into air from floor stripping and waxing are capable of causing ion suppression of target analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sambhav R Kumbhani
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Lisa M Wingen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Véronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Swanson KD, Spencer SE, Glish GL. Metal Cationization Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Compounds Containing Multiple Oxygens. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1030-1035. [PMID: 27896697 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Extractive electrospray ionization is an ambient ionization technique that allows real-time sampling of liquid samples, including organic aerosols. Similar to electrospray ionization, the composition of the electrospray solvent used in extractive electrospray ionization can easily be altered to form metal cationized molecules during ionization simply by adding a metal salt to the electrospray solvent. An increase in sensitivity is observed for some molecules that are lithium, sodium, or silver cationized compared with the protonated molecule formed in extractive electrospray ionization with an acid additive. Tandem mass spectrometry of metal cationized molecules can also significantly improve the ability to identify a compound. Tandem mass spectrometry of lithium and silver cationized molecules can result in an increase in the number and uniqueness of dissociation pathways relative to [M + H]+. These results highlight the potential for extractive electrospray ionization with metal cationization in analyzing complex aerosol mixtures. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Swanson
- Department of Chemistry, Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Sandra E Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Gary L Glish
- Department of Chemistry, Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kohlmeier V, Dragan GC, Karg EW, Schnelle-Kreis J, Breuer D, Forbes PBC, Rohwer ER, Zimmermann R. Multi-channel silicone rubber traps as denuders for gas-particle partitioning of aerosols from semi-volatile organic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:676-686. [PMID: 28378867 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00044h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During many measurements it is important to account for possible changes in the gas-particle distribution of aerosols containing semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). If denuders are combined with currently used personal air samplers, a simultaneous differential sampling of the gas and particle phase is possible. Here we analysed the transmission efficiency of denuders based on multi-channel silicone rubber traps (setup: 9 cm long glass liner (ID 4 mm), containing 22 parallel silicone rubber tubes (55 mm long, ID 0.3 mm, OD 0.5 mm)) with polystyrene latex (PSL) particles for different scenarios. n-Hexadecane, dimethyl phthalate and diethylene glycol gases were used to measure the time-dependent gas phase collection efficiency of a denuder. Additionally, the evaporation of n-hexadecane aerosol particles passing through the denuders was investigated. Our results showed high transmission efficiencies from 91 to 100% (variation coefficients 3.69-9.65%) for the denuders operated vertically at a flow rate of 0.5 l min-1. With regard to the gas phase collection efficiency, nonpolar n-hexadecane gas was trapped with higher efficiency (87% after 22 h) than dimethyl phthalate gas (27% after 22 h), while for highly polar diethylene glycol the gas phase collection efficiency was 50% after 2 h. Regarding the evaporation of aerosol particles, smaller particles and lower flow rates led to higher particle volume reduction inside the denuders. In conclusion, the tested denuders are suitable for determining the gas-particle partitioning of SVOC aerosols of nonpolar substances and show above 90% transmission for all tested particle sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesta Kohlmeier
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li X, Huang L, Zhu H, Zhou Z. Direct human breath analysis by secondary nano-electrospray ionization ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry: Importance of high mass resolution and mass accuracy. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:301-308. [PMID: 27859758 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Direct mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods make it possible to monitor the molecular compositions of hundreds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled human breath in real time. Mass resolution and mass accuracy play important roles for direct MS analysis, especially for the low-concentration isobaric compounds in non-target research. METHODS Direct detection of VOCs in exhaled breath of four healthy subjects (3 males and 1 female aged between 25 to 35 years old) has been performed by using secondary nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (Sec-nanoESI-UHRMS) at resolutions (R) of 15,000, 30,000, 60,000 and 120,000. RESULTS For some low-intensity isobaric ions, they could be distinguished only when R ≥ 60,000, e.g., signals at m/z 96.9591 (sulfate/sulfuric acid), m/z 96.9687 (phosphate/phosphoric acid) and m/z 96.9756 ([C4 H2 O7 S]- ), m/z 234.1161 ([C10 H20 O3 NS]+ ) and m/z 234.1338 ([C10 H20 O5 N]+ ), m/z 119.0686 (isotope of indole) and m/z 119.0705 (an interfering signal), respectively. At R 120,000, the mass errors were obtained from a set of reference ions, and the values were ≤0.6 mDa for ions detected in positive detection mode and in the range of -1.0-1.1 mDa for the negative mode. These mass errors were used to exclusively identify unknown compounds detected in the breath samples. By utilizing the present setup, besides the normal VOCs reported previously, we detected non-volatile species (sulfate/sulfuric acid, silicate/silicic acid, phosphate/phosphoric acid and nitrate/nitric acid), dichlorobenzene and an ammonium adduct ([(C2 H6 SiO)6 + NH4 ]+ ), which were ascribed to exhaled particles, indoor air pollution and an endogenous source, respectively. CONCLUSIONS For direct breath analysis, high mass resolution of ≥60,000 and mass errors of 1.0 mDa (absolute value) covering the mass range of interests (e.g., m/z 50-500) are necessary for the exploration and accurate identification of low-intensity unknown isobaric compounds in non-target research. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang Y, Ma Y, Hu H, Guo P, Miao L, Yang Y, Zhang M. Rapid and sensitive detection of trace malachite green and its metabolite in aquatic products using molecularly imprinted polymer-coated wooden-tip electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10094a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a molecularly imprinted polymer-coated wooden-tip (MIPCWT) electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) method was developed for rapid and sensitive detection of trace malachite green (MG) and its metabolite in aquatic products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Huang
