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Palomar J, Lemus J, Navarro P, Moya C, Santiago R, Hospital-Benito D, Hernández E. Process Simulation and Optimization on Ionic Liquids. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1649-1737. [PMID: 38320111 PMCID: PMC10906004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are promising alternative compounds that enable the development of technologies based on their unique properties as solvents or catalysts. These technologies require integrated product and process designs to select ILs with optimal process performances at an industrial scale to promote cost-effective and sustainable technologies. The digital era and multiscale research methodologies have changed the paradigm from experiment-oriented to hybrid experimental-computational developments guided by process engineering. This Review summarizes the relevant contributions (>300 research papers) of process simulations to advance IL-based technology developments by guiding experimental research efforts and enhancing industrial transferability. Robust simulation methodologies, mostly based on predictive COSMO-SAC/RS and UNIFAC models in Aspen Plus software, were applied to analyze key IL applications: physical and chemical CO2 capture, CO2 conversion, gas separation, liquid-liquid extraction, extractive distillation, refrigeration cycles, and biorefinery. The contributions concern the IL selection criteria, operational unit design, equipment sizing, technoeconomic and environmental analyses, and process optimization to promote the competitiveness of the proposed IL-based technologies. Process simulation revealed that multiscale research strategies enable advancement in the technological development of IL applications by focusing research efforts to overcome the limitations and exploit the excellent properties of ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Palomar
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Autonomous University
of Madrid, Calle Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Lemus
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Autonomous University
of Madrid, Calle Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Navarro
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Autonomous University
of Madrid, Calle Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristian Moya
- Departamento
de Tecnología Química, Energética y Mecánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Santiago
- Departamento
de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica, Control,
Telemática y Química aplicada a la Ingeniería,
ETS de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad
Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Hospital-Benito
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Autonomous University
of Madrid, Calle Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Hernández
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Autonomous University
of Madrid, Calle Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Fliri L, Heise K, Koso T, Todorov AR, Del Cerro DR, Hietala S, Fiskari J, Kilpeläinen I, Hummel M, King AWT. Solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of crystalline cellulosic materials using a direct dissolution ionic liquid electrolyte. Nat Protoc 2023:10.1038/s41596-023-00832-9. [PMID: 37237027 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00832-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its high sustainable production capacity, cellulose represents a valuable feedstock for the development of more sustainable alternatives to currently used fossil fuel-based materials. Chemical analysis of cellulose remains challenging, and analytical techniques have not advanced as fast as the development of the proposed materials science applications. Crystalline cellulosic materials are insoluble in most solvents, which restricts direct analytical techniques to lower-resolution solid-state spectroscopy, destructive indirect procedures or to 'old-school' derivatization protocols. While investigating their use for biomass valorization, tetralkylphosphonium ionic liquids (ILs) exhibited advantageous properties for direct solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of crystalline cellulose. After screening and optimization, the IL tetra-n-butylphosphonium acetate [P4444][OAc], diluted with dimethyl sulfoxide-d6, was found to be the most promising partly deuterated solvent system for high-resolution solution-state NMR. The solvent system has been used for the measurement of both 1D and 2D experiments for a wide substrate scope, with excellent spectral quality and signal-to-noise, all with modest collection times. The procedure initially describes the scalable syntheses of an IL, in 24-72 h, of sufficient purity, yielding a stock electrolyte solution. The dissolution of cellulosic materials and preparation of NMR samples is presented, with pretreatment, concentration and dissolution time recommendations for different sample types. Also included is a set of recommended 1D and 2D NMR experiments with parameters optimized for an in-depth structural characterization of cellulosic materials. The time required for full characterization varies between a few hours and several days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Fliri
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tetyana Koso
- Materials Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aleksandar R Todorov
- Materials Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel Rico Del Cerro
- Materials Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Hietala
- Materials Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Fiskari
- Fibre Science and Communication Network (FSCN), Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Ilkka Kilpeläinen
- Materials Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Alistair W T King
- Materials Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland.
