1
|
Hua MZ, Li S, Roopesh MS, Lu X. Development of a microfluidic device to enrich and detect zearalenone in food using quantum dot-embedded molecularly imprinted polymers. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2700-2711. [PMID: 38651374 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00193a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of certain moulds, prevalent in 60-80% of food crops and many processed products but challenging to eliminate. Consuming mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed can lead to various adverse effects on humans and livestock. Therefore, testing mycotoxin residue levels is critical to ensure food safety. Gold standard analytical methods rely on liquid chromatography coupled with optical detectors or mass spectrometers, which are high-cost with limited capacity. This study reported the successful development of a microfluidic "lab-on-a-chip" device to enrich and detect zearalenone in food samples based on the fluorescence quenching effect of quantum dots and selective affinity of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The dummy template and functional polymer were synthesized and characterized, and the detailed microfluidic chip design and optimization of the flow conditions in the enrichment module were discussed. The device achieved an enrichment factor of 9.6 (±0.5) in 10 min to quantify zearalenone spiked in food with high recoveries (91-105%) at 1-10 mg kg-1, covering the concerned residue levels in the regulations. Each sample-to-answer test took only 20 min, involving 3 min of manual operation and no advanced equipment. This microfluidic device was mostly reusable, with a replaceable detection module compatible with fluorescence measurement using a handheld fluorometer. To our best knowledge, the reported device was the first application of an MIP-based microfluidic sensor for detecting mycotoxin in real food samples, providing a novel, rapid, portable, and cost-effective tool for monitoring mycotoxin contamination for food safety and security.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marti Z Hua
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Shenmiao Li
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - M S Roopesh
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutrition Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Xiaonan Lu
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mc Veigh M, Bellan LM. Microfluidic synthesis of radiotracers: recent developments and commercialization prospects. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1226-1243. [PMID: 38165824 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00779k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful diagnostic tool that holds incredible potential for clinicians to track a wide variety of biological processes using specialized radiotracers. Currently, however, a single radiotracer accounts for over 95% of procedures, largely due to the cost of radiotracer synthesis. Microfluidic platforms provide a solution to this problem by enabling a dose-on-demand pipeline in which a single benchtop platform would synthesize a wide array of radiotracers. In this review, we will explore the field of microfluidic production of radiotracers from early research to current development. Furthermore, the benefits and drawbacks of different microfluidic reactor designs will be analyzed. Lastly, we will discuss the various engineering considerations that must be addressed to create a fully developed, commercially effective platform that can usher the field from research and development to commercialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mc Veigh
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Leon M Bellan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Perrone E, Cesaria M, Zizzari A, Bianco M, Ferrara F, Raia L, Guarino V, Cuscunà M, Mazzeo M, Gigli G, Moroni L, Arima V. Potential of CO 2-laser processing of quartz for fast prototyping of microfluidic reactors and templates for 3D cell assembly over large scale. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100163. [PMID: 34901818 PMCID: PMC8637645 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2)-laser processing of glasses is a versatile maskless writing technique to engrave micro-structures with flexible control on shape and size. In this study, we present the fabrication of hundreds of microns quartz micro-channels and micro-holes by pulsed CO2-laser ablation with a focus on the great potential of the technique in microfluidics and biomedical applications. After discussing the impact of the laser processing parameters on the design process, we illustrate specific applications. First, we demonstrate the use of a serpentine microfluidic reactor prepared by combining CO2-laser ablation and post-ablation wet etching to remove surface features stemming from laser-texturing that are undesirable for channel sealing. Then, cyclic olefin copolymer micro-pillars are fabricated using laser-processed micro-holes as molds with high detail replication. The hundreds of microns conical and square pyramidal shaped pillars are used as templates to drive 3D cell assembly. Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells are found to assemble in a compact and wrapping way around the micro-pillars forming a tight junction network. These applications are interesting for both Lab-on-a-Chip and Organ-on-a-Chip devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Perrone