- School of Materials Science and Energy Engineering
- Foshan University
- Foshan 528000
- China
| | - Yanfang Ma
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals
- Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou)
- Guangzhou 510070
- China
| | - Huawen Hu
- School of Materials Science and Energy Engineering
- Foshan University
- Foshan 528000
- China
| | - Pengran Guo
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals
- Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou)
- Guangzhou 510070
- China
| | - Lei Miao
- School of Materials Science and Energy Engineering
- Foshan University
- Foshan 528000
- China
| | - Yunyun Yang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals
- Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou)
- Guangzhou 510070
- China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Energy Engineering
- Foshan University
- Foshan 528000
- China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Horan AJ, Apsokardu MJ, Johnston MV. Droplet Assisted Inlet Ionization for Online Analysis of Airborne Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2016; 89:1059-1062. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Horan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Michael J. Apsokardu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Murray V. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Aernecke MJ, Mendum T, Geurtsen G, Ostrinskaya A, Kunz RR. Vapor Pressure of Hexamethylene Triperoxide Diamine (HMTD) Estimated Using Secondary Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11514-22. [PMID: 26505487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A rapid method for vapor pressure measurement was developed and used to derive the vapor pressure curve of the thermally labile peroxide-based explosive hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) over the temperature range from 28 to 80 °C. This method uses a controlled flow of vapor from a solid-phase HMTD source that is presented to an ambient-pressure-ionization mass spectrometer equipped with a secondary-electrospray-ionization (SESI) source. The subpart-per-trillion sensitivity of this system enables direct detection of HMTD vapor through an intact [M + H](+) ion in real time at temperatures near 20 °C. By calibrating this method using vapor sources of cocaine and heroin, which have known pressure-temperature (P-T) curves, the temperature dependence of HMTD vapor was determined, and a Clausius-Clapeyron plot of ln[P (Pa)] vs 1/[T (K)] yielded a straight line with the expression ln[P (Pa)] = {(-11091 ± 356) × 1/[T (K)]} + 25 ± 1 (error limits are the standard error of the regression analysis). From this equation, the sublimation enthalpy of HMTD was estimated to be 92 ± 3 kJ/mol, which compares well with the theoretical estimate of 95 kJ/mol, and the vapor pressure at 20 °C was estimated to be ∼60 parts per trillion by volume, which is within a factor of 2 of previous theoretical estimates. Thus, this method provides not only the first direct experimental determination of HMTD vapor pressure but also a rapid, near-real-time capability to quantitatively measure low-vapor-pressure compounds, which will be useful for aiding in the development of training aids for bomb-sniffing canines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Aernecke
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, United States
| | - Ted Mendum
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, United States
| | - Geoff Geurtsen
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, United States
| | - Alla Ostrinskaya
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, United States
| | - Roderick R Kunz
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Natural and Unnatural Organic Matter in the Atmosphere: Recent Perspectives on the High Molecular Weight Fraction of Organic Aerosol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2014-1160.ch005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
20
|
Gallimore PJ, Kalberer M. Characterizing an extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) source for the online mass spectrometry analysis of organic aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:7324-7331. [PMID: 23710930 DOI: 10.1021/es305199h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic compounds comprise a major fraction of tropospheric aerosol and understanding their chemical complexity is a key factor for determining their climate and health effects. We present and characterize here a new online technique for measuring the detailed chemical composition of organic aerosols, namely extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS). Aerosol particles composed of soluble organic compounds were extracted into and ionized by a solvent electrospray, producing molecular ions from the aerosol with minimal fragmentation. We demonstrate here that the technique has a time resolution of seconds and is capable of making stable measurements over several hours. The ion signal in the MS was linearly correlated with the mass of aerosol delivered to the EESI source over the range tested (3-600 μg/m(3)) and was independent of particle size and liquid water content, suggesting that the entire particle bulk is extracted for analysis. Tandem MS measurements enabled detection of known analytes in the sub-μg/m(3) range. Proof-of-principle measurements of the ozonolysis of oleic acid aerosol (20 μg/m(3)) revealed the formation of a variety of oxidation products in good agreement with previous offline studies. This demonstrates the technique's potential for studying the product-resolved kinetics of aerosol-phase chemistry at a molecular level with high sensitivity and time resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gallimore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Laskin J, Laskin A, Nizkorodov SA. New mass spectrometry techniques for studying physical chemistry of atmospheric heterogeneous processes. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2012.752904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
22
|
Horan AJ, Gao Y, Hall WA, Johnston MV. Online Characterization of Particles and Gases with an Ambient Electrospray Ionization Source. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9253-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302024y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Horan
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark,
Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Yuqian Gao
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
99352, United States
| | - Wiley A. Hall
- Agricultural
Research Service,
San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Parlier, California 93648, United States
| | - Murray V. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark,
Delaware 19716, United States
| |
Collapse
|