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Kuznetsova V, Coogan Á, Botov D, Gromova Y, Ushakova EV, Gun'ko YK. Expanding the Horizons of Machine Learning in Nanomaterials to Chiral Nanostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308912. [PMID: 38241607 PMCID: PMC11167410 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Machine learning holds significant research potential in the field of nanotechnology, enabling nanomaterial structure and property predictions, facilitating materials design and discovery, and reducing the need for time-consuming and labor-intensive experiments and simulations. In contrast to their achiral counterparts, the application of machine learning for chiral nanomaterials is still in its infancy, with a limited number of publications to date. This is despite the great potential of machine learning to advance the development of new sustainable chiral materials with high values of optical activity, circularly polarized luminescence, and enantioselectivity, as well as for the analysis of structural chirality by electron microscopy. In this review, an analysis of machine learning methods used for studying achiral nanomaterials is provided, subsequently offering guidance on adapting and extending this work to chiral nanomaterials. An overview of chiral nanomaterials within the framework of synthesis-structure-property-application relationships is presented and insights on how to leverage machine learning for the study of these highly complex relationships are provided. Some key recent publications are reviewed and discussed on the application of machine learning for chiral nanomaterials. Finally, the review captures the key achievements, ongoing challenges, and the prospective outlook for this very important research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Kuznetsova
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Áine Coogan
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Dmitry Botov
- Everypixel Media Innovation Group, 021 Fillmore St., PMB 15, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
- Neapolis University Pafos, 2 Danais Avenue, Pafos, 8042, Cyprus
| | - Yulia Gromova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Elena V Ushakova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yurii K Gun'ko
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
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Ma R, Qiu L, Zhang L, Tang DM, Wang Y, Zhang B, Ding F, Liu C, Cheng HM. Nucleation of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes from Faceted Pt Catalyst Particles Revealed by in Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16574-16583. [PMID: 36228117 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Revealing the nucleation and growth mechanism of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) from faceted solid catalysts is crucial to the control of their structure and properties. However, due to the small size and complex growth environment, the early stages and dynamic process of SWCNT nucleation have rarely been directly revealed, especially under atmospheric conditions. Here, we report the atomic-resolved nucleation of SWCNTs from the faces of truncated octahedral Pt catalysts under atmospheric pressure using a transmission electron microscope equipped with a gas-cell. It was found that the graphene layers were initially formed preferentially on (111) surfaces, which then joined together to form an annular belt and a hemispherical cap, followed by the elongation of the SWCNT. Based on the observations, an annular belt assembly nucleation model and a possible chirality control mechanism are proposed for SWCNTs grown from well-faceted Pt catalysts, which provides useful guidance for the controlled synthesis of SWCNTs by catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research (IMR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lu Qiu
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Lili Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research (IMR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dai-Ming Tang
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yang Wang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research (IMR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research (IMR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Feng Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research (IMR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research (IMR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Singh A, Kumar S, Nivedan A, Kumar S. Temperature-Dependent Ultrafast Response and π-Plasmon Dynamics in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:627-632. [PMID: 33382625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-dependent femtosecond time-resolved carrier relaxation dynamics has been studied in thin films of single-walled carbon nanotubes. An early time evolution of the photoexcited relaxation shows evidence of superimposed transient bleaching and induced photo absorption of almost similar strengths, whereas at longer times it is governed by slow recovery of long-lived dark excitons. After about 3 ps, the signal is dictated by the slowest negative relaxation component attributed to the low-energy π-plasmons. An absorption trough near 500 fs in the ultrafast response evolves with the increasing sample temperature. This particular feature is masked by the reduced induced transmission at room temperature and above. We have estimated the electron-phonon coupling constant to be ∼0.86 from the linear temperature dependence of the slow relaxation time constant. More such studies can help advance the understanding of the intrinsic charge and energy loss mechanisms to improve the efficiency of the optoelectronic devices based on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Singh
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy and Nonlinear Photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy and Nonlinear Photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anand Nivedan
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy and Nonlinear Photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy and Nonlinear Photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
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Fabrication and Characterization of MWCNTs by Syngas and Temperature Conditions. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Hemasa AL, Naumovski N, Maher WA, Ghanem A. Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Chiral and Achiral Separations of Pharmaceuticals, Biologics and Chemicals. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7070186. [PMID: 28718832 PMCID: PMC5535252 DOI: 10.3390/nano7070186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess unique mechanical, physical, electrical and absorbability properties coupled with their nanometer dimensional scale that renders them extremely valuable for applications in many fields including nanotechnology and chromatographic separation. The aim of this review is to provide an updated overview about the applications of CNTs in chiral and achiral separations of pharmaceuticals, biologics and chemicals. Chiral single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been directly applied for the enantioseparation of pharmaceuticals and biologicals by using them as stationary or pseudostationary phases in chromatographic separation techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and gas chromatography (GC). Achiral MWCNTs have been used for achiral separations as efficient sorbent objects in solid-phase extraction techniques of biochemicals and drugs. Achiral SWCNTs have been applied in achiral separation of biological samples. Achiral SWCNTs and MWCNTs have been also successfully used to separate achiral mixtures of pharmaceuticals and chemicals. Collectively, functionalized CNTs have been indirectly applied in separation science by enhancing the enantioseparation of different chiral selectors whereas non-functionalized CNTs have shown efficient capabilities for chiral separations by using techniques such as encapsulation or immobilization in polymer monolithic columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman L Hemasa
- Chirality Program, Biomedical Science, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory (ACT) 2617, Australia.