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
| | - Maura Cesaria
- University of Salento, Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zizzari
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
| | - Monica Bianco
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrara
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
- STMicroelectronics S.r.l, Lecce, Italy
| | - Lillo Raia
- STMicroelectronics S.r.l, Agrate Brianza, Monza Brianza, Italy
| | - Vita Guarino
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
- University of Salento, Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, Lecce, Italy
| | - Massimo Cuscunà
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
| | - Marco Mazzeo
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
- University of Salento, Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
- University of Salento, Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
- Maastricht University, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, department of complex tissue regeneration, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Valentina Arima
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Knapp KA, Nickels ML, Manning HC. The Current Role of Microfluidics in Radiofluorination Chemistry. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 22:463-475. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
5
|
Fornells E, Hilder EF, Breadmore MC. Preconcentration by solvent removal: techniques and applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:1715-1727. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
6
|
|
7
|
Znidar D, Cantillo D, Inglesby P, Boyd A, Kappe CO. Process Intensification and Integration Studies for the Generation of a Key Aminoimidazole Intermediate in the Synthesis of Lanabecestat. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Znidar
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Phillip Inglesby
- AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Boyd
- AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zizzari A, Bianco M, Carbone L, Perrone E, Amato F, Maruccio G, Rendina F, Arima V. Continuous-Flow Production of Injectable Liposomes via a Microfluidic Approach. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10121411. [PMID: 29232873 PMCID: PMC5744346 DOI: 10.3390/ma10121411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Injectable liposomes are characterized by a suitable size and unique lipid mixtures, which require time-consuming and nonstraightforward production processes. The complexity of the manufacturing methods may affect liposome solubility, the phase transition temperatures of the membranes, the average particle size, and the associated particle size distribution, with a possible impact on the drug encapsulation and release. By leveraging the precise steady-state control over the mixing of miscible liquids and a highly efficient heat transfer, microfluidic technology has proved to be an effective and direct methodology to produce liposomes. This approach results particularly efficient in reducing the number of the sizing steps, when compared to standard industrial methods. Here, Microfluidic Hydrodynamic Focusing chips were produced and used to form liposomes upon tuning experimental parameters such as lipids concentration and Flow-Rate-Ratios (FRRs). Although modelling evidenced the dependence of the laminar flow on the geometric constraints and the FRR conditions, for the specific formulation investigated in this study, the lipids concentration was identified as the primary factor influencing the size of the liposomes and their polydispersity index. This was attributed to a predominance of the bending elasticity modulus over the vesiculation index in the lipid mixture used. Eventually, liposomes of injectable size were produced using microfluidic one-pot synthesis in continuous flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zizzari
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- Department of Mathematics and Physics "E. De Giorgi", University of Salento, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Monica Bianco
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Luigi Carbone
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Perrone
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Francesco Amato
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Maruccio
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- Department of Mathematics and Physics "E. De Giorgi", University of Salento, via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Filippo Rendina
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, via C. Janssen, Borgo S. Michele, 04100 Latina, Italy.