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3
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Sosa FB, Carvalho PJ, Coutinho JAP. Preconcentration of Superbase Ionic Liquid from Aqueous Solution by Membrane Filtration. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022; 61:14626-14636. [PMID: 36568687 PMCID: PMC9777811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Certain organic superbase ionic liquids (ILs) have shown good cellulose dissolution and fiber regeneration performance, allowing us to obtain high-quality textile fibers. However, there is a lack regarding the IL recovery from the spinning bath and its purification, which is essential for the economic viability of the process. Aiming to understand methods to separate ILs from water for reuse/recycle, the use of pressure-driven membrane processes to recycle ionic liquids from aqueous solution was investigated. The recovery of two superbase ILs, 7-methyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-enium acetate, [mTBDH][OAc], and 5-methyl-1,5,7-triaza-bicyclo[4.3.0]non-6-enium acetate, [mTBNH][OAc], were studied using different types of membranes (microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis, RO). Additionally, pressure, IL concentration, temperature, and multicycle effect were evaluated. Significant retentions (>45%) were obtained for the nanofiltration and RO membranes (NF270-NF and BW30LE-RO). The increase in pressure and temperature resulted in an increase in volumetric flux and a decrease in IL retention. On the other hand, IL concentration decreased the volumetric flow and rejection. For the serial filtration tests, a three-fold ionic liquid concentration was achieved, for a maximum concentration of 14 wt % of the ionic liquid. The membrane filtration methodology proved to be an efficient technique for carrying out the preconcentration of the IL from dilute solutions.
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4
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Bhowmick S, Filippov A, Khan IA, Shah FU. Physical and electrochemical properties of new structurally flexible imidazolium phosphate ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23289-23300. [PMID: 36156000 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03022e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New structurally flexible 1-methyl- and 1,2-dimethyl-imidazolium phosphate ionic liquids (ILs) bearing oligoethers have been synthesized and thoroughly characterized. These novel ILs revealed high thermal stabilities, low glass transitions, high conductivity and wide electrochemical stability windows up to 6 V. Both the cations and anions of 1-methyl-imidazolium ILs diffuse faster than the ions of 1,2-dimethyl-imidazolium ILs, as determined by pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR). The 1-methyl-imidazolium phosphate ILs showed relatively higher ionic conductivities and ion diffusivity as compared with the 1,2-dimethyl-imidazolium phosphate ILs. As expected, the diffusivity of all the ions increases with an increase in the temperature. The 1-methyl-imidazolium phosphate ILs formed hydrogen bonds with the phosphate anions, the strength of which is decreased with increasing temperature, as confirmed by variable temperature 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. One of the representative IL, [EmDMIm][DEEP], presented promising elevated temperature performance as an electrolyte in a supercapacitor composed of multiwall carbon nanotubes and activated charcoal (MWCNT/AC) composite electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Bhowmick
- Chemistry of Interfaces, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Andrei Filippov
- Chemistry of Interfaces, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Inayat Ali Khan
- Chemistry of Interfaces, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Faiz Ullah Shah
- Chemistry of Interfaces, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
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5
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Haque M, Abdurrokhman I, Idström A, Li Q, Rajaras A, Martinelli A, Evenäs L, Lundgren P, Enoksson P. Exploiting low-grade waste heat to produce electricity through supercapacitor containing carbon electrodes and ionic liquid electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Understanding the physicochemical and transport properties of pyrazolium based ionic liquids bearing iodide and triiodide anions. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Solubility and spinnability of cellulose-lignin blends in specific ionic liquids. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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8
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Severa G, Bruffey E, Nguyen PQH, Gigante A, Leick N, Kelly C, Finkelstein GJ, Hagemann H, Gennett T, Rocheleau RE, Dera P. Fe 4(OAc) 10[EMIM] 2: Novel Iron-Based Acetate EMIM Ionic Compound. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:31907-31918. [PMID: 34870013 PMCID: PMC8637965 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized and characterized a novel iron(II) aceto EMIM coordination compound, which has a simplified empirical formula Fe4(OAc)10[EMIM]2, in two different hydration forms: as anhydrous monoclinic compound and triclinic dihydrate Fe4(OAc)10[EMIM]2·2H2O. The dihydrate compound is isostructural with recently reported Mn4(OAc)10[EMIM]2·2H2O, while the anhydrate is a superstructure of the Mn counterpart, suggesting the existence of solid solutions. Both new Fe compounds contain chains of Fe2+ octahedrally coordinated exclusively by acetate groups. The EMIM moieties do not interact directly with the Fe2+ and contribute to the structural framework of the compound through van der Waals forces and C-H···O hydrogen bonds with the acetate anions. The compounds have a melting temperature of ∼94 °C; therefore, they can be considered metal-containing ionic liquids. Differential thermal analysis indicates three endothermic transitions associated with melting, structural rearrangement in the molten state at about 157 °C, and finally, thermal decomposition of the Fe4(OAc)10[EMIM]2. Thermogravimetric analyses indicate an ∼72 wt % mass loss during the decomposition at 280-325 °C. The Fe4(OAc)10[EMIM]2 compounds have higher thermal stability than their Mn counterparts and [EMIM][OAc] but lower compared to iron(II) acetate. Temperature-programmed desorption coupled with mass spectrometry shows that the decomposition pathway of the Fe4(OAc)10[EMIM]2 involves four distinct regimes with peak temperatures at 88, 200, 267, and 345 °C. The main species observed in the decomposition of the compound are CH3, H2O, N2, CO, OC-CH3, OH-CO, H3C-CO-CH3, and H3C-O-CO-CH3. Variable-temperature infrared vibrational spectroscopy indicates that the phase transition at 160-180 °C is associated with a reorientation of the acetate ions, which may lead to a lower interaction with the [EMIM]+ before the decomposition of the Fe4(OAc)10[EMIM]2 upon further heating. The Fe4(OAc)10[EMIM]2 compounds are porous, plausibly capable of accommodating other types of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Severa