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB), University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory (ACT) 2617, Australia.
| | - William A Maher
- Ecochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory (ACT) 2617, Australia.
| | - Ashraf Ghanem
- Chirality Program, Biomedical Science, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory (ACT) 2617, Australia.
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Reis WG, Tomović Ž, Weitz RT, Krupke R, Mikhael J. Wide dynamic range enrichment method of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes with weak field centrifugation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44812. [PMID: 28317942 PMCID: PMC5357843 DOI: 10.1038/srep44812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to outperform silicon in electronic application was finally enabled through selective separation of semiconducting nanotubes from the as-synthesized statistical mix with polymeric dispersants. Such separation methods provide typically high semiconducting purity samples with narrow diameter distribution, i.e. almost single chiralities. But for a wide range of applications high purity mixtures of small and large diameters are sufficient or even required. Here we proof that weak field centrifugation is a diameter independent method for enrichment of semiconducting nanotubes. We show that the non-selective and strong adsorption of polyarylether dispersants on nanostructured carbon surfaces enables simple separation of diverse raw materials with different SWCNT diameter. In addition and for the first time, we demonstrate that increased temperature enables higher purity separation. Furthermore we show that the mode of action behind this electronic enrichment is strongly connected to both colloidal stability and protonation. By giving simple access to electronically sorted SWCNTs of any diameter, the wide dynamic range of weak field centrifugation can provide economical relevance to SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieland G. Reis
- Carbon Materials Innovation Center (CMIC), BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Željko Tomović
- Carbon Materials Innovation Center (CMIC), BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - R. Thomas Weitz
- Physics of Nanosystems, Physics Department, NanoSystems Initiative Munich and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 Munich (Germany)
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jules Mikhael
- Material Physics Research, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Liu B, Wu F, Gui H, Zheng M, Zhou C. Chirality-Controlled Synthesis and Applications of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2017; 11:31-53. [PMID: 28072518 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of chirality-defined single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is the top challenge in the nanotube field. In recent years, great progress has been made toward preparing single-chirality SWCNTs through both direct controlled synthesis and postsynthesis separation approaches. Accordingly, the uses of single-chirality-dominated SWCNTs for various applications have emerged as a new front in nanotube research. In this Review, we review recent progress made in the chirality-controlled synthesis of SWCNTs, including metal-catalyst-free SWCNT cloning by vapor-phase epitaxy elongation of purified single-chirality nanotube seeds, chirality-specific growth of SWCNTs on bimetallic solid alloy catalysts, chirality-controlled synthesis of SWCNTs using bottom-up synthetic strategy from carbonaceous molecular end-cap precursors, etc. Recent major progresses in postsynthesis separation of single-chirality SWCNT species, as well as methods for chirality characterization of SWCNTs, are also highlighted. Moreover, we discuss some examples where single-chirality SWCNTs have shown clear advantages over SWCNTs with broad chirality distributions. We hope this review could inspire more research on the chirality-controlled preparation of SWCNTs and equally important inspire the use of single-chirality SWCNT samples for more fundamental studies and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilu Liu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Ming Zheng
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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Schimelman JB, Dryden DM, Poudel L, Krawiec KE, Ma Y, Podgornik R, Parsegian VA, Denoyer LK, Ching WY, Steinmetz NF, French RH. Optical properties and electronic transitions of DNA oligonucleotides as a function of composition and stacking sequence. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:4589-99. [PMID: 25584920 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03395g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of base pair composition and stacking sequence in the optical properties and electronic transitions of DNA is of fundamental interest. We present and compare the optical properties of DNA oligonucleotides (AT)10, (AT)5(GC)5, and (AT-GC)5 using both ab initio methods and UV-vis molar absorbance measurements. Our data indicate a strong dependence of both the position and intensity of UV absorbance features on oligonucleotide composition and stacking sequence. The partial densities of states for each oligonucleotide indicate that the valence band edge arises from a feature associated with the PO4(3-) complex anion, and the conduction band edge arises from anti-bonding states in DNA base pairs. The results show a strong correspondence between the ab initio and experimentally determined optical properties. These results highlight the benefit of full spectral analysis of DNA, as opposed to reductive methods that consider only the 260 nm absorbance (A260) or simple purity ratios, such as A260/A230 or A260/A280, and suggest that the slope of the absorption edge onset may provide a useful metric for the degree of base pair stacking in DNA. These insights may prove useful for applications in biology, bioelectronics, and mesoscale self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Schimelman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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9