| | - Valentina Arima
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zitzmann FD, Jahnke HG, Pfeiffer SA, Frank R, Nitschke F, Mauritz L, Abel B, Belder D, Robitzki AA. Microfluidic Free-Flow Electrophoresis Based Solvent Exchanger for Continuously Operating Lab-on-Chip Applications. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13550-13558. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska D. Zitzmann
- Center
for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical
Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Center
for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical
Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simon A. Pfeiffer
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronny Frank
- Center
for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical
Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felix Nitschke
- Center
for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical
Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laura Mauritz
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz Institute
of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse
15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea A. Robitzki
- Center
for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical
Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lindner S, Rensch C, Neubaur S, Neumeier M, Salvamoser R, Samper V, Bartenstein P. Azeotropic drying free [18F]FDG synthesis and its application to a lab-on-chip platform. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:729-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07106b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
[18F]FDG was prepared using a cartridge-based drying technique for [18F]fluoride. The application to a lab-on-chip platform demonstrates a proof of concept towards reduced hardware complexity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- University Hospital Munich LMU
- 81377 Munich
- Germany
| | - C. Rensch
- GE Global Research
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - S. Neubaur
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- University Hospital Munich LMU
- 81377 Munich
- Germany
| | - M. Neumeier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- University Hospital Munich LMU
- 81377 Munich
- Germany
| | | | - V. Samper
- GE Global Research
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - P. Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- University Hospital Munich LMU
- 81377 Munich
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ley SV, Fitzpatrick DE, Ingham RJ, Myers RM. Organic synthesis: march of the machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3449-64. [PMID: 25586940 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic synthesis is changing; in a world where budgets are constrained and the environmental impacts of practice are scrutinized, it is increasingly recognized that the efficient use of human resource is just as important as material use. New technologies and machines have found use as methods for transforming the way we work, addressing these issues encountered in research laboratories by enabling chemists to adopt a more holistic systems approach in their work. Modern developments in this area promote a multi-disciplinary approach and work is more efficient as a result. This Review focuses on the concepts, procedures and methods that have far-reaching implications in the chemistry world. Technologies have been grouped as topics of opportunity and their recent applications in innovative research laboratories are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK).
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ley SV, Fitzpatrick DE, Ingham RJ, Myers RM. Organische Synthese: Vormarsch der Maschinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
13
|
Guo J, Xiao C, Peng B, Qian L. Tribochemistry-induced direct fabrication of nondestructive nanochannels on silicon surface. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21922a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A maskless, straightforward and crystal plane-independent nanofabrication approach is proposed to produce nondestructive nanochannels on monocrystalline silicon through tribochemical reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- Tribology Research Institute
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
- P. R. China
| | - Chen Xiao
- Tribology Research Institute
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
- P. R. China
| | - Bei Peng
- School of Mechatronics Engineering
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Chengdu 611731
- P. R. China
| | - Linmao Qian
- Tribology Research Institute
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rensch C, Lindner S, Salvamoser R, Leidner S, Böld C, Samper V, Taylor D, Baller M, Riese S, Bartenstein P, Wängler C, Wängler B. A solvent resistant lab-on-chip platform for radiochemistry applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2556-2564. [PMID: 24879121 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00076e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The application of microfluidics to the synthesis of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracers has been explored for more than a decade. Microfluidic benefits such as superior temperature control have been successfully applied to PET tracer synthesis. However, the design of a compact microfluidic platform capable of executing a complete PET tracer synthesis workflow while maintaining prospects for commercialization remains a significant challenge. This study uses an integral system design approach to tackle commercialization challenges such as the material to process compatibility with a path towards cost effective lab-on-chip mass manufacturing from the start. It integrates all functional elements required for a simple PET tracer synthesis into one compact radiochemistry platform. For the lab-on-chip this includes the integration of on-chip valves, on-chip solid phase extraction (SPE), on-chip reactors and a reversible fluid interface while maintaining compatibility with all process chemicals, temperatures and chip mass manufacturing techniques. For the radiochemistry device it includes an automated chip-machine interface enabling one-move connection of all valve actuators and fluid connectors. A vial-based reagent supply as well as methods to transfer reagents efficiently from the vials to the chip has been integrated. After validation of all those functional elements, the microfluidic platform was exemplarily employed for the automated synthesis of a Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R) binding the PEGylated Bombesin BN(7-14)-derivative ([(18)F]PESIN) based PET tracer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rensch