- Hawai’i
Natural Energy Institute, University of
Hawai’i at Ma̅noa, 1680 East West Road, POST 109, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Edward Bruffey
- Hawai’i
Natural Energy Institute, University of
Hawai’i at Ma̅noa, 1680 East West Road, POST 109, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Phuong Q. H. Nguyen
- Hawai’i
Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai’i at Ma̅noa, 1680 East West Road, POST 109, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Angelina Gigante
- Département
de Chimie Physique, Université de
Genève, 30, quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Noemi Leick
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Colorado, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Colleen Kelly
- Hawai’i
Natural Energy Institute, University of
Hawai’i at Ma̅noa, 1680 East West Road, POST 109, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Gregory J. Finkelstein
- Hawai’i
Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai’i at Ma̅noa, 1680 East West Road, POST 109, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Hans Hagemann
- Département
de Chimie Physique, Université de
Genève, 30, quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Gennett
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Colorado, Colorado 80401, United States
- Chemistry
Department, Colorado School of Mines, 1012 14th Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Richard E. Rocheleau
- Hawai’i
Natural Energy Institute, University of
Hawai’i at Ma̅noa, 1680 East West Road, POST 109, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Przemyslaw Dera
- Hawai’i
Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai’i at Ma̅noa, 1680 East West Road, POST 109, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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9
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Ribeiro DCM, Rebelo RC, De Bon F, Coelho JFJ, Serra AC. Process Development for Flexible Films of Industrial Cellulose Pulp Using Superbase Ionic Liquids. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111767. [PMID: 34071224 PMCID: PMC8199285 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to environmental concerns, more attention has been given to the development of bio-based materials for substitution of fossil-based ones. Moreover, paper use is essential in daily routine and several applications of industrial pulp can be developed. In this study, transparent films were produced by industrial cellulose pulp solubilization in tetramethylguanidine based ionic liquids followed by its regeneration. Films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV/Vis spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal analysis (TG), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mechanical tests showed that films have a good elongation property, up to 50%, depending on ionic liquid incorporation. The influence of the conjugated acid and dissolution temperature on mechanical properties were evaluated. These results revealed the potential of this methodology for the preparation of new biobased films.
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10
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Ma J, Wang Y, Yang X, Wang B. Fast Track to Acetate-Based Ionic Liquids: Preparation, Properties and Application in Energy and Petrochemical Fields. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:2. [PMID: 33398607 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-020-00315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acetate-based ionic liquids (AcILs), as a kind of typical carboxylate-based ILs, display excellent structure tunability, non-volatility, good solubility to biomass, and favorable adsorption capacity, etc. These unique characteristics of AcILs make them important candidates for a range of applications in the field of energy and in the petrochemical industry. This paper intends to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in AcILs, including pure AcILs, AcIL-based multi-solvents, and AcIL-based composites, etc. Preparation methods, with one- and two-step synthesis, are reviewed. The relationship between properties and temperature is discussed, and some physical and thermodynamic properties of different AcILs are summarized and further calculated. The applications of AcILs in the fields of biomass processing, organic synthesis, separation, electrochemistry, and other fields are reviewed based on their prominent properties. Thereinto, the dual functions of AcILs as solvents and activators for biomass dissolution are discussed, and the roles of AcILs as catalysts and reaction mediums in clean organic synthesis are highlighted. Meanwhile, the reaction mechanisms of AcILs with acid gases are posed by means of molecular simulation and experimental characterization. Moreover, AcILs as electrolytes for zinc batteries, supercapacitors, and electrodeposition are particularly introduced. Finally, the future research challenges and prospects of AcILs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xueqing Yang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Baohe Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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11
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Mohammadian R, Kamyar N, Kaffashian A, Amini MM, Shaabani A. Synthesis of Defect‐Engineered Homochiral Metal‐Organic Frameworks Using
L
‐Amino Acids: A Comprehensive Study of Chiral Catalyst Performance in CO
2
Fixation Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mohammadian