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Dryden DM, Hopkins JC, Denoyer LK, Poudel L, Steinmetz NF, Ching WY, Podgornik R, Parsegian A, French RH. van der Waals Interactions on the Mesoscale: Open-Science Implementation, Anisotropy, Retardation, and Solvent Effects. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:10145-10153. [PMID: 25815562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of heterogeneous mesoscale systems is mediated by long-range interactions, including van der Waals forces. Diverse mesoscale architectures, built of optically and morphologically anisotropic elements such as DNA, collagen, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and inorganic materials, require a tool to calculate the forces, torques, interaction energies, and Hamaker coefficients that govern assembly in such systems. The mesoscale Lifshitz theory of van der Waals interactions can accurately describe solvent and temperature effects, retardation, and optically and morphologically anisotropic materials for cylindrical and planar interaction geometries. The Gecko Hamaker open-science software implementation of this theory enables new and sophisticated insights into the properties of important organic/inorganic systems: interactions show an extended range of magnitudes and retardation rates, DNA interactions show an imprint of base pair composition, certain SWCNT interactions display retardation-dependent nonmonotonicity, and interactions are mapped across a range of material systems in order to facilitate rational mesoscale design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lin K Denoyer
- Deconvolution and Entropy Consulting, 755 Snyder Hill, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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10
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Lu BS, Naji A, Podgornik R. Molecular recognition by van der Waals interaction between polymers with sequence-specific polarizabilities. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:214904. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4921892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Sui Lu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska ulica 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ali Naji
- School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), P.O. Box 19395-5531, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rudolf Podgornik
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska ulica 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Goldberg E, Scheringer M, Bucheli TD, Hungerbühler K. Critical assessment of models for transport of engineered nanoparticles in saturated porous media. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:12732-12741. [PMID: 25256358 DOI: 10.1021/es502044k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To reliably assess the fate of engineered nanoparticles (ENP) in soil, it is important to understand the performance of models employed to predict vertical ENP transport. We assess the ability of seven routinely employed particle transport models (PTMs) to simulate hyperexponential (HE), nonmonotonic (NM), linearly decreasing (LD), and monotonically increasing (MI) retention profiles (RPs) and the corresponding breakthrough curves (BTCs) from soil column experiments with ENPs. Several important observations are noted. First, more complex PTMs do not necessarily perform better than simpler PTMs. To avoid applying overparameterized PTMs, multiple PTMs should be applied and the best model selected. Second, application of the selected models to simulate NM and MI profiles results in poor model performance. Third, the selected models can well-approximate LD profiles. However, because the models cannot explicitly generate LD retention, these models have low predictive power to simulate the behavior of ENPs that present LD profiles. Fourth, a term for blocking can often be accounted for by parameter variation in models that do not explicitly include a term for blocking. We recommend that model performance be analyzed for RPs and BTCs separately; simultaneous fitting to the RP and BTC should be performed only under conditions where sufficient parameter validation is possible to justify the selection of a particular model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Goldberg
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Gobre VV, Tkatchenko A. Scaling laws for van der Waals interactions in nanostructured materials. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2341. [PMID: 23955481 PMCID: PMC3753541 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Van der Waals interactions have a fundamental role in biology, physics and chemistry, in particular in the self-assembly and the ensuing function of nanostructured materials. Here we utilize an efficient microscopic method to demonstrate that van der Waals interactions in nanomaterials act at distances greater than typically assumed, and can be characterized by different scaling laws depending on the dimensionality and size of the system. Specifically, we study the behaviour of van der Waals interactions in single-layer and multilayer graphene, fullerenes of varying size, single-wall carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoribbons. As a function of nanostructure size, the van der Waals coefficients follow unusual trends for all of the considered systems, and deviate significantly from the conventionally employed pairwise-additive picture. We propose that the peculiar van der Waals interactions in nanostructured materials could be exploited to control their self-assembly. Van der Waals interactions have a large influence on phenomena that occur at short-length scales. Gobre et al. demonstrate that van der Waals interactions in low-dimensional materials act at very large distances, and can significantly influence the self-assembly of nanostructured systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivekanand V Gobre