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, 85748 Garching bei Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ismail R, Irribaren J, Javed MR, Machness A, Michael van Dam R, Keng PY. Cationic imidazolium polymer monoliths for efficient solvent exchange, activation and fluorination on a continuous flow system. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04064c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
16
|
Pascali G, Watts P, Salvadori PA. Microfluidics in radiopharmaceutical chemistry. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:776-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
17
|
Rensch C, Jackson A, Lindner S, Salvamoser R, Samper V, Riese S, Bartenstein P, Wängler C, Wängler B. Microfluidics: a groundbreaking technology for PET tracer production? Molecules 2013; 18:7930-56. [PMID: 23884128 PMCID: PMC6270045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18077930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of microfluidics to Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracer synthesis has attracted increasing interest within the last decade. The technical advantages of microfluidics, in particular the high surface to volume ratio and resulting fast thermal heating and cooling rates of reagents can lead to reduced reaction times, increased synthesis yields and reduced by-products. In addition automated reaction optimization, reduced consumption of expensive reagents and a path towards a reduced system footprint have been successfully demonstrated. The processing of radioactivity levels required for routine production, use of microfluidic-produced PET tracer doses in preclinical and clinical imaging as well as feasibility studies on autoradiolytic decomposition have all given promising results. However, the number of microfluidic synthesizers utilized for commercial routine production of PET tracers is very limited. This study reviews the state of the art in microfluidic PET tracer synthesis, highlighting critical design aspects, strengths, weaknesses and presenting several characteristics of the diverse PET market space which are thought to have a significant impact on research, development and engineering of microfluidic devices in this field. Furthermore, the topics of batch- and single-dose production, cyclotron to quality control integration as well as centralized versus de-centralized market distribution models are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rensch
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, Garching bei Munich 85748, Germany; E-Mails: (R.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Alexander Jackson
- GE Healthcare, Life Sciences, The Grove Centre, White Lion Rd., Amersham HP7 9LL, UK; E-Mails: (A.J.); (S.R.)
| | - Simon Lindner
- University Hospital Munich, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany; E-Mails: (S.L.); (P.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Ruben Salvamoser
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, Garching bei Munich 85748, Germany; E-Mails: (R.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Victor Samper
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, Garching bei Munich 85748, Germany; E-Mails: (R.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Stefan Riese
- GE Healthcare, Life Sciences, The Grove Centre, White Lion Rd., Amersham HP7 9LL, UK; E-Mails: (A.J.); (S.R.)
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- University Hospital Munich, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany; E-Mails: (S.L.); (P.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Carmen Wängler
- University Hospital Munich, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany; E-Mails: (S.L.); (P.B.); (C.W.)
- Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Björn Wängler
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Arima V, Pascali G, Lade O, Kretschmer HR, Bernsdorf I, Hammond V, Watts P, De Leonardis F, Tarn MD, Pamme N, Cvetkovic BZ, Dittrich PS, Vasovic N, Duane R, Jaksic A, Zacheo A, Zizzari A, Marra L, Perrone E, Salvadori PA, Rinaldi R. Radiochemistry on chip: towards dose-on-demand synthesis of PET radiopharmaceuticals. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2328-2336. [PMID: 23639996 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc00055a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an integrated microfluidic platform for producing 2-[(18)F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG) in continuous flow from a single bolus of radioactive isotope solution, with constant product yields achieved throughout the operation that were comparable to those reported for commercially available vessel-based synthesisers (40-80%). The system would allow researchers to obtain radiopharmaceuticals in a dose-on-demand setting within a few minutes. The flexible architecture of the platform, based on a modular design, can potentially be applied to the synthesis of other radiotracers that require a two-step synthetic approach, and may be adaptable to more complex synthetic routes by implementing additional modules. It can therefore be employed for standard synthesis protocols as well as for research and development of new radiopharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Arima
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory (NNL)-Institute of Nanoscience (NANO), CNR, Lecce, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tarn MD, Pascali G, De Leonardis F, Watts P, Salvadori PA, Pamme N. Purification of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose by on-chip solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1280:117-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
20
|
Cvetković BZ, Dittrich PS. A microfluidic device for open loop stripping of volatile organic compounds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:2417-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|