- Faculty of Chemistry Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., P.O. Box 19396-4716 Tehran Iran
| | - Niloofar Kamyar
- Faculty of Chemistry Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., P.O. Box 19396-4716 Tehran Iran
| | - Amir Kaffashian
- Faculty of Chemistry Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., P.O. Box 19396-4716 Tehran Iran
| | - Mostafa M. Amini
- Faculty of Chemistry Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., P.O. Box 19396-4716 Tehran Iran
| | - Ahmad Shaabani
- Faculty of Chemistry Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., P.O. Box 19396-4716 Tehran Iran
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12
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Cellulose in Ionic Liquids and Alkaline Solutions: Advances in the Mechanisms of Biopolymer Dissolution and Regeneration. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11121917. [PMID: 31766402 PMCID: PMC6960809 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on assessment of solvents for cellulose dissolution and the mechanism of regeneration of the dissolved biopolymer. The solvents of interest are imidazole-based ionic liquids, quaternary ammonium electrolytes, salts of super-bases, and their binary mixtures with molecular solvents. We briefly discuss the mechanism of cellulose dissolution and address the strategies for assessing solvent efficiency, as inferred from its physico-chemical properties. In addition to the favorable effect of lower cellulose solution rheology, microscopic solvent/solution properties, including empirical polarity, Lewis acidity, Lewis basicity, and dipolarity/polarizability are determinants of cellulose dissolution. We discuss how these microscopic properties are calculated from the UV-Vis spectra of solvatochromic probes, and their use to explain the observed solvent efficiency order. We dwell briefly on use of other techniques, in particular NMR and theoretical calculations for the same purpose. Once dissolved, cellulose is either regenerated in different physical shapes, or derivatized under homogeneous conditions. We discuss the mechanism of, and the steps involved in cellulose regeneration, via formation of mini-sheets, association into “mini-crystals”, and convergence into larger crystalline and amorphous regions. We discuss the use of different techniques, including FTIR, X-ray diffraction, and theoretical calculations to probe the forces involved in cellulose regeneration.
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13
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Asim AM, Uroos M, Naz S, Sultan M, Griffin G, Muhammad N, Khan AS. Acidic ionic liquids: Promising and cost-effective solvents for processing of lignocellulosic biomass. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.110943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Niu X, Liu Y, King AWT, Hietala S, Pan H, Rojas OJ. Plasticized Cellulosic Films by Partial Esterification and Welding in Low-Concentration Ionic Liquid Electrolyte. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2105-2114. [PMID: 30983326 PMCID: PMC6550441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Alternatives
to petroleum-based plastics are of great significance
not only from the point of view of their scientific and practical
impact but to reduce the environmental footprint. Inspired by the
composition and structure of wood’s cell walls, we used phenolic
acids to endow cellulosic fibers with new properties. The fiber dissolution
and homogeneous modification were performed with a recyclable ionic
liquid (IL) (tetrabutylammonium acetate ([N4444][OAc]):dimethyl
sulfoxide) to attain different levels of reaction activity for three
phenolic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid,
and syringic acid). The successful autocatalytic Fischer esterification
reaction was thoroughly investigated by Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, elemental analysis,
and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C CP-MAS,
diffusion-edited 1H NMR and multiplicity-edited heteronuclear
single quantum coherence). Control of the properties of cellulose
in the dispersed state, welding, and IL plasticization were achieved
during casting and recrystallization to the cellulose II crystalline
allomorph. Films of cellulose carrying grafted acids were characterized
with respect to properties relevant to packaging materials. Most notably,
despite the low degree of esterification (DS < 0.25), the films
displayed a remarkable strength (3.5 GPa), flexibility (strains up
to 35%), optical transparency (>90%), and water resistance (WCA
∼
90°). Moreover, the measured water vapor barrier was found to
be similar to that of poly(lactic acid) composite films. Overall,
the results contribute to the development of the next-generation green,
renewable, and biodegradable films for packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Niu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , 159# Longpan Road , Nanjing 210037 , P. R. China.,Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , PO Box 16300, FIN-00076 Aalto , Espoo , Finland
| | - Yating Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , 159# Longpan Road , Nanjing 210037 , P. R. China
| | - Alistair W T King
- Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki , A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 , PO Box 55, FIN-00014 , Finland
| | - Sami Hietala
- Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki , A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 , PO Box 55, FIN-00014 , Finland
| | - Hui Pan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , 159# Longpan Road , Nanjing 210037 , P. R. China
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , PO Box 16300, FIN-00076 Aalto , Espoo , Finland
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15
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Rico del Cerro D, Mera‐Adasme R, King AWT, Perea‐Buceta JE, Heikkinen S, Hase T, Sundholm D, Wähälä K. On the Mechanism of the Reactivity of 1,3‐Dialkylimidazolium Salts under Basic to Acidic Conditions: A Combined Kinetic and Computational Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11613-11617. [PMID: 29987916 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rico del Cerro
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Helsinki P.O. Box 55, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Raúl Mera‐Adasme