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Arora VK, Bhattacharyya A. Cohesive band structure of carbon nanotubes for applications in quantum transport. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:10927-10935. [PMID: 24061093 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03814a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An integrated cohesive band structure of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) applicable to all chirality directions (n, m), starting from the Dirac cone of a graphene nanolayer in k-space, is demarcated, in direct contrast to dissimilar chiral and achiral versions in the published literature. The electron wave state of a CNT is quantized into one-dimensional (1-D) nanostructure with a wrapping mode, satisfying the boundary conditions from one Dirac K-point to an equivalent neighboring one with an identical phase and returning to the same K point. The repetitive rotation for an identical configuration with added band index (n-m)mod3, yields one metallic (M) with zero bandgap corresponding to (n-m)mod3 = 0, semiconducting state SC1 with (n-m)mod3 = 1 and SC2 with (n-m)mod3 = 2. The band gap and effective mass of SC2 state are twice as large as those of SC1 state. A broad-spectrum expression signifying the linear dependence of the effective mass on the bandgap is obtained. Both the Fermi energy and the intrinsic velocity limiting the current to the saturation level is calculated as a function of the carrier concentration. Limitations of the parabolic approximation are pointed out. Several new features of the band structure are acquired in a seamlessly unified mode for all CNTs, making it suitable for all-encompassing applications. Applications of the theory to high-field transport are advocated with an example of a metallic CNT, in agreement with experimental observations. The mechanism behind the breakdown of the linear current-voltage relation of Ohm's law and the associated surge in resistance are explained on the basis of the nonequilibrium Arora's distribution function (NEADF). These results are important for the performance evaluation and characterization of a variety of applications on CNT in modern nanoscale circuits and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Arora
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
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Qiu X, Khripin CY, Ke F, Howell SC, Zheng M. Electrostatically driven interactions between hybrid DNA-carbon nanotubes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:048301. [PMID: 23931412 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.048301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Single-stranded DNA is able to wrap around single-wall carbon nanotubes (CNT) and form stable DNA-CNT hybrids that are highly soluble in solution. Here we report quantitative measurements and analysis of the interactions between DNA-CNT hybrids at low salts. Condensation of DNA-CNT hybrids by neutral osmolytes leads to liquid crystalline phases, and varying the osmotic pressure modulates the interhybrid distance that is determined by x-ray diffraction. Thus obtained force-distance dependencies of DNA-CNT hybrids show a remarkable resemblance to that of double-stranded DNA with differences that can be largely accounted for by their different diameters. This establishes their common physical nature of electrostatically driven interactions. Quantitative modeling further reveals the roles of hydration in mediating the interhybrid forces within the last nanometer of surface separation. This study also suggests the utility of osmotic pressure to control DNA-CNT assemblies at subnanometer precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Qiu
- Department of Physics, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA.
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Wen AM, Rambhia PH, French RH, Steinmetz NF. Design rules for nanomedical engineering: from physical virology to the applications of virus-based materials in medicine. J Biol Phys 2013; 39:301-25. [PMID: 23860875 PMCID: PMC3662409 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-013-9314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical virology seeks to define the principles of physics underlying viral infections, traditionally focusing on the fundamental processes governing virus assembly, maturation, and disassembly. A detailed understanding of virus structure and assembly has facilitated the development and analysis of virus-based materials for medical applications. In this Physical Virology review article, we discuss the recent developments in nanomedicine that help us to understand how physical properties affect the in vivo fate and clinical impact of (virus-based) nanoparticles. We summarize and discuss the design rules that need to be considered for the successful development and translation of virus-based nanomaterials from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Wen
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Pooja H. Rambhia
- />Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Roger H. French
- />Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- />Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- />Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
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