- Departamento de Ciencias del AmbienteFacultad de Química y BiologíaUniversidad de Santiago de Chile Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363 9170022 Estacion Central Chile
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Helsinki P.O. Box 55, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Jesus E. Perea‐Buceta
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Helsinki P.O. Box 55, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Sami Heikkinen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Helsinki P.O. Box 55, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Tapio Hase
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Helsinki P.O. Box 55, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Helsinki P.O. Box 55, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Kristiina Wähälä
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Helsinki P.O. Box 55, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
- Department of Biochemistry and Development BiologyUniversity of Helsinki Haartmaninkatu 3, P.O. Box 21 000140 Helsinki Finland
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16
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Rico del Cerro D, Mera-Adasme R, King AWT, Perea-Buceta JE, Heikkinen S, Hase T, Sundholm D, Wähälä K. On the Mechanism of the Reactivity of 1,3-Dialkylimidazolium Salts under Basic to Acidic Conditions: A Combined Kinetic and Computational Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rico del Cerro
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 55, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Raúl Mera-Adasme
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente; Facultad de Química y Biología; Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363 9170022 Estacion Central Chile
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 55, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Jesus E. Perea-Buceta
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 55, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Sami Heikkinen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 55, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Tapio Hase
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 55, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 55, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Kristiina Wähälä
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 55, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
- Department of Biochemistry and Development Biology; University of Helsinki; Haartmaninkatu 3, P.O. Box 21 000140 Helsinki Finland
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17
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King AWT, Mäkelä V, Kedzior SA, Laaksonen T, Partl GJ, Heikkinen S, Koskela H, Heikkinen HA, Holding AJ, Cranston ED, Kilpeläinen I. Liquid-State NMR Analysis of Nanocelluloses. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2708-2720. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair W. T. King
- Materials Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, AI Virtasen Aukio 1, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valtteri Mäkelä
- Materials Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, AI Virtasen Aukio 1, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephanie A. Kedzior
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tiina Laaksonen
- Materials Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, AI Virtasen Aukio 1, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gabriel J. Partl
- Materials Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, AI Virtasen Aukio 1, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Heikkinen
- Materials Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, AI Virtasen Aukio 1, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Koskela
- The Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN), University of Helsinki, AI Virtasen Aukio 1, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri A. Heikkinen
- The Finnish Biological NMR Center, Biocenter 3, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ashley J. Holding
- Materials Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, AI Virtasen Aukio 1, Helsinki, Finland
- Worn Again
Technologies
Ltd, Biocity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ilkka Kilpeläinen
- Materials Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, AI Virtasen Aukio 1, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Ortloff F, Roschitz M, Ahrens M, Graf F, Schubert T, Kolb T. Characterization of functionalized ionic liquids for a new quasi-isothermal chemical biogas upgrading process. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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D'Agostino C, Mantle MD, Mullan CL, Hardacre C, Gladden LF. Diffusion, Ion Pairing and Aggregation in 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids Studied by 1
H and 19
F PFG NMR: Effect of Temperature, Anion and Glucose Dissolution. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1081-1088. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmine D'Agostino
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive; West Cambridge Site Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science; The University of Manchester; The Mill, Sackville Street Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Mick D. Mantle
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive; West Cambridge Site Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
| | - Claire L. Mullan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast BT9 5AG UK
| | - Christopher Hardacre
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast BT9 5AG UK
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science; The University of Manchester; The Mill, Sackville Street Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Lynn F. Gladden
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive; West Cambridge Site Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
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20
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Binks FC, Cavalli G, Henningsen M, Howlin BJ, Hamerton I. Investigating the mechanism through which ionic liquids initiate the polymerisation of epoxy resins. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Kaur I, Sahni G. Multi-Scale Structural Studies of Sequential Ionic Liquids and Alkali Pretreated Corn Stover and Sugarcane Bagasse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/gsc.2018.81007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Xue Z, Qin L, Jiang J, Mu T, Gao G. Thermal, electrochemical and radiolytic stabilities of ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:8382-8402. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07483b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids show instability when exposed to high temperature, to high voltage as electrolytes, or under irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry
- College of Materials Science and Technology
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Li Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- China
| | - Jingyun Jiang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing 100872
- China
| | - Tiancheng Mu
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing 100872
- China
| | - Guohua Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- China
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23
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Laaksonen T, Helminen JKJ, Lemetti L, Långbacka J, Rico del Cerro D, Hummel M, Filpponen I, Rantamäki AH, Kakko T, Kemell ML, Wiedmer SK, Heikkinen S, Kilpeläinen I, King AWT. WtF-Nano: One-Pot Dewatering and Water-Free Topochemical Modification of Nanocellulose in Ionic Liquids or γ-Valerolactone. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:4879-4890. [PMID: 29112334 PMCID: PMC5765465 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are used to dewater a suspension of birch Kraft pulp cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and as a medium for water-free topochemical modification of the nanocellulose (a process denoted as "WtF-Nano"). Acetylation was applied as a model reaction to investigate the degree of modification and scope of effective ionic liquid structures. Little difference in reactivity was observed when water was removed, after introduction of an ionic liquid or molecular co-solvent. However, the viscoelastic properties of the CNF suspended in two ionic liquids show that the more basic, but non-dissolving ionic liquid, allows for better solvation of the CNF. Vibrio fischeri bacterial tests show that all ionic liquids in this study were harmless. Scanning electron microscopy and wide-angle X-ray scattering on regenerated samples show that the acetylated CNF is still in a fibrillar form. 1 D and 2 D NMR analyses, after direct dissolution in a novel ionic liquid electrolyte solution, indicate that both cellulose and residual xylan on the surface of the nanofibrils reacts to give acetate esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Laaksonen
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of HelsinkiAI Virtasen Aukio 1Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Jussi K. J. Helminen
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of HelsinkiAI Virtasen Aukio 1Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Laura Lemetti
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of HelsinkiAI Virtasen Aukio 1Helsinki00014Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical EngineeringAalto UniversityEspoo00076Finland
| | - Jesper Långbacka
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of HelsinkiAI Virtasen Aukio 1Helsinki00014Finland
| | | | - Michael Hummel
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical EngineeringAalto UniversityEspoo00076Finland
| | - Ilari Filpponen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical EngineeringAalto UniversityEspoo00076Finland
- Alabama Center for Paper and Bioresource Engineering, Department of Chemical EngineeringAuburn UniversityAuburn, AL36849-5127United States
| | - Antti H. Rantamäki
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of HelsinkiAI Virtasen Aukio 1Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Tia Kakko
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of HelsinkiAI Virtasen Aukio 1Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Marianna L. Kemell
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of HelsinkiAI Virtasen Aukio 1Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Susanne K. Wiedmer
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of HelsinkiAI Virtasen Aukio 1Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Sami Heikkinen
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of HelsinkiAI Virtasen Aukio 1Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Ilkka Kilpeläinen
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of HelsinkiAI Virtasen Aukio 1Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of HelsinkiAI Virtasen Aukio 1Helsinki00014Finland
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24
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Green SM, Ries ME, Moffat J, Budtova T. NMR and Rheological Study of Anion Size Influence on the Properties of Two Imidazolium-based Ionic Liquids. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8968. [PMID: 28827729 PMCID: PMC5566215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
NMR self-diffusion and relaxation, coupled with viscosity, were used to study the properties and structure of two imidazolium-based ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [C2MIM][OAc] and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium octanoate [C2MIM][OOct]. The experimental results point to the formation of different types of aggregates in each ionic liquid. These aggregates are small and stable under flow and temperature in [C2MIM][OAc], whereas the aggregates are large and sensitive to flow and temperature in [C2MIM][OOct]. In the latter case the size of aggregates decreases both under flow and temperature increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Green
- Soft Matter Physics Research Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E Ries
- Soft Matter Physics Research Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - Jamie Moffat
- Innovia Films R&D Centre, West Road, Wigton, Cumbria, CA7 9XX, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Budtova
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, Centre for Material Forming (CEMEF), UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
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25
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Holding AJ, Parviainen A, Kilpeläinen I, Soto A, King AWT, Rodríguez H. Efficiency of hydrophobic phosphonium ionic liquids and DMSO as recyclable cellulose dissolution and regeneration media. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01662j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophobic, long-chain tetraalkylphosphonium acetate salts (ionic liquids) were combined with DMSO and the feasibility of these solvent systems for cellulose dissolution and regeneration was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J. Holding
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 Helsinki
- Finland
- Departamento de Enxeñería Química
| | - Arno Parviainen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- 00014 Helsinki
- Finland
| | | | - Ana Soto
- Departamento de Enxeñería Química
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Santiago de Compsotela
- Spain
| | | | - Héctor Rodríguez
- Departamento de Enxeñería Química
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Santiago de Compsotela
- Spain
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26
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Clough MT, Geyer K, Hunt PA, McIntosh AJS, Rowe R, Welton T, White AJP. Azoniaspiro salts: towards bridging the gap between room-temperature ionic liquids and molten salts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:3339-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07209c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic spirocyclic tetraalkylammonium chloride salts exhibit enhanced thermal stabilities relative to traditional dialkylimidazolium ionic liquid analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Clough
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca Rowe
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- London
- UK
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27
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Mikkola SK, Robciuc A, Lokajová J, Holding AJ, Lämmerhofer M, Kilpeläinen I, Holopainen JM, King AWT, Wiedmer SK. Impact of amphiphilic biomass-dissolving ionic liquids on biological cells and liposomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:1870-1878. [PMID: 25581350 DOI: 10.1021/es505725g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of some promising biomass-dissolving amidinium-, imidazolium-, and phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs), toward two different cell lines, human corneal epithelial cells and Escherichia coli bacterial cells, was investigated. In addition, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and ζ potential measurements were used to study the effect of the ILs on the size and surface charge of some model liposomes. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used for determination of the electrophoretic mobilities of the liposomes and for determination of the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of the ILs. The toxicity of the phosphonium ILs was highly dependent on the longest linear chain of the IL, due to increasing hydrophobicity, with the long-chain phosphonium ILs being toxic while the shorter-chain versions were significantly less toxic or not toxic at all. Amidinium and imidazolium ILs showed no significant effect on the cells, within the concentration range used. Moreover, the more hydrophobic ILs were found to have a major effect on the surface charges and size distributions of the model liposomes, which can lead to disruption of the lipid bilayer. This indicates that the cytotoxicity is at least to some extent dependent on direct interactions between ILs and the biomembrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi-Katriina Mikkola
- Department of Chemistry and ∥Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, Post Office Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Hummel M, Michud A, Tanttu M, Asaadi S, Ma Y, Hauru LKJ, Parviainen A, King AWT, Kilpeläinen I, Sixta H. Ionic Liquids for the Production of Man-Made Cellulosic Fibers: Opportunities and Challenges. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2015_307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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29
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Efficient biomass pretreatment using ionic liquids derived from lignin and hemicellulose. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3587-95. [PMID: 25136131 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1405685111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), solvents composed entirely of paired ions, have been used in a variety of process chemistry and renewable energy applications. Imidazolium-based ILs effectively dissolve biomass and represent a remarkable platform for biomass pretreatment. Although efficient, imidazolium cations are expensive and thus limited in their large-scale industrial deployment. To replace imidazolium-based ILs with those derived from renewable sources, we synthesized a series of tertiary amine-based ILs from aromatic aldehydes derived from lignin and hemicellulose, the major by-products of lignocellulosic biofuel production. Compositional analysis of switchgrass pretreated with ILs derived from vanillin, p-anisaldehyde, and furfural confirmed their efficacy. Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated switchgrass allowed for direct comparison of sugar yields and lignin removal between biomass-derived ILs and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. Although the rate of cellulose hydrolysis for switchgrass pretreated with biomass-derived ILs was slightly slower than that of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, 90-95% glucose and 70-75% xylose yields were obtained for these samples after 72-h incubation. Molecular modeling was used to compare IL solvent parameters with experimentally obtained compositional analysis data. Effective pretreatment of lignocellulose was further investigated by powder X-ray diffraction and glycome profiling of switchgrass cell walls. These studies showed different cellulose structural changes and differences in hemicellulose epitopes between switchgrass pretreatments with the aforementioned ILs. Our concept of deriving ILs from lignocellulosic biomass shows significant potential for the realization of a "closed-loop" process for future lignocellulosic biorefineries and has far-reaching economic impacts for other IL-based process technology currently using ILs synthesized from petroleum sources.
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30
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Cao Y, Mu T. Comprehensive Investigation on the Thermal Stability of 66 Ionic Liquids by Thermogravimetric Analysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5009597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Tiancheng Mu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
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31
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Holding AJ, Heikkilä M, Kilpeläinen I, King AWT. Amphiphilic and phase-separable ionic liquids for biomass processing. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:1422-34. [PMID: 24616349 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201301261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
One main limiting factor for the technoeconomics of future bioprocesses that use ionic liquids (ILs) is the recovery of the expensive and potentially toxic IL. We have demonstrated a new series of phase-separable ionic liquids, based on the hydrophobic tetraalkylphosphonium cation ([PRRRR](+)), that can dissolve lignin in the neat state but also hemicellulose and high-purity cellulose in the form of their electrolyte solutions with dipolar aprotic solvents. For example, the IL trioctylmethylphosphonium acetate ([P8881][OAc]) was demonstrated to dissolve up to 19 wt % of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) at 60 °C with the addition of 40 wt % of DMSO. It was found that the MCC saturation point is dependent on the molar ratio of DMSO and IL in solution. At the optimum saturation, a ∼1:1 molar ratio of [P8881][OAc] to anhydroglucose units is observed, which demonstrates highly efficient solvation. This is attributed to the positive contribution that these more amphiphilic cation-anion pairs provide, in the context of the Lindman hypothesis. This effective dissolution is further illustrated by solution-state HSQC NMR spectroscopy on MCC. Finally, it is also demonstrated that these electrolytes are phase separable by the addition of aqueous solutions. The addition of 10 % NaOAc solution allows a near quantitative recovery of high-purity [P8881][OAc]. However, increased volumes of aqueous solution reduced the recovery. The regenerated material was found to partially convert into the cellulose II crystalline polymorph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Holding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, 00014, PO Box 55, Helsinki (Finland)
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32
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Hyvärinen S, Mikkola J, Murzin DY, Vaher M, Kaljurand M, Koel M. Sugars and sugar derivatives in ionic liquid media obtained from lignocellulosic biomass: Comparison of capillary electrophoresis and chromatographic analysis. Catal Today 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Parviainen A, King AWT, Mutikainen I, Hummel M, Selg C, Hauru LKJ, Sixta H, Kilpeläinen I. Predicting cellulose solvating capabilities of acid-base conjugate ionic liquids. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:2161-2169. [PMID: 24106149 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Different acid-base conjugates were made by combining a range of bases and superbases with acetic and propionic acid. Only the combinations that contained superbases were capable of dissolving cellulose. Proton affinities were calculated for the bases. A range, within which cellulose dissolution occurred, when combined with acetic or propionic acid, was defined for further use. This was above a proton affinity value of about 240 kcal mol(-1) at the MP2/6-311+G(d,p)//MP2/ 6-311+G(d,p) ab initio level. Understanding dissolution allowed us to determine that cation acidity contributed considerably to the ability of ionic liquids to dissolve cellulose and not just the basicity of the anion. By XRD analyses of suitable crystals, hydrogen bonding interactions between anion and cation were found to be the dominant interactions in the crystalline state. From determination of viscosities of these conjugates over a temperature range, certain structures were found to have as low a viscosity as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, which was reflected in their high rate of cellulose dissolution but not necessarily the quantitative solubility of cellulose in those ionic liquids. 1,5-Diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium propionate, which is one of the best structures for cellulose dissolution, was then distilled using laboratory equipment to demonstrate its recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Parviainen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1, 00014, PO Box 55, Helsinki (Finland)
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34
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Froschauer C, Hummel M, Iakovlev M, Roselli A, Schottenberger H, Sixta H. Separation of Hemicellulose and Cellulose from Wood Pulp by Means of Ionic Liquid/Cosolvent Systems. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1741-50. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400106h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Froschauer
- Faculty of
Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department of Forest Products
Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto,
Finland
| | - Mikhail Iakovlev
- Department of Forest Products
Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto,
Finland
| | - Annariikka Roselli
- Department of Forest Products
Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto,
Finland
| | | | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Forest Products
Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto,
Finland
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35
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Clough MT, Geyer K, Hunt PA, Mertes J, Welton T. Thermal decomposition of carboxylate ionic liquids: trends and mechanisms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:20480-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53648c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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36
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Froschauer C, Salchner R, Laus G, Weber HK, Tessadri R, Griesser U, Wurst K, Kahlenberg V, Schottenberger H. 1,3-Di(alkoxy)imidazolium-based Ionic Liquids: Improved Synthesis and Crystal Structures. Aust J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new and convenient synthetic pathway to 1,3-di(alkoxy)imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amides and novel 1,3-di(alkoxy)imidazolium tetrachloroferrates was developed. As an intermediate isolation step of the respective hexafluorophosphates was required in previously reported preparations, they suffered from low overall yields and additional expense. The use of FeCl3/HCl resulted in substantially improved yields and allows one-pot preparations with good scalability. Results of single-crystal X-ray structure determination of the new tetrachloroferrate salts are discussed.